企业演化的动态特征及其对劳动就业的影响——对中国制造业的经验分析

本文采用2000年和2005年全部国有企业和规模以上非国有企业数据,考察该时期我国制造业的企业演化动态特征,分析微观层面上企业动态演化所引起的宏观就业变动。研究发现:(1)我国制造业企业更替较快,企业演化表现出高进入率、高退出率的动态特征;(2)进入企业的就业创造效应超过退出企业的就业丧失效应,保证了就业岗位的净增长;(3)新进入企业是近期我国就业增长的重要来源之一。从长远来看,一个行业的企业数不可能无限增加,因此,不可忽视存活企业的稳定成长。     

What did China’s labor contract law do to its private manufacturing firms?

Well-intended employment protection legislation may have adverse consequences. This paper uses Chinese firm-level data to assess the impacts of China’s Labor Contract Law, effective on January 1, 2008. My results show that, relative to public firms, private firms as a whole were negatively affected in terms of firm-level year-to-year employment changes. The law had negligible effects on employment and wages in firms with high wages. At the same time, employment fell and wages rose in firms with low wages. Moreover, firms who did not train workers intensively to acquire firm-specific skills had more job turnover than firms who did. Finally, I study how labor demand responded to the law along the extensive margin. For regions that experienced abrupt declines in labor mobility, possibly due to stricter labor regulation enforcement following the enactment of the Labor Contract Law, firm exit rose significantly, suggesting large incidence of mass layoff.     

外资进入、竞争与性别就业差异

在中国性别就业差异持续扩大的背景下,文章基于2004-2007年的中国工业企业数据库检验了外资进入是如何通过竞争效应对企业性别就业差异产生影响的。结果显示,外资进入程度越高的地区与行业具有越低的性别就业差异,外资进入程度每增加1%,我国内资企业女性就业份额将会增加0.0407%,且这一结果在考虑了抽样偏倚、不同外资范围的界定、使用不同外资进入程度衡量标准和控制内生性后依然十分稳健。进一步的研究显示,外资进入通过提高企业面临的竞争程度来促使以利润最大化为目标的企业雇佣更多成本较低的女性劳动力,进而降低性别就业差异。更为重要的是,外资进入产生的竞争效应对于性别差异的影响在不同受教育群体之间存在差异,其对受过高等教育,特别是受过研究生以上教育的群体影响最大。文章结论表明,在经济全球化背景下完善市场竞争机制和提高女性受教育程度将有利于减少性别就业差异。此外,文章也为研究外资进入的社会经济影响提供了不一样的思路。     

Incentives to self-employment decision in Sweden

The objective of this paper is to empirically examine the determinants of the self‐employment decision, with a particular focus on gender differences and occupational choice by using register‐based individual panel data for the period 2003 to 2006. Individuals choose to move into self‐employment out of three possible initial statuses: paid employment, combiner or inactivity. These groups are of specific interest for the Swedish political agenda. The question that we specifically pose is how a set of socio‐economic factors separately induce men and women in these three statuses to enter self‐employment.     

SOE Reform under Oligopolistic Market Structure: The Optimal Choice of State Shares

This paper examines the effect of the change of state shares in a state-owned enterprise (SOE) on the efficiency of the whole society and the payoff of the government. This issue is addressed by setting up a mixed oligopolistic competition model and dividing the analysis into two cases: closed economy and open economy. The basic results are as follows: If the relative production efficiency of an SOE is too low, complete state ownership is not optimal, and privatization will be a necessary step; however, if the relative production efficiency of an SOE is not too low, complete privatization is not optimal both for the government and from the perspective of social welfare. The results can, to a certain extent, provide theoretical support to the governments idea on the SOE reform. Translated from Economic Research Journal, 2004, 1 (in Chinese)     

Entry regulation and social welfare with an integer problem

This paper elaborates on Salop (1979) who showed that the number of firms at free-entry equilibrium is excessive from the viewpoint of social welfare (excess-entry theorem). This paper considers an integer problem of the number of firms entering the market. We find that the excess-entry theorem does not hold true if the marginal production cost is increasing, while it holds true if the marginal production cost is constant. This result warns against the use of the excess-entry theorem for rationalizing entry regulation such as the notorious Japanese Large-Scaled Retail Act restricting the new entry of retailers.     

扩大就业的思路分析

就业水平高低与经济增长快慢相吻合,扩大就业的基础是经济的持续快速增长。《管子》就业思想的要点是:提倡侈靡的消费,增加社会的就业量。提高就业弹性的政策措施是:积极促进非正规就业发展,扶持中小企业,大力发展第三产业;加快城镇化进程,拓宽农民就业空间。     

未来十年我国就业面临的形势和战略研究

就业是当今世界各国所面临的主要的经济与社会问题。这一问题的研究对我国现阶段来说尤为重要。本文对我国的就业现状及存在的问题进行了全面的理性分析,并对未来我国就业所面临的形势和应采取的战略提出了见解。     

具有转移成本市场中的企业策略性行为分析

在很多市场上,消费者在不同品牌的产品之间转换消费将面临转移成本,即使在功能相同的产品之间进行转换消费,转移成本也会存在.文章主要是在动态博弈的框架下研究转移成本存在对企业的策略性行为和社会福利的影响.在产量竞争模型中,研究表明随着转移成本的变化,在位企业可以封锁、阻止或容纳进入,当进入发生时,社会福利增加.在引入产品差异而建立的价格竞争模型中,在位企业可能阻止或容纳潜在竞争企业的进入,但不能封锁进入,不管何种情况发生,社会福利都不会恶化.从公共政策的角度看,政府应该鼓励进入.文章的研究结果部分否定了Klemperer(1988)进入导致社会福利的恶化的研究结论.     

国际贸易对城镇就业的影响研究

国际贸易对我国城镇就业的影响表现在三个方面,即出口鼓励就业、消费品进口阻碍就业而资本品进口鼓励就业以及贸易将提高出口部门的就业比重而减少进口部门的就业比重.     

“农改超”路在何方

近年来,在中国城市掀起了一股引人注目的农贸市场超市化(农改超)潮流,客观地看待这一现象,"农改超"既有利又有弊。但是,农贸市场是一种低层次的商业形态,它需要向更高层次发展,因而,农贸市场超市化是一个不可逆转的必然趋势。     

产品差异、转移成本和市场竞争

文章通过在豪泰林空间差异模型的基础上结合转移成本构建的博弈模型,主要研究转移成本和产品差异的存在对于企业价格竞争和策略性行为的影响。文章发现纯策略价格均衡是否存在以及在位企业容纳还是遏制竞争对手的潜在进入,都依赖于转移成本相对于产品差异程度的大小。     

我国就业政策的六十年变迁

我国改革开放前的就业政策,是在计划经济条件下产生的,反映计划经济的特点和固有弊端。改革开放初期,就业政策由表及里地推进创新,逐步以广开门路形成多元化就业格局,在新增劳动力中确立双向选择关系,全面促使劳动力合理流动,直至剥离企业富余人员。进入社会主义市场经济阶段,就业政策的创新目标演变为建立政府宏观调控的市场竞争就业机制。于是,就业政策从规范劳动力市场的管理制度入手,大力推进就业和再就业活动。     

WOULD YOU LIKE TO ENTER FIRST WITH A LOW‐QUALITY GOOD?

Using a two‐period duopoly model with vertical differentiation, we show that there exists a unique subgame perfect equilibrium where the first entrant supplies a lower quality and gains higher profits than the second entrant. We also prove that this entry sequence is socially efficient.     

就业景气指数设计研究

就业景气程度是衡量地区经济和社会发展的先导性指标,对指导和制定就业经济决策具有重要意义。通过对就业存量变化情况（流入量、流出量、总量）、人力资源市场供求变化情况（市场需求量、供给量、成交量、求人倍率）、非就业存量变化情况（长期失业率、登记失业率）的连续监控及指数化处理,构造出一组从不同侧面反映就业市场活跃程度的分量指数,在此基础上,用AHP和DELPHI方法提炼出一个能够反映监控区域就业市场兴衰变化过程的指数---就业景气指数（EPI）。     

技术进步对外资进入影响的实证分析

随着全球经济形势的飞速变革,科学技术水平对经济发展的影响作用愈加明显.通过对中国各省市面板数据进行实证分析,以探讨中国不断提高的技术水平对外资进入的作用方向.研究结果发现:技术水平对外资进入具备显著的抑制作用,且技术水平越高其对外资进入的抑制作用越强,两者具备显著的正相关关系,表明随着中国先进技术水平的不断提高对于外资的依赖程度将不断降低.研究结论对提升中国外资进入质量及完善外资引进政策有一定帮助.     

Entry Deterrence and Entry Accommodation Strategies of a Multiproduct Firm Regulated with Dynamic Price Cap

In this paper we study the way a multiproduct firm, regulated through a dynamic price cap, can develop a price strategy that uses the regulatory policy to deter entry. We consider a firm that initially operates as a monopolist in two markets but faces potential entry in one of the markets. We conclude that the regulated firm can have the incentive to block the entry. This strategy leads to the reduction of the price in both markets. However, the final effect of the entry deterrence strategy on total consumer surplus is not always positive.