我国酒店业网上价格波动的供给面原因分析

网络技术的发展，互联网渗透到各行各业，与我们商业和生活密不可分，其中应用最为成功的一个领域是网上旅游市场。本文希望通过实证方法，对订房网站进行抽样调查，探索网上订房的报价和价格波动情况，度量波动程度，初步从供给面来探讨影响波动的原因。我们发现品牌（星级）、质量（房型）和经济环境（城市）对价格波动产生影响。     

星级酒店客房定价策略分析

客房是酒店收入的主要来源,而对于经济型酒店来说就更加重要了。酒店经济效益的好坏关键就取决于是否能够制定出合理的客房价格。在酒店经营中,也会有很多的因素制约着客房价格的制定,通过对客房价格制定方面的分析,来探讨增加酒店营业收入和利润的定价策略。     

基于IPA方法的会展旅游者满意度研究——以广交会和广州博览会为例

会展业是旅游业中增长最快的行业之一,而广州是我国最主要的会展城市之一。以广交会和广州博览会为例,在分析影响会展旅游者目的地选择的主要因素的基础上,评估会展旅游者对广州目的地在这些方面的满意程度。结果表明,城市形象与环境、休闲娱乐设施、饭店与展览设施、可达性与饭店价格和花费与会议设施是影响会展旅游者是否参加展览的主要方面;会展旅游者对广州目的地感知的重要因素与目的地表现存在显著差异。同时,IPA结果发现,21个因素中有2个因素位于改进区,10个因素落入优势区,8个因素位于机会区以及1个因素落入维持区。     

Strategic Pricing, Consumer Search and the Number of Firms

We examine an oligopoly model where some consumers engage in costly non-sequential search to discover prices. There are three distinct price-dispersed equilibria characterized by low, moderate and high search intensity. The effects of an increase in the number of firms on search behaviour, expected prices, price dispersion and welfare are sensitive (i) to the equilibrium consumers' search intensity, and (ii) to the status quo number of firms. For instance, when consumers search with low intensity, an increase in the number of firms reduces search, does not affect expected price, leads to greater price dispersion and reduces welfare. In contrast, when consumers search with high intensity, increased competition results in more search and lower prices when the number of competitors in the market is low to begin with, but in less search and higher prices when the number of competitors is large. Duopoly yields identical expected price and price dispersion but higher welfare than an infinite number of firms.     

Why the Lens Condition Cannot Imply Factor Price Equalization

This paper explains why the lens condition cannot imply the factor price equalization condition when the rank of the factor use matrix is larger than two, but smaller than the number of goods. This arises from production substitution and the degeneration of the convex polyhedrons consisting of the possible output vectors of a country where the factor market is cleared. Two kinds of necessary and sufficient conditions for the factor price equalization condition are given. As a byproduct, a simple proof is given on equivalence between the lens condition and the factor price equalization condition in the case where the rank of the factor use matrix is two.     

Firm Size and Wages in Germany – Trends and Impacts of Mobility

The analysis of firm-size wage differentials in Germany, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, firstly corroborates the finding that wages rise with firm-size and shows that the rank order of mean wages between firm-size classes is stable for the period 1984–1993. Secondly, the most important novel results are as follows: (i) wage differentials between firm-size classes increased during the period investigated after controlling for individual attributes and computing with deflated values; (ii) average levels of the qualification of employees have diverged noticeably between small and large firms; (iii) movers from small to larger firms have to accept wages below the average pay of incumbents with comparable attributes in the new firms: (iv) movers to smaller firms, however, retain a portion of their higher wages in larger firms; and (v) wage differentials between smaller and larger firms decline with increasing unemployment.     

Ethnic Networks and Price Dispersion

We offer and test a model linking ethnic networks to global price dispersion which predicts lower price dispersion as shared ethnic populations between countries rise, effects that may reverse at higher levels as network discipline breaks down. Using Chinese, Indian and Japanese data, we find that country pairs linked by the Chinese network have significantly lower mean price dispersion. A one standard deviation increase in the size of the Chinese coethnic network lowers price dispersion by 6–33%, an effect that reverses as the network gets large. No such evidence exists for the Indian or Japanese networks.     

客房服务课的语言能力培训

旅游行业作为我国的朝阳行业,近些年来得到了迅速的发展。与此同时,作为旅游业的三大支柱行业之一的饭店业在全球范围内得到了突飞猛进的发展。因此,客房服务技巧引起重视,相应地培养高等职业学院技术应用性专门人才成为专业教育的根本任务。深化教学改革是人才培养的保证,而技能课设置模式改革是教学改革的一项非常重要的任务。     

Purchasing power parity and the role of traded goods: evidence from EU states

In this paper the debate on purchasing power parity (PPP) is considered by providing results with disaggregated price data from European countries. The disaggregation of the price data is important because it allows for the consideration of goods that are likely tradable (e.g., fruits) with goods that are not tradable (e.g., hotel rooms). The European focus is important because these results are able to shed light on the effect of the type of exchange rate regime, member of exchange rate mechanism (ERM) or not.     

Competition and price dispersion in the airline markets

We use two ticket-level data sets on one-way domestic flights for the US airlines to examine the potentially nonlinear relationship between price dispersion and three forms of competition: inter-firm, inter-flight and frequency competitions. The linear relationship is rejected at any conventional significance levels. In particular, there is an S-shaped relationship between market concentration and price dispersion. This can be a reason for the mixed results in the literature. Roughly speaking, the inter-flight and frequency competitions have opposite effects on price dispersion. Finally, in general, the size of aircraft has a positive effect on price. However, for very large aircraft, the relationship becomes negative.     

员工授权对饭店服务补救质量的影响研究

服务产品的特性决定了饭店服务失误难以避免。员工授权对提高饭店服务补救质量有着十分积极的作用。建立完善的员工授权制度,开展服务补救知识培训和能力培养,有利于提高饭店服务补救的质量,从而提高饭店宾客满意度。     

Internal validity in discrete choice experiments: varying the position of the price attribute

This article presents an analysis of internal validity in discrete choice experiments. Prior studies have analysed the importance of the order of attributes within a multiple choice context, but few have specifically analysed the importance of the location of the price attribute. The internal validity was analysed while considering variations in the position of the price attribute in the choice cards. Results show differences in the estimates of willingness to pay according to the price-location version used: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the choice card.     

The cost of collusion：economic thinking on the uniform accommodation price of the hotel industry in Kunming,Yunnan

This paper studies the case of the collusive price of the hotel industry in Kunming by economically analyzingthe unsustainability of the collusive price and instability of collusive organizations, doubts about the collusive behavior,and thinks that the collusive price is not helpful to the development of tourism industry, the pillar industry in YunnanProvince.     

VEHICLE CHOICE BEHAVIOR AND THE DECLINING MARKET SHARE OF U.S. AUTOMAKERS*

We develop a consumer‐level model of vehicle choice to shed light on the erosion of the U.S. automobile manufacturers' market share during the past decade. We examine the influence of vehicle attributes, brand loyalty, product line characteristics, and dealerships. We find that nearly all of the loss in market share for U.S. manufacturers can be explained by changes in basic vehicle attributes, namely: price, size, power, operating cost, transmission type, reliability, and body type. U.S. manufacturers have improved their vehicles' attributes but not as much as Japanese and European manufacturers have improved the attributes of their vehicles.     

A tale of two Italian cities: brand-level milk demand and price competition

We apply the BLP random coefficient logit model demand model to fluid milk sales data from two north-south Italian cities: Turin and Naples. By virtue of their location and socioeconomic differences, these cities provide a natural experiment for contrasting consumer choices and retail market power related to milk physical and marketing characteristics. Results reveal that, regardless of location, consumers negatively value price increases, fat content and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment. However, location matters with respect to brand and type of milk purchased. While in Turin (the higher-income region) demand for the leading manufacturers’ brands is the most price inelastic, in Naples consumers have the lowest price elasticities in case of cheaper milk, often small manufacturer or private label brands. Unlike previous studies, we do not find price elasticities for private labels to be consistently lower (or markups to be higher) compared to manufacturer brands, indicating that private labels have reached maturity in these markets. Further, while demand for fresh milk is more price inelastic in Turin, it is more inelastic for UHT milk in Naples. Likewise, markups and Lerner indexes are higher for fresh milk in Turin and for UHT in Naples corresponding to the more inelastic demands under Bertrand price competition.     

Geographic price dispersion in retail markets: Evidence from micro-data

Using an extensive micro-price data of 266 retail goods and services across US, EU and OECD cities between 1990 and 2005, we study characteristics of geographic dispersion of deviations from the Law of One Price. We find that the magnitude of price dispersion is a function of the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. Higher share of non-traded inputs and lower tradability of goods are both found to contribute to geographic price dispersion, with the former typically dominating in explanatory power. The role of tradability of good in accounting for the price dispersion is more significant as we move beyond an economic geography, while non-traded input level matters relatively more if we move to the interior of this geography. Our evidence suggests that the models of real exchange rates should incorporate the classical distinction between traded inputs and local inputs as well as a role for relative markups and traditional trade costs.     

The competitive nature of the nursing home industry: price mark ups and demand elasticities

Nursing home markets are likely to deviate from a competitive structure because of limitations on entry imposed by Certificate of Need (CON) regulations and the potential for product differentiation along such attributes as location, religious affiliation and quality. This paper investigates the structure of nursing home markets in New York State by calculating price mark ups and residual private pay demand elasticities. It shows that the residual demand elasticity is bound by estimates based on price mark ups above marginal costs and above Medicaid rates. This approach allows estimation of demand elasticities in all markets, whether or not CON regulations constrain bed supply. Mean price elasticities (in absolute value) calculated for nursing homes in New York State in 1991 ranged from 3.46 to 3.85.     

Pricing in a market without apparent horizontal differentiation: Evidence from web hosting services

This article explores pricing in a product lacking the conventional attributes of horizontal differentiation—physical location, design, color, etc.—and whose vertical characteristics are precisely specified and capable of rapid imitation. Web hosting exhibits low entry barriers, high turnover and low concentration. We use an electronically collected database covering over 17,500 US and UK product offerings, and find that after controlling for quality reputation and e-visibility characteristics exert a strong positive impact on price. This result from a heterogeneous B2B market, without horizontal differentiation, complements homogeneous B2C research elsewhere in suggesting that price disparities persist, even in ultra-competitive e-markets.     

广州酒店发展新趋势——经济型品牌连锁经营

重点分析了广州经济型品牌连锁式酒店兴起的原因，可以认为：廉价实用是经济型连锁酒店的制胜法宝；准确的选址是至关重要的条件；网络营销手段提高其品牌的知名度。并预测经济型品牌连锁式经营将成为广州未来酒店发展的新趋势。