集体主义价值观在冲突管理中所起的作用——基于一个管理实验的分析

学者们认为集体主义价值观有利于避免组织中冲突，以及有利于冲突的良性演化。本研究采用实验方法，招募80位志愿者参与实验研究。实验结果显示，相比个人主义，集体主义对建立合作目标更有帮助。他们也很自信他们可以一起工作，一起作决策，以提问表达他们对反对意见的理解，接受这些意见的合理之处，以及整合立场来产生一个整合的决策。实验结果挑战集体主义价值观可避免冲突的传统理论，支持最近的一些观念即牢固的人际关系可在决策过程中促进反对意见的有效讨论。     

Building long-term orientation in buyer–supplier relationships: The moderating role of culture

This research investigates buyer–supplier relationships in international markets. Research and practice have shown that buyer–supplier relationships benefit when partners to the relationship exhibit a long-term orientation. The extant literature suggests that a buyer's trust of a supplier and the supplier's performance affect the buyer's long-term orientation toward the relationship. We propose that the relative effects of trust and performance on long-term orientation are moderated by culture – specifically the individualism/collectivism dimension. Hypotheses are tested on data from two individualist and two collectivist cultures, using responses from over 600 purchasing professionals in the United States, Anglophone Canada, Francophone Canada and Mexico. Taken together, empirical findings suggest that cultural differences warrant consideration in developing successful purchasing strategies.     

Professionals in two employment systems

This article reports the results of a cross national study of how professional employees experience two very different employment systems: the ‘individualist’ of America and the ‘collectivist’ one of Poland. The authors conclude that further research and development of the concept of employment systems should focus on the degree of congruence between employment policies and cultural attitudes of employees.     

The role of leadership in successful international mergers and acquisitions: Why Renault‐Nissan succeeded and DaimlerChrysler‐Mitsubishi failed

This article compares and contrasts the Renault‐Nissan and DaimlerChrysler‐Mitsubishi mergers to consider the relative and combined effects of national and organizational culture on the performance of Nissan and Mitsubishi. It also examines the reasons why the Renault‐Nissan merger was successful and the DaimlerChrysler‐Mitsubishi merger failed. It finds that Japanese national culture influenced organizational culture and HRM practices, which created organizations that had no sense of urgency, profit orientation, or accountability and led to poor market and financial performance. It also finds that leadership was a major factor impacting on the success of the turnaround efforts of these two organizations. These findings have implications for leaders and human resource management practitioners engaged in international business and are of particular relevance to Western organizations working with organizations in high‐context countries with a collectivist rather than individualist orientation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

ERP与采购管理

本文概述了ERP系统对企业信息化建设的作用,指出传统采购管理的不足等内容,着重论述了ERP对促进采购管理的作用以及实施ERP对推进企业先进管理的重要性。     

Otra Empanada en la Parilla: Examining the Role of Culture and Information Sharing in Chile and Australia

One of the biggest assets of a firm is its information base. Included in this information base is a knowledge of prior errors and failures. Extant research suggests that while the propensity to share “bad news” (i.e. a prior error) is dependent on the cost of sharing, the perceived value of that cost may be culturally dependent. One area of interest that has received substantial attention in the prior literature has been cross‐cultural differences in negative information sharing in general, as well as the particular context in which the individual's superior is either present or absent during the information‐sharing process. Our study examines the role of the two cultural values (individualism/collectivism and to a lesser extent power distance) in explaining national differences in information sharing. By focusing on a sample from Chile and Australia, we were able to remove the regional cultural dimension of face, which has been inherent in prior studies that used Greater China as the representative of a collectivist society. Results from our quasi experiment show that when a supervisor is present during information sharing, collectivist Chilean decision‐makers are more willing to share negative information with their colleagues than their counterpart and individualist Australian decision‐makers. Our results also show that when a supervisor is absent, both Australian and Chilean decision‐makers are willing to share more negative information but the increase in the Australian propensity is significantly greater than that of the Chileans.     

Compensation as a signal of organizational culture: the effects of advertising individual or collective incentives

Beyond their impact on current employees, compensation systems are thought to convey important messages about an organization's values and practices to potential hires, but explicit empirical support for this belief is scant. In two experiments, US participants evaluated recruiting advertisements containing simple statements about bonuses, with performance basis manipulated between-subjects in the first experiment and within-subjects in the second. Advertising bonuses based on individual performance caused an organization to be perceived as likely to have a more individualist culture, whereas bonuses based on team or organizational performance led to perceptions of a more collectivist culture. When participants in the second study were asked to choose between hypothetical jobs at organizations with different advertised compensation systems, the relation between individual differences and job preference was contingent on their organizational culture perceptions. In contrast to previous research, no modal preference for individual over collective rewards was observed.     

基于项目管理的ERP系统实施

为降低企业在ERP系统实施过程中的风险,文章从项目管理的角度对ERP系统的实施进行分析,围绕ERP系统实施的项目生命期从ERP系统项目准备、ERP系统项目评估以及ERP系统实施的3个步骤展开论述,阐明了基于项目管理的ERP系统实施的特点。     

The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries

This study provides insight into the importance of national culture, investment in operations, and performance in the context of emerging Asian economies with a collectivist orientation, which are compared to industrialized Western nations with an individualist orientation. Hypotheses are developed and tested based on the cultural concept of individualism/collectivism, the theory of performance frontiers, and the extent of economic development. More specifically, data collected from 639 manufacturing plants in nine countries are used to first assess the influence of the cultural trait of individualism/collectivism on the extent of investment in structural assets (specifically: physical and capital-based) and infrastructural assets (specifically: team-based methods and improvement programs). Second, the influence of the extent of economic development on these investment factors is measured. Third, evidence is provided supportive of the theory of performance frontiers, and the nature of resource investments in the context of the cultural construct of individualism/collectivism. And fourth, support is provided for the efficacy of this theory, as well as for its compatibility and association with the resource-based view of the firm. Overall, this study makes important contributions to both theory and practice, and provides evidence for the role played by the cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism in determining plant level investment outcomes in emerging Asian economies.     

Effects of people-centred factors on enterprise resource planning implementation project success: empirical evidence from Sri Lanka

Extant literature suggests people-centred factors as one of the major areas influencing enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation project success. Yet, to date, few empirical studies attempted to validate the link between people-centred factors and ERP implementation project success. The purpose of this study is to empirically identify people-centred factors that are critical to ERP implementation projects in Sri Lanka. The study develops and empirically validates a framework for people-centred factors that influence the success of ERP implementation projects. Survey research methodology was used and collected data from 74 ERP implementation projects in Sri Lanka. The people-centred factors of ‘project team competence’, ‘rewards’ and ‘communication and change’ were found to predict significantly the ERP implementation project success.     

Risk assessment for enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations: a fault tree analysis approach

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations are often characterised with large capital outlay, long implementation duration, and high risk of failure. In order to avoid ERP implementation failure and realise the benefits of the system, sound risk management is the key. This paper proposes a probabilistic risk assessment approach for ERP system implementation projects based on fault tree analysis, which models the relationship between ERP system components and specific risk factors. Unlike traditional risk management approaches that have been mostly focused on meeting project budget and schedule objectives, the proposed approach intends to address the risks that may cause ERP system usage failure. The approach can be used to identify the root causes of ERP system implementation usage failure and quantify the impact of critical component failures or critical risk events in the implementation process.     

ERP实施前企业能力评估模型及方法研究

企业在实施企业资源计划（ERP）前对自身实施能力认识不足是导致项目实施失败的重要原因之一。本文从企业ERP立项决策前的视角出发,以企业能力理论为基础,借鉴ERP实施关键成功因素的研究成果,构建了企业ERP事前实施能力五维评估模型,提出了ERP实施能力评估指标体系,运用层次模糊综合评价法（AHP—FCE法）对实施能力进行综合评价。最后,通过案例验证了评估模型、指标体系和评价方法的有效性。本研究对于企业ERP实施能力自评估,提升ERP实施成功率具有重要指导意义。     

我国中小企业实施ERP的问题及解决方法

中国加入WTO之后，企业的竞争环境发生了根本的变化，全球化、信息化、过剩的经济时代的到来，要求企业必须建立高效、动态的快速反应系统，信息化是企业的必然选择，也是提升企业竞争力的利器和手段。近年来，ERP市场如火如茶，许多企业已购买并使用ERP产品，但企业实施ERP难点多、矛盾多、不可控因素多，实施ERP并获得成功的企业甚少。本文针对当前我国中小企业实施ERP中存在问题进行了深入分析，存在的问题主要有企业的高层对实施ERP的目标不明确；错误地把上马ERP当作万能工具；企业基础管理薄弱，普遍存在无法可依、有法不依的现象：缺乏相应的ERP实施人才。并针对这些问题提出了相应解决办法，实施企业必须明确ERP项目实施的目标并制定实施项目的总目标、分目标与分阶段目标；考察和选择ERP厂商；必须有一批精通ERP管理思想、掌握软件技术，同时又有在中国环境下组织实施ERP项目经验的实施顾问队伍：重视培训，并贯穿始终：ERP实施阶段需要领导强有力推进和各方协调。     

基于灰色关联的制造型企业ERP系统实施过程评价研究

根据制造型企业的特点,从企业资源计划(enterprise resource planning,ERP)系统实施过程中的阶段性成效和实施的关键成功因素角度建立ERP系统实施过程的评价指标体系。在指标体系的基础上利用灰色关联分析方法进行制造型企业ERP系统实施过程的评价。从而企业可以从影响实施过程成效的各个关键成功因素着手,分析实施过程中存在的问题,便于有效控制ERP项目实施的进度,不断地监控ERP项目实施的质量,及时发现并解决问题以保证正确的实施方向。     

An empirical identification and categorisation of training best practices for ERP implementation projects

Although training is one of the most cited critical success factors in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems implementations, few empirical studies have attempted to examine the characteristics of management of the training process within ERP implementation projects. Based on the data gathered from a sample of 158 respondents across four stakeholder groups involved in ERP implementation projects, and using a mixed method design, we have assembled a derived set of training best practices. Results suggest that the categorised list of ERP training best practices can be used to better understand training activities in ERP implementation projects. Furthermore, the results reveal that the company size and location have an impact on the relevance of training best practices. This empirical study also highlights the need to investigate the role of informal workplace trainers in ERP training activities.     

如何提高中国企业ERP应用的成功率——巨化集团财务管理信息化成功之路的启示

针对中国应用ERP系统的成功率很低的严酷现实，本文理论联系实际指出了中国在推广ERP系统所存在的误区。通过巨化集团公司成功实现财务管理信息化的生动案例，总结出中国如何进行企业管理信息化建设的宝贵经验，并分析了中国实施ERP系统成功率不高的根源所在，给企业决策层以启示。     

Antecedents and outcomes of bifurcated compensation in family firms: A multilevel view

Through a multilevel view, this article challenges the dominant assumption in the literature suggesting that family employees will receive more compensation than their non-family peers, which will violate the latter group justice perceptions and will lead them to lower their inputs to retrieve equity. We start by discussing how competing socioemotional priorities combine with the degree of collectivism at the societal level to affect which group will bifurcated compensation favor. We suggest that embeddedness in a collectivist culture will generate a strong desire and a moral obligation to cater to the financial well-being of family members, hence leading to bifurcated compensation favoring family employees. In individualist cultures, however, the family will accord high importance to achieving family prominence, which leads to bifurcated compensation favoring non-family employees. Moving forward, we discuss how nepotism types shape the effect of bifurcated compensation on the under-privileged group work inputs and how this relationship is moderated by the extent of power distance embedded in society. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed at the end of the paper.     

ERP在广西传统化工企业的应用及发展——以南宁化工股份有限公司ERP项目实施为例

以信息化技术改造传统产业,实施信息化建设是提高传统企业竞争力的重要环节。文章试图以ERP系统在广西传统化工企业的应用为切入点,简要分析ERP的概念、实施过程、关键要素及对传统化工企业的影响与发展。     

制造型企业实施ERP项目的业务需求调研方法浅析

文章通过对一个大型机电装备制造企业实施ERP项目的案例分析,总结了该企业ERP选型前业务流程调研和业务需求报告的撰写方法,归纳出一种制造型企业实施ERP项目的业务需求调研方法,给企业实施ERP项目提供了一种适用的方法。     

A method for improving ERP implementation success by the principles and process of user-centred design

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are implemented to increase the productivity and operational efficiency of companies. However, the implementation activities and changes within operational processes pose a temporary threat to productivity. Reported difficulties in implementation projects frequently relate to organisational and human-centred issues; like the ability and motivation of the organisation to accept the new ERP system. User-centred design (UCD) is a multidisciplinary process that aims at improving human working conditions by early user involvement in the system design, e.g. user observation or usability testing. UCD was originally developed for the design of interactive computer systems. The underlying question for this research is how the principles and process of UCD can be applied to ensure the usability of an ERP system. This article presents: first, a literature review of ERP implementations; second, a literature review of UCD applications; third, a method to combine the UCD and ERP system implementation processes; and finally a discussion of the UCD approach for ERP implementation.