从"北京共识"看邓小平社会发展理论的世界意义

"北京共识"是国际社会用以表述和概括当代中国社会发展成功经验的概念."华盛顿共识"的破产,彰显了"北京共识"的意义与价值,国际社会对"北京共识"认同并推崇,实际上是对邓小平社会发展理论的高度评价.邓小平社会发展理论系统地回答了在中国这样一个经济文化比较落后的国家如何建设社会主义和发展社会主义的问题,无论对于广大的第三世界发展中国家,还是对于现在是或者过去曾经是社会主义的国家与地区、西方发达国家都具有启迪意义.     

"北京共识":发展价值观的新境界

以人为本,促进经济社会和人的全面发展,是"北京共识"所体现的发展价值观.它继承了先辈经济学家们重视发展伦理价值的优秀思想传统,摈弃了"华盛顿共识",即新自由主义"以资本为中心"的西方发展价值观.它以实现最广大人民利益为出发点和归宿点,把人的全面发展确立为发展的终极价值,是马克思主义价值观的集中体现.它运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法,重新回答了在21世纪中国如何更好地发展的问题,凝聚着中国人民的创造精神、社会理想和独特智慧,拓展了马克思主义发展价值观的新境界.     

The 2018 Clarence Ayres Scholar An Institutional Riposte to the “After the Washington Consensus”

The Washington Consensus as conceived in 1989 by John Williamson, the initiator of the term, was the foundation of the mainstream perspective on international development. The Washington Consensus consisted of a set of ten policies to be imposed through conditionality by international financial institutions on distressed developing countries. The vast criticism that ensued brought a set of policies in the form of the After the Washington Consensus (hereafter the AWC) in 2003, which designated a “new” set of policy reforms and conditionalities for developing countries. The aim of this article is to contrast the two sets of controversial policies, the original Washington Consensus and AWC, to an alternative perspective of international development based on an institutionalist approach.     

中国道路的本质和中国未来的选择

是否存在中国模式的争议涉及经济学的基本问题:劳动分工的发展方式究竟是趋同还是多样的?均衡经济学派与演化经济学派有完全不同的观点。文章从历史和比较的分析出发,论证中国的改革开放探索了一条不同于英美模式和华盛顿共识的道路,而且中国未来的发展也要求中国探索不同于已有市场模式的新路。政府的作用不能由意识形态先验地决定。中国所处的生态历史条件,要求有远见的政府。只有这样的政府才能再造中国,并引领世界走出金融危机。     

The Washington consensus works: Causal effects of reform, 1970-2015

Traditional policy reforms of the type embodied in the Washington Consensus have been out of academic fashion for decades. However, we are not aware of a paper that convincingly rejects the efficacy of these reforms. In this paper, we define generalized reform as a discrete, sustained jump in an index of economic freedom, whose components map well onto the points of the old consensus. We identify 49 cases of generalized reform in our dataset that spans 141 countries from 1970 to 2015. The average treatment effect associated with these reforms is positive, sizeable, and significant over 5- and 10- year windows. The result is robust to different thresholds for defining reform and different estimation methods. We argue that the policy reform baby was prematurely thrown out with the neoliberal bathwater.     

Economic development and evolving state capacities in Central and Eastern Europe: can “smart specialization” make a difference?

We position “smart specialization” (SS) as the third external and conditionality-based reform of economic policy rationales – after Washington Consensus and Europeanization – in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). We discuss what kind of state, policy, and administrative capacities, or routines, SS presumes. We show that over the years CEE economies have built very different routines, especially for policy coordination and public–private interactions. Design and implementation of functional SS strategies requires critical attention and development of these routines through contextual policy experimentation in all CEE regions. We provide some general guidelines for this.     

Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making

The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functioning of ecosystems to human welfare. Understanding this link is critical for a wide-range of decision-making contexts. While there have been several attempts to come up with a classification scheme for ecosystem services, there has not been an agreed upon, meaningful and consistent definition for ecosystem services. In this paper we offer a definition of ecosystem services that is likely to be operational for ecosystem service research and several classification schemes. We argue that any attempt at classifying ecosystem services should be based on both the characteristics of the ecosystems of interest and a decision context for which the concept of ecosystem services is being mobilized. Because of this there is not one classification scheme that will be adequate for the many contexts in which ecosystem service research may be utilized. We discuss several examples of how classification schemes will be a function of both ecosystem and ecosystem service characteristics and the decision-making context.     

The Washington Consensus revisited: a new structural economics perspective

The Washington Consensus reform resulted in economic collapse and stagnation in many transition economies and “lost decades” in other developing countries in 1980s and 1990s. The paper provides a new structural economics perspective of such failures. The Washington Consensus reform failed to recognize that many firms in a transition economy were not viable in an open, competitive market because those industries went against the comparative advantages determined by the economy’s endowment structure. Their survival relied on the government’s protections and subsidies through various interventions and distortions. The Washington Consensus advised the government to focus their reforms on issues related to property rights, corporate governance, government interventions, and other issues that may obstruct a firm’s normal management. Without resolving the firms’ viability problem, such reforms led to the firms’ collapse and an unintended decline and stagnation of the economy in the transition process. This paper suggests that the viability assumption in neoclassical economics be relaxed when analyzing development and transition issues in socialist, transition, and developing economies.     

新中国成立70年来经济学研究范式的演变与创新

新中国成立70年来,我国从传统的计划经济体制逐步向社会主义市场经济体制过渡,经济学研究范式也随之发生了深刻的变化。改革开放之前,与高度集权计划体制相适应,流行的是传统政治经济学研究范式;20世纪80年代初,随着放权让利改革的推进与市场机制的引入,东欧经济学研究范式在我国产生广泛的影响;进入20世纪90年代之后,西方主流经济学研究范式随着市场取向改革不断深化而在我国逐步流行。“中国道路”创造了“中国奇迹”,“中国道路”的本质就是在坚持社会主义基本经济制度条件下,发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。无论是传统政治经济学,还是西方主流经济学都难以回答我们在这场前无古人的伟大社会实践中遇到的难点与重点问题,因此创立具有中国特色的社会主义经济理论就成为历史的必然。我们应该认识到创建中国特色社会主义经济理论是一项长期的历史任务。为此,我们应努力做到以下几个方面：第一,努力推进马克思主义经济学的当代化与中国化;第二,以全方位开放的学术态度推进中国特色社会主义经济理论体系的构建;第三,倡导直面现实的研究方法;第四,推进研究方法的现代化;第五,充分认识到创建中国特色社会主义经济理论的长期性与艰巨性。     

Stiglitz on Globalization and Development with an Eye to Keynes

Abstract

Joseph Stiglitz has laid out many of the issues central to the debate on globalization in a compelling story in a recent influential book. Globalization has become a contentious issue because the economic policies advocated for and, at times, almost imposed upon developing countries by international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization are based on misconceptions about how market systems work. Market fundamentalism underlies the entire policy framework of the Washington Consensus. The limits of this approach are nowhere clearer than in the examples presented by developing and transition economies. Many policy missteps could have been avoided by adopting the main insights of traditional Keynesian theory, the basic lessons of which remain valid, even if it has been largely excised from the IMF's recipe book. The results of 20 years of market fundamentalism make it clear that globalization and development are distinct issues and that the former does not necessarily entail the latter. In order to understand how they are connected we need to supplement macroeconomic analysis with studies of how international economic integration comes about.     

Three Pillars of Conventional Wisdom

This paper considers three pillars of contemporary economic wisdom that form part of the so-called 'Washington consensus': that free markets work best; that price stability is a good thing; and that deregulated financial markets work best. We argue that these propositions apply in certain circumstances, but do not have general validity. After discussing the circumstances in which these propositions do not hold we suggest how the conventional policy wisdom should be revised.     

高质量发展阶段的中国经济发展道路论

中国经济发展道路及模式,在近10余年成为全世界关注的焦点,但从价值维度研究中国经济发展道路,是当今学术界的一大薄弱环节。本文以两个百年的纵深,从价值维度切入,重点论证并原创性提出了:以全体中国人民的根本利益为价值立场;以全体中国人民的共同富裕和自由全面发展为根本价值目的;确立三个为主(公有主体,按劳分配主体,国家宏观调控主导)和三个共存(多种经济成分,多元要素参与分配,市场决定微观资源配置)的基本经济制度,建设以高质量的实体经济国内循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的现代绿色生产生活体系,建设以国家内生创新为主导、企业自主创新为主体、多元协同创新为补充的关键核心技术进步体系,建设以高质量发展的城乡融合经济体系和区域协调发展的生产力空间布局体系等等,以此四点为价值原则;以人民通过生产劳动创造幸福生活为根本价值实践主题,其核心要义是:国民幸福可持续、国办公业建和平、党揽全局谋长远、民本路线通民心。创建具备上述价值总体的目标路径同向认知体系与实践行动体系有机统一的经济发展系统,就是高质量发展阶段中国社会主义经济发展道路,亦是本文的学术创新。     

西方可持续性经济学研究的主要理论问题及其评价

可持续性经济学是20世纪60年代以来在西方经济学界逐渐形成并发展起来的一门新兴的、交叉型和应用型经济学科。尽管西方经济学界对可持续性经济学从概念、特征、研究范畴、研究方法和制度背景等诸多方面并没有形成一个统一而明确的认识,但可持续性经济学的有关理论已成为可持续发展实践的基础和重要指导。通过对西方可持续性经济学研究的主要理论问题进行梳理与评价,一方面可以揭示西方在该学科领域一些关键理论问题上的研究进展,另一方面也为我国构建具有中国特色、适合中国国情的可持续性经济学的理论和实践提供借鉴。     

Relative and absolute scarcity of nature. Assessing the roles of economics and ecology for biodiversity conservation

Our aim in this essay is to identify and analyze some of the difficulties with interdisciplinary integration of economic and ecological contributions to the study of biodiversity loss. We develop our analysis from a widely accepted definition of economics which is based on the concept of scarcity. Taking a closer look at this notion, we find that economics actually limits itself to a very particular aspect of scarcity, which we denote as relative scarcity. We describe in what respect the economic approach towards biodiversity is based on this notion, and also reflect on the specific understanding of the relation of humans and nature behind the economic approach. We then turn to absolute scarcity as another notion of scarcity, and show that this is not within the scope of economics, but has been a theme of ecology and ecological economics. We describe in which way ecological and ecological–economic approaches towards biodiversity are based on the idea of absolute scarcity, and also reflect on the specific understanding of the human–nature relationship behind this notion of scarcity. Against this background, we discuss the roles of economics and ecology for nature conservation. We conclude that the interdisciplinary integration of ecology and economics requires a philosophical underpinning, and suggest a framework for further research.     

A Case for a Partially Disaggregated Theory of Inflation

Approaches to economic development have overemphasized negative economic freedom for multinational corporations at the expense of a majority of the population in developing countries. An inevitable outcome has been the growth of informal sector and "vulnerable" employment in developing countries and entrenchment of existing inequalities. We argue that rather than an emphasis on negative freedom, an emphasis on using labor standards to facilitate positive economic freedom must occur. Labor standards do this not only through the "core" rights of union membership and collective bargaining, but also in addressing substantive ("non-core") rights at work (wages, working-time, etc.), thereby facilitating positive freedom.     

Decentralization and Economic Development: An Evolutionary Approach

There has been a growing interest in relationship between economic development and fiscal decentralization. Empirical studies, however, are not conclusive regarding their correlation or causality. The present paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation for better understanding of this issue. Developing a dynamic model, we argue that decentralization and development proceed hand in hand, interacting one another, and that the relation between them is not monotonic but evolutionary. We also show that there will exist multiple steady states and that political decision of fiscal decentralization in general fails to lead the economy to the most desirable one.     

A new definition of and role for preferences in positive economics

Positive economic models aim to provide truthful explanations of significant (aspects of) economic phenomena. While the notion of ‘preferences’ figures prominently in micro-economic models, it suffers from a remarkable lack of conceptual clarity and rigor. After distinguishing narrow homo economicus models (self-interest maximization) from broader ones (preference satisfaction) and rehearsing the criticisms both have met, I go into the most promising attempt to date at addressing them, developed by Hausman. However, his definition of preferences as ‘total comparative evaluations’, I argue, plays into the general disregard that economists have for human psychology. My alternative definition of preferences as ‘overall comparative evaluations’ – and hence as one of the many factors that influence people’s behavior – allows for more adequate causal explanations of people’s dutiful, committed, and norm-guided actions. Against Hausman but in agreement with Sen, it also allows for (motivated) counterpreferential choice.     

Whence reform? A critique of the stiglitz perspective

This paper discusses the key hypotheses which Joseph Stiglitz proposed, in his wide-ranging critique of the “Washington Consensus”, with regard to transition reforms and economic policies in China and Russia. The primary purpose is to evaluate the Stiglitz perspective in the light of empirical evidence, including the experience of countries outside China and Russia. Although some of the points Stiglitz makes are important for understanding what has happened in the transition, this paper argues that his perspective mis-interprets the key facts of the Chinese transition, mis-describes the facts of the Russian transition and fails to consider the theoretical and policy implications of the success of a “third model”, which is represented by some Central European and Baltic transitions.     

重工业与经济发展:计划经济时代再考察

改革开放初期,学术界和政策界对重工业优先发展战略几乎彻底否定。本文的出发点是,由于投入要素的迂回生产提高轻工业的效率,重工业的发展具有正的外部性,因此必要的补贴有利于整个经济的发展。在一个动态一般均衡模型的基础上,本文研究了重工业优先发展的最优补贴期限和补贴率。本文对中国的数据进行了校准,然后做了两个政策实验,一是中国实行平衡发展战略,二是中国实行适当重工业优先发展的赶超战略,并将其和实际结果进行比较。我们发现,实际结果下居民的效用贴现和低于平衡战略下的效用贴现和;但是,如果我们实行最优赶超战略,那么,实行补贴的时间短于实际发生的情形,而且补贴率低于实际水平,同时,居民的效用贴现和比平衡战略下的还要高。