商品房认购书的性质与法律效力

认购书通常不能直接构成商品房买卖合同,其在本质上为"将行谈判的预约"。认购书不以预售许可为有效要件,其核心内容为使开发商和认购人负担诚信谈判之义务,但双方并不因此负担必须缔约之义务。在双方诚信谈判仍不能达成商品房买卖合同时,认购书自动失去其效力。若一方当事人违反诚信谈判义务导致商品房买卖合同不能缔结,对方不能强制其实际履行认购书,而只能追究其违反预约之责任,亦即商品房买卖合同不成立之缔约过失责任。     

基于GA的Agent多议题商务谈判决策问题研究

针对谈判过程中的最优决策和谈判效率问题,结合商务谈判具体特点,运用现在比较流行的Agent技术和遗传算法(GA),提出了用于解决多议题谈判问题的基于GA的Agent谈判模型,并结合具体问题对模型的有效性进行了仿真试验,通过模型的应用谈判各方提供了合理的谈判决策建议,达到双赢目的,实现了效用最大化。     

Assessing and predicting small industrial enterprises’ credit ratings: A fuzzy decision-making approach

Corporate credit-rating assessment plays a crucial role in helping financial institutions make their lending decisions and in reducing the financial constraints of small enterprises. This paper presents a new approach for small industrial enterprises’ credit-rating assessment using fuzzy decision-making methods and then tests this novel approach using real bank loan data from 1820 small industrial enterprises in China. The procedure of the proposed rating approach includes (1) using triangular fuzzy numbers to quantify the qualitative evaluation indicators; (2) adopting a correlation analysis, univariate analysis, and stepping backward feature selection method to select the input features; (3) employing the best-worst method (BWM) combined with the entropy weight method (EWM), the fuzzy c-means algorithm and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to classify small enterprises into different rating classes; and (4) applying the lattice degree of nearness to predict a new loan applicant’s rating. We also conduct 10-fold cross-validation to evaluate the predictive performance of our proposed approach. The predictive results demonstrate that our proposed data-processing and feature selection approaches have better accuracy than the alternative approaches in predicting default, offering bankers a new valuable rating system to assist their decision making.     

Managing security risks for inter-organisational information systems: a multiagent collaborative model

Information sharing across organisations is critical to effectively managing the security risks of inter-organisational information systems. Nevertheless, few previous studies on information systems security have focused on inter-organisational information sharing, and none have studied the sharing of inferred beliefs versus factual observations. In this article, a multiagent collaborative model (MACM) is proposed as a practical solution to assess the risk level of each allied organisation’s information system and support proactive security treatment by sharing beliefs on event probabilities as well as factual observations. In MACM, for each allied organisation’s information system, we design four types of agents: inspection agent, analysis agent, control agent, and communication agent. By sharing soft findings (beliefs) in addition to hard findings (factual observations) among the organisations, each organisation’s analysis agent is capable of dynamically predicting its security risk level using a Bayesian network. A real-world implementation illustrates how our model can be used to manage security risks in distributed information systems and that sharing soft findings leads to lower expected loss from security risks.     

Drivers and outcomes of open-standard interorganizational information systems assimilation in high-technology supply chains

In recent years, firms in high-technology supply chains have established internet-based electronic linkages with their trading partners. As a result, they have improved their ability to coordinate and synchronize shared business processes by using more complete, accurate, and timely information. These electronic linkages are based on open-standard interorganizational information systems (OSIOS), which are fundamentally different from traditional electronic data interchanges. OSIOS capture not only the technical specifications for data interchange but also the sequential steps for the execution of shared business processes. Because OSIOS are still at an early diffusion stage, it remains unclear why firms would assimilate such an innovation and whether assimilation provides firms any benefits. In this research, we develop a framework grounded on the economics of standards, institutional theory, and strategic interorganizational information systems literatures to investigate the drivers and outcomes of OSIOS assimilation in a focused context. In order to test our hypotheses based on this framework, we used data from a high-technology supply chain and employed econometrics techniques. We found that both competition asymmetry across supply chain echelons and OSIOS assimilation within supply chain echelons predict individual firms’ OSIOS assimilation. The results also suggest that firms’ supply chain dominance is both a driver and an outcome of OSIOS assimilation, highlighting a mutually reinforcing process. In addition, our study reveals boundary conditions of the hypothesized relationships. The use of multiple theoretical perspectives, a unique dataset, and innovative statistical techniques to investigate OSIOS assimilation in high-technology supply chains contributes to the body of knowledge in both the supply chain management and management of information systems disciplines.     

A fuzzy service quality based approach for performance evaluation of educational units

Educational unites try to make efficient use of resources to achieve higher service qualities. This paper presents a new hybrid fuzzy approach based on service quality for performance evaluation of educational units. The proposed approach includes four stages: firstly, evaluation and gap analysis of students' expectations and perceptions in the service quality of educational units are performed based on fuzzy SERVQUAL questionnaires. In the second stage, the corresponding weights of dimensions and sub-dimensions of SERVQUAL are determined via fuzzy AHP method. In the third stage, the educational units are ranked using fuzzy TOPSIS method with respect to service quality sub-dimensions. Finally, a fuzzy DEA method is applied to determine the efficiency of educational units based on their service quality ratings. The approach is used for performance evaluation of eight higher education institutes in Iran. The proposed approach increased the accuracy of performance evaluation of educational units based on service quality.     

Integrated environmental assessment of the location selection with fuzzy analytical network process

Owing to the complexity of a construction project, the fuzzy ANP is helpful to deal with interdependent relationships within a multi-criteria decision-making model. This paper uses the Porter’s diamond model that influences how competitive advantages, which is a matrix providing a conceptual model for the main framework, as a construct for selecting the location of a regional hospital in Taiwan to determine its effectiveness. The applicability of our proposed fuzzy ANP model is demonstrated with a case study that summarizes an intervention in which the model’s framework and basic concepts were applied.     

BOT项目特许权期公平性博弈研究

依据合作博弈理论,探讨了投资者与公共部门谈判BOT项目特许权期的公平原则,推导出双方合作达到均衡的特许权期纳什讨价还价解,确定了投资者在BOT项目建设运营中为了规避投资风险的谈判线,同时也提出了公共部门在确定公平利益分割应掌握的原则.从而就公共部门与投资者合作BOT项目时如何公平合理签订特许权期合同提供了理论依据.     

论交易性金融资产的账务处理及改进意见

《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》中虽然对金融资产进行了分类,但该分类标准在交易性金融资产和可供出售金融资产的界定上比较模糊,另外对于交易性金融资产的公允价值变动损益计入当期利润表存在着误导公众的可能性。本文基于以上问题,首先对于交易性金融资产给予期限上的标准界定,其次对于公允价值变动的账务处理提出了两点改进意见,进而提高交易性金融资产财务信息的可靠性。     

A process model of a logistics system as a basis for optimisation programme implementation

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the process approach in optimisation programme implementation. It is proposed that application of a process model of a company provides overcoming of functional boundaries and, consequently, overcoming of sub-optimisation of logistics system performance. The process model of an internal logistics system of a wholesale trading company, based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, has been developed. Relations between business functions, processes and performance indicators (metrics) have been analysed. The optimisation model has been developed, and comparative analysis of possible results of optimisation of processes and functions has been conducted. Results demonstrate that optimisation of functions results in a sub-optimal solution, caused by functional boundaries, whereas optimisation of processes results in an optimal one. Research provides the rationale for process approach implementation in order to make optimal decisions regarding the logistics activities and the technique of practical implementation of an optimisation programme.     

Equal risk pricing under convex trading constraints

In an incomplete market model where convex trading constraints are imposed upon the underlying assets, it is no longer possible to obtain unique arbitrage-free prices for derivatives using standard replication arguments. Most existing derivative pricing approaches involve the selection of a suitable martingale measure or the optimisation of utility functions as well as risk measures from the perspective of a single trader.We propose a new and effective derivative pricing method, referred to as the equal risk pricing approach, for markets with convex trading constraints. The approach analyses the risk exposure of both the buyer and seller of the derivative, and seeks an equal risk price which evenly distributes the expected loss for both parties under optimal hedging. The existence and uniqueness of the equal risk price are established for both European and American options. Furthermore, if the trading constraints are removed, the equal risk price agrees with the standard arbitrage-free price.Finally, the equal risk pricing approach is applied to a constrained Black–Scholes market model where short-selling is banned. In particular, simple pricing formulas are derived for European calls, European puts and American puts.     

Digital Boundary Objects as Negotiation Facilitators: Spanning Boundaries in Virtual Engineering Project Networks

Advances in electronic communication tools have enabled collaborative engineering work to be conducted in virtual project networks that utilize “digital boundary objects” to exchange complex design knowledge. However, little is known about whether and how digital boundary objects facilitate negotiations in virtual settings that feature real‐time communication. This article addresses this gap by exploring the role of digital boundary objects in negotiating complex design knowledge in a three‐dimensional (3‐D) virtual workspace. The authors found that digital boundary objects facilitate negotiations through a three‐stage process of structuring negotiation space, structuring knowledge in the structured negotiation space, and framing combinations of structured knowledge.     

改进的C2C电子商务信用评价模型及算法研究

C2C电子商务迅速发展的同时,信用问题逐渐成为阻碍其发展的主要问题之一。现有的C2C电子商务信用评价体系的建立,在一定程度上保证了网络交易的安全,促进了人们进行网上购物的意愿,但仍存在明显的不足。本文在分析现有评价模型的基础上,建立了改进后的C2C评价信用模型,并提出了考虑交易双方的历史信用度、交易金额等因素来综合计算被评用户的信用度。     

Types of motions as proposed in the Dutch House of Representatives

This exploratory study provides an answer to the question what a coalition agreement means for negotiation by political parties in the House and what consequences this has for the motions submitted. Motions on environmental and immigration policy are compared at the time of two different governments. Based on the coalition agreements we estimate how much space for negotiation with regard to both issues and both periods is available. On that basis predictions are made regarding the numbers of submitted and passed motions. Moreover, a new classification is introduced in order to be able to group motions based on the intended purpose. Also predictions are made about this. The results show that, in line with expectations, fewer motions are proposed on issues where the negotiation space is limited, but this effect is not significant. However, there are significant findings with regard to motions that have passed. Where negotiation space is smaller, fewer motions pass than with respect to topics where the negotiation space is greater. As regards the different types of motions, the research gives unexpected, but interesting, results.     

基于相互威慑模型的国际工程索赔谈判博弈研究

随着我国世界经济地位的不断提升,国家地位差异对我国对外承包工程项目索赔谈判的影响变得越来越显著。在发生工期延误后,业主与承包商总会在工期索赔和费用索赔等方面产生冲突,解决冲突最好的方法就是协商谈判。论文通过对相互威慑模型和博弈论在索赔谈判中的应用分析,解析不对等经济地位下承包商与业主索赔的谈判过程,为双方在索赔谈判中作出科学合理的决策提供依据。     

基于模糊时间序列的预测模型——以上证指数为例

模糊理论使用语义变量本身所蕴含的特性,能减少处理问题时的不确定性所带来的困扰,被广泛的应用于各种领域的研究。首先回顾了基于模糊理论的模糊时间序列定义,对现有的模糊时间序列模型进行分析;在此基础上提出了一种新的模糊时间序列预测方法,以上证指数为对象进行了拟合。从结果看,新的基于模糊时间序列预测方法在MSN、平均误差(%)和标准误差(%)等指标上要优于现有的的预测方法。     

军事信息系统风险控制策略研究

目前,军队信息化建设正在积极开展中,必须针对军事信息系统面临的风险,提出全面有效的风险控制策略,利用相关技术和管理措施消减或化解信息安全风险,将风险控制在一个可接受的范围之内,以保证军事信息系统的安全。文章提出了基于"深度防御"的风险控制模型,并根据军事信息系统各环节主要风险控制需求列出了相应的风险控制措施,为对军事信息系统进行安全风险管理提供了切实可行的解决方案。     

An Analysis of Continuity Intentions of eGovernment Portal Users

This study provides an integrative coherent model of continuity intentions in the context of electronic public service provision drawing from multiple theoretical research streams. Especially the role of citizens’ expectations and their determinants for electronic public service delivery is discussed. The research model was empirically examined using a sample from four major German cities and structural equation modelling. The data show that the concepts of this multitheoretical approach are compatible and altogether provide a better understanding of citizens’ cognitive processes leading to continued usage behaviour. Both theoretical and practical implications for public administration in general are derived.     

我国贸易谈判中商务英语的应用技巧

对外贸易离不开商务谈判,在谈判的过程中有很多因素会影响谈判的结果。因此,在进行谈判时对于一名专业的商务谈判人员来讲仅仅只是了解谈判的基本原则和熟悉有关的理论知识是远远不够的,还必须掌握和熟练使用谈判的相关技巧,结合商务英语的基本策略就可以实现共赢,只有如此才可以在谈判中掌握先机达到自己的目的。     

The setting of voluntary agreements between industry and government: Bargaining and efficiency

This paper aims at providing a preliminary economic analysis of the efficiency of an emerging environmental policy instrument: the so-called voluntary agreement. The use of a data base we have built containing 75 existing agreements in 12 OECD countries allows us to stylise these empirical objects. They are mutually agreed contracts signed between a national administration and a coalition of firms. They include a set of physical pollution reduction objectives to be reached by the firms. According to classical economic categories, they are similar to a traditional policy instrument, i.e. direct regulation, but one which has been devised after an intense negotiation process. As regards efficiency, the key question lies in the impact of such negotiations. In our analytical framework, we distinguish two subjects of negotiation: the collective environmental objective, i.e. the physical amount of pollution to be globally suppressed via the completion of the contract, and the means required to reach the collective objective, i.e. the allocation rule of private pollution reduction objectives. According to these categories a major asymmetry arises in the negotiation structure. When the dominant dimension of the negotiations concerns the environmental objective, firms are clearly opposed to the administration because of their eagerness to obtain as low an objective as possible. In that case, voluntary agreements do not seem to be an original policy approach. They can be compared with classical consultation processes of interested parties when designing new regulations and raise similar questions: the efficiency of information collection and the dangers of regulatory capture. But when the subject being bargained concerns the means to reach environmental objectives which have already been fixed, individual firms become rivals. The logic of such negotiations lies in inter-firm bargaining arbitrated by the administration. Voluntary agreements tend to be an original negotiation-based policy instrument. Decentralised bargaining improves the allocative efficiency.