Can outstanding performance also be long‐standing?

Best practices in the business world are often identified by benchmarking in relation to products and the processes by which those products are created and delivered. This can take place inside a specific industry, but also in other industries and different countries. There, the main challenge for global firms is to decide how and how far to adapt those practices to the local environment, which is, in most cases, very different from their domestic markets. This article examines the performance of selected companies from various industries that have, in recent years, successfully developed and implemented new business concepts and new business processes in both their domestic and global markets while implementing their global strategy. The article also seeks to identify and evaluate the pitfalls or difficulties they had to face, as well as to compare their results with the objectives they wanted to achieve. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Industry drivers of global strategy and organization

This article reports on a research study of how 18 worldwide businesses belonging to some of the largest American multinational companies responded in their strategies to industry globalization forces. The findings reveal some effective approaches, but at the same time show that most of these businesses lagged in their response. In particular, organizational, managerial and cultural barriers to implementation hampered efforts to change. This article develops a series of lessons on how multinational companies can improve their formulation and implementation of global strategy. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Accelerated internationalization by emerging markets’ multinationals: The case of the white goods sector

The emergence of a “second wave” of developing country multinational enterprises (MNEs) in a variety of industries is one of the characterizing features of globalization. This paper documents how emerging markets’ MNEs (EM-MNEs) may follow quite different patterns to reach, or at least approach, global competitiveness. In particular, it investigates how three EM-MNEs pursued global growth through accelerated internationalization combined with strategic and organizational innovation. Haier (China), Mabe (Mexico) and Arçelik (Turkey) emerged as multinationals in the large home appliances (so-called “white goods”) industry. The recipe for the success of these firms seems to lie in their ability to treat global competition as an opportunity to build capabilities, move into more profitable industry segments, and adopt strategies that turn latecomer status into a source of competitive advantage. At the same time, their experiences show that there are many strategies and trajectories for going global, consistent with a pluralistic conceptualization of globalization.     

Developing strategies for global markets: An evolutionary perspective

As the global landscape becomes populated by an increasingly diverse array of companies of different sizes, from different industries and of varied national origins, developing a strategy to compete effectively in global markets becomes ever more complex. How can companies of all kinds compete effectively in an increasingly diverse global landscape? The authors suggest that the appropriate response depends on a firm's level of involvement in international markets: whether a firm is just entering international markets, is aggressively expanding its international presence or is attempting to rationalize far-flung global operations. Focusing on three different industries, processed foods, automobiles and motor scooters, the authors identify appropriate strategies for leveraging competitive advantage at each phase of international involvement. They show how three paramount tasks, learning, building and leading, must evolve through each phase.     

Marketing globalization: A didactic examination for corporate strategy

Recent empirical research suggests an appended explanation of globalization is necessary. Significant global studies have indicated that converging global homogeneous markets have not arrived, thereby concluding globalization of markets should be reexamined. A didactic examination posits globalization as marketing globalization. Two areas of opportunity for marketing globalization strategy are a modified marketing strategy in diverse global markets and a standardized marketing strategy in homogeneous global markets. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dynamic and Responsive Firm Strategy

Abstract

Since the opening of China in 1980, Hong Kong manufacturing industries collaborated with China manufacturing industries to maintain a low-cost labor intensive strategy. The strategy seems to be sufficient in maintaining the global competitive advantage of Hong Kong for the past two decades. However, with the rapid organizational learning of the Chinese partner and the reluctance of the Hong Kong partner to upgrade technology, Hong Kong manufacturing industries are facing the risk of potential loss of competitive advantages. This article attempts to review this dynamic evolution of HK/China collaborations and suggest some future actions for Hong Kong manufacturing industries to maintain their competitiveness. At the same time, the article also provides some ideas for global investors to rethink their future firm strategies in China.     

A Special Theory of Globalization:

The focus of this study is to provide theoretical and empirical evidence supporting a new direction of globalization offering the viewpoint of marketing globalization. The result of this analysis suggests a special theory of globalization that can be implemented by the multinational organization. One approach to globalization focuses on a standardized marketing mix strategy to global homogenous markets, while the other focuses on a modified marketing mix strategy to global diverse markets. Multinational corporations can engage in either or both strategies while maintaining a global approach to international marketing.     

不完全竞争、贸易与资源配置扭曲

传统理论认为,随着全球化的深入,市场竞争加强,垄断程度会越来越低,因此当市场处于开放的状态下,贸易被认为能够帮助纠正垄断定价带来的资源配置扭曲。然而数据显示,行业间和地区间的成本加成异质性随着时间增长在不断扩大,贸易使垄断力量差异变大。由于行业进入壁垒不同,贸易对竞争程度不同的行业影响不同,进入壁垒低的行业由于更易于参与贸易,成本加成相比于进入壁垒高的行业进一步降低,这也预示着各行业间的成本加成差别将会变大,资源配置扭曲的程度加深。本文试图建立一个包含不完全竞争的一般均衡模型,说明开放部分行业的贸易政策会导致福利损失,而市场进入壁垒的消除能纠正不对称贸易自由化造成的资源配置扭曲。     

Internet Jurisdiction for E-commerce

Internet jurisdiction is an area of increasing concern to e-commerce because of the growth in cross-border e-tailing, both within the United States and globally. Therefore, the need for a global solution is also increasing. In response, this article first defines Internet jurisdiction, also known as cyber jurisdiction, and discusses the risks of Internet jurisdiction for retailers and consumers. Drawing from legal research, the authors examine the legal theories for jurisdiction and the application to e-commerce. Their focus is on United States law because both US and foreign businesses must understand US jurisdictional law due to increased globalization from expanding international trade and more frequent contact with US companies and markets brought about by the Internet. Since standards and case law are still developing worldwide, the authors conclude by providing managerial recommendations to reduce the uncertainty of jurisdiction, should legal action be initiated.     

Attitude Toward Globalization and Country-of-Origin Evaluations: Toward a Dynamic Theory

ABSTRACT

In theory, increased globalization should lead to greater openness to different cultures, thereby reducing consumer ethnocentrism and resulting in improved consumer perceptions and behavior with respect to foreign products. However, empirical studies testing the impact of globalization have met with mixed results possibly due to the effects of globalization occurring at different levels in the mind-sets among consumers. This notion of “multi-layered consciousness” and its effects on country of origin image are proposed and tested in a theoretical model incorporating a dynamic theory of globalization, to supplement the conventional theory of country-of-origin effects. As predicted, results showed that country-of-origin image is negatively influenced by consumer ethnocentrism, but is not positively influenced by globalization, despite consumers' self-perceived global mindsets (i.e., positive attitude toward globalization and subsequent global openness).     

The Globalization of Furniture Industries/Markets

The globalization of industries and markets represents a key trend of the last decade. This evolutionary process, anticipated to become more prevalent in the future, requires long-term strategies whereby firms, industries and nations utilize competitive advantage to expand beyond domestic borders. In order to remain competitive, manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods must address the threats of both domestic and foreign origin and, increasingly utilize a global context for strategic planning, operations and marketing. Global communications and transportation technologies for electronic data interchange, materials resource planning, international finance, management and marketing have enhanced the ability of firms to operate internationally and offer true world brands. Furniture is an example of a product that naturally lends itself to internationalization in that if performs the same basic function across geographic areas and cultures such as seating, bedding, dining, storage and display. Moreover, the use of international furniture and woodworking machinery shows rapidly diffuses new technologies and designs through the global marketplace. Wood furniture represents a prime example of a U.S. industry that has felt the competitive pressures of market globalization. In 1978, imports claimed only 6.6% of the U.S. consumption of wood household furniture. By 1990, they had reached nearly 25% of consumption. The secondary wood manufacturing industries in the United States, including wooden furniture, have been largely insulated from foreign competition due to their established position within the domestic market, abundant and high quality materials with high consumer acceptance and appeal and certain transportation barriers as associated with relatively high volume to value items. However, as the international competitive arena changes, manufacturers, industries and nations must reevaluate their future strategies in terms of the forces shaping competition. This paper presents a framework based upon a multitude of factors affecting competitive advantage in the global context using a furniture industry example. These considerations may be categorized into six domains: (1)raw material supply; (2) production/technology; (3) design and marketing; (4) related/supplying industries; (5) home country demand; and (6) government influence on trade. Global strategic options are then briefly addressed as they pertain to the wood furniture industry. The synthesis of key strategic inputs combined with a global involvement strategy may provide insight not only to wood furniture, but to many other industries attempting to cope with similar changes as evolutionary momentum builds toward global markets, consumers and competition.     

21世纪旅游业发展初探

旅游业已成为并将继续成为世界最大的产业之一 ,由于国际旅游人数持续上升 ,旅游将成为国际经济贸易的重要组成部分 ,旅游业将在全球经济的结构中发挥重要作用。 2 1世纪 ,旅游业作为一个流动性强、涉及范围广的新兴产业 ,在全球化背景下 ,将会出现什么样的发展趋势 ,是值得我们关注的问题。     

全球价值链与国内价值链——基于投入产出表的新方法

价值链作为组织和协调经济活动的微观机制,已使经济全球化和增长模式发生了深刻的变化。本文利用来自投入产出表的新方法,测度了广东省和江苏省全球价值链和国内价值链的水平。结果表明,粤苏两省切入全球价值链的倾向高于切入国内价值链的倾向,而对其它省份关联效应较大的行业基本上是中间品行业,且具有自然资源密集的特征。全球价值链与国内价值链之间的互动关系,则关系到我国产业升级的前景和区域经济协调发展的基础。     

Internationalization Strategies of Business Schools: How Flat Is the World?

Business school strategy has become extremely complex, especially regarding internationalization. Using different paths, experiencing failure and success, business schools have internationalized, attracting many of the international students who contributed $27 billion¹ to the US economy in 2014. Some business schools are global, training global managers, while others serve national markets. How do business schools strategize about internationalization? Can we use existing models to explain this process? Are internationalization and globalization similar? Using a comparative analysis of six case studies in the United States and Europe, we found that the engine of internationalization influences its paths and outcomes. We contribute to international business (IB) research by discussing how business schools strategize their internationalization toward uniformity or diversity under isomorphic pressures from accreditation bodies (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB], 2011) and rankings. The so‐called Uppsala model should be extended to address three tensions: internationalization versus globalization, enacted dimensions of audiences, and respective risks of different internationalization pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

中国跨国公司"全球导向-渐进式"国际经营战略思考——以97家中国跨国公司营销战略的实证资料为依据

本文提出和阐述了中国跨国公司基于全球导向的渐进式国际化战略的思想。依据跨国公司全球营销理论,结合97家走在国际化最前列的中国跨国公司的实证资料数据,针对处于不同国际化阶段的中国企业,提出了新型出口营销战略、新型多国营销战略和全球营销战略,并为中国企业就各阶段战略量身定做出整体规划和具体方案。战略模式的提出贯彻了"全球导向-渐进式"的核心思想,以期对中国跨国公司的国际化战略发展有所启发。     

A Korean,a Chinese,and an Indian walk into an American bar: Tapping the Asian-American goldmine

Historically, globalization has been synonymous with mega brands’ expansion into international markets. However, changes in the marketing landscape—namely, growth of immigrant consumers, new and emerging branding strategies, and advancements in technology—have created a shift in the globalization paradigm, opening opportunities for small brands. Focusing on the growing number of Asian-American consumers, the authors develop a two-stage global market entry strategy for small brands entering the U.S. market. Specifically, the authors show how Asian brands can penetrate the U.S. market by serving Asian-American consumers or using them as a launchpad to reach mainstream American consumers. The growth of small global brands signifies an important and exciting change in the branded marketplace currently dominated by Western brands.     

中外保险机构核心优势之比较——物流保险是中国保险机构发展的重点

随着经济全球化的推进,经济资源可以在全球范围内自由流动和配置。保险业作为金融全球一体化的一个具体表现,必然也受到"双刃剑"影响。文章分析了中外保险公司各自的比较优势尤其是物流保险优势,指出中国保险公司如何发挥自己的优势,以应对国内市场与国际市场对接所带来的竞争并提出了建议。     

Positive global leadership

In the wake of increasing globalization, today's organizational leaders are faced with unprecedented complexity. To help meeting the challenge, this article proposes a new positive approach to global leadership. After first providing the background on positivity, positive global leadership is carefully defined and its similarities and differences with both the established and contemporary leadership theories are noted. The discussion then turns to how positive global leadership addresses three major challenges in the global context of distance, cultural differences and cross-cultural barriers. The article concludes that this new positive approach can help global leaders to leverage diverse strengths in themselves and their environment to more effectively meet the escalating challenges they face now and in the future.     

Industry globalization and the performance of emerging market firms: Evidence from China

In this study, we explore the extent to which industry globalization affects the performance of firms in China, an emerging market. We focus on the period between 1996 and 2001 and track the globalization levels for six different Chinese industries as well as the performance of 166 public listed firms in these industries. The results validate our major premise: high levels of industry globalization positively impact the performance of Chinese firms. We also find that when their industries globalize, firms with slack resources experience greater performance improvement than other firms without these resources.     

解析美国巨额贸易逆差形成的原因

随着近年来经济全球化进程的加快,美国出现了全球所独有的巨额贸易逆差,并呈现出不断扩大的趋势,分析其贸易逆差形成的原因具有十分重要的现实意义。本文结合当今全球贸易的新特点,重点分析了美国制造业商品贸易的变化,指出美国信息产业等诸多产业已经转移到新兴工业化国家,尤其是亚洲国家。这种全球性的产业转移和技术扩散引致美国制造业国际竞争力下降是其巨额贸易逆差形成和扩大的主要原因。