从二元经济结构看我国农村劳动力转移问题

二元经济结构的存在是发展中国家的突出矛盾，目前我国农村经济发展水平低，存在大量的剩余劳动力，严重阻碍了经济的持续稳定发展。本文认为加速农村人口转移是解决我国二元经济矛盾，发展经济的根本出路。     

Fluctuations in Unemployment and Industry Labor Markets

Throughout the 1990s, and particularly in the mid- to late-1990s, the Japanese employment situation went from bad to worse. We investigate the causes of rising unemployment in Japan, using data on individual workers from the “Special Survey of the Labor Force” between 1988 and 1999. This research focuses on the effect of labor market segmentation by industry on labor flows. Our findings reveal that unemployment in the construction industry and, more recently, in the service industry has contributed greatly to the national unemployment rate. We also find that most successful job transfers occur within the same industry, even though workers may experience some periods of unemployment. Finally, our results show that labor market conditions in each industry affect the probability that a worker will fall into unemployment as well as the probability that an unemployed worker will find new employment. These findings suggest that the Japanese labor market is segmented by industry and this segmentation contributed to the worsening unemployment in Japan. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 2001, 15(4), pp. 437–464. Department of Economics, Dokkyo University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Soka-shi, Saitama 340-0042, Japan; Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. © 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J63, J64.     

Statistical Discrimination in Labor Markets: An Experimental Analysis

This article reports results from controlled laboratory experiments designed to study second‐moment (that is, risk‐based) statistical discrimination in a labor market setting. Since decision makers may not view risk in the same way as economists or statisticians (that is, risk 5 variance of distribution), we also examine alternative measures of risk: the support of the distribution and the probability of earning less than the expected (maximum) profits for the employer. Our results indicate that employers made statistically discriminatory wage offers consistent with loss aversion in our full sample (though the result is driven by the male employer subsample). If one can transfer these results outside of the laboratory, they indicate that discrimination estimates based only on first‐moment (mean‐based) discrimination are biased. The public policy implication is that efforts and legislation aimed at reducing discrimination of various sorts face an additional challenge in trying to identify and limit relatively hidden, but significant, forms of statistical discrimination.     

涨跌幅限制对证券市场影响的实验经济学研究

涨跌幅限制是一种稳定证券市场价格的制度安排。长期以来有关涨跌幅限制的政策效果一直存在较大的争议。本文借鉴西方实验经济学的基本方法。利用相关计算机实验系统。设置无涨跌幅限制、静态涨跌幅限制和动态涨跌幅限制三组不同的实验环境。分另4选取实验参与人进行模拟证券交易,对静态和动态涨跌幅限制制度对市场的影响进行研究。本文得出的结论是。与没有价格限制的基准实验相比较,动态和静态涨跌幅限制都显著的抑制了价格对基础价值的偏离。提高了市场的信息反映程度。实验结果还表明。动态涨跌幅限制能够抚平市场反应的波动程度．提高市场的流动性,而静态涨跌幅限制在一定程度阻碍了交易的实现,影响了市场交易的持续性。     

城乡劳动力市场一体化模式的国际比较与启示

发达国家的实践证明,城乡劳动力市场由分割走向一体化是社会发展的必然趋势,然而我国劳动力市场目前仍存在较大程度的分割。不同国家城乡劳动力市场一体化的模式不同,在一体化进程、方式、动力和条件等方面存在差异。其他国家的实践经验可为我国城乡劳动力市场一体化提供借鉴和启示。     

内部劳动力市场、就业惯性与农业贡献弱化——对“民工荒”的一个解释

文章从劳动力市场要素变化和劳动者就业惯性着手，建立了一个新的分析视角，分析了“民工荒”产生的原因，提出了解决策略。文章通过数据分析得出如下结论：我国东部地区“民工荒”产生的原因，一是中部地区的重新崛起使中部农村剩余劳动力就地跨行业转移，从而减少就业惯性阻力；二是内部劳动力市场的变化加强了就业惯性力量。     

珠江三角洲地区外来劳动力问题的研究

本用统计推算的方法对珠江三角洲地区的外来劳动力的总量、地区分布及对来源地的经济贡献作了估算，同时，对珠江三角洲地区的吸纳外来劳动力所存在的问题、政策进行了研究。     

二元经济转轨过程中我国农业剩余劳动力转移的路径选择

中国正处于从二元经济向一元经济的转变过程中，由于农业在中国国民经济中的特殊地位，农村发展道路的选择对我国经济结构的转型至关重要，根据二元经济结构和农业剩余劳动力转移的理论模型和各地实际情况，我国东部地区、西部地区和中部地区农村可以分别采取发展农村民营经济和小城镇、城市化和发展城镇群的战略措施，调整城乡社会结构，转移农业剩余劳动力，促进我国农业现代化的发展。     

我国劳动力转移的制度性因素分析

文章基于制度需求一供给模型，用外生制度因素分析了我国劳动力转移的演进过程，提出劳动力要素的产权界定是自由转移的前提，要素配置效率的提高只能在公平的市场中实现。政府的作用是供给劳动力自由转移的制度。     

农村劳动力转移的二元经济内生增长模型

通过引入城乡劳动力转移的二元经济结构，吸收内生增长理论的思想，本文提出一个农村劳动力转移的二元经济内生增长模型。在此基础上对中国的经济增长从二元经济结构转换的角度进行了分析。本文认为，加大对农业的投入和加快资本积累是推动农村劳动力转移、实现二元经济结构转换和经济持续增长的关键；在中国工业部门技术进步有限的情况下，通过促进农村劳动力向工业部门转移可以推动中国经济的持续增长。     

假日结构与劳动生产率——兼论假日政策的有效性问题

假日政策的经济有效性问题一直是国内外学者争论的焦点。传统观点认为假日政策的有效性与否取决于假日数量、经济发展阶段和休闲活动选择等内容条件,但这仍然无法为黄金周存废之争提供直接的经济学解释。该研究试图从假日结构的角度出发,解释假日政策对劳动生产率的影响机制。文章以1995-2015年的跨国面板数据为分析对象,对假日离散指数与劳动生产率的关系进行实证分析。结果表明,假日结构设置对劳动生产率存在非线性关系:随着假日集中度的提高,劳动生产率呈现先上升、后下降的倒U型曲线,最佳假日离散指数为0.98。对比来看,我国2015年假日离散指数为1.12,这表明现阶段我国假日结构设置较为集中,在一定程度上抑制了经济绩效提升。机制检验表明:随着人均受教育程度的提高,假日离散指数越大,其对个体劳动生产率的抑制作用越显著;随着经济结构的不断优化,较为分散的假日结构更有利于劳动生产率的提高。进一步地,文章还发现在不同的经济发展阶段,学习效应和疲劳效应对生产率的相对重要程度不同。研究的政策含义是,在落实带薪休假的基础上,应该推动假日结构向分散化、扁平化转变,在试点行业探索推行弹性工作制。     

双重国籍实行之必要性探讨

由于国际法没有统一的国籍规则,导致国籍冲突问题频发。实施双重国籍的有利有弊,应当在坚持国籍惟一的基础上,作为例外,在一定范围内研究双重国籍存在的可以性。     

中国在世界经济分工体系中将扮演什么角色

90年代以来,中国已成为世界上经济发展最快的国家之一.加入世贸组织,将大大加速中国融入世界经济的进程,因此,中国在新世纪的世界经济分工体系中将扮演什么角色,自然成为国际社会十分关注的一个问题.     

Wage Dynamics and Racial and Ethnic Occupational Segregation Among Less-Educated Men in Metropolitan Labor Markets

We assess whether occupational segregation in metropolitan labor markets is associated with the wages of, and contributes to racial/ethnic wage disparities among, less-educated men. To measure occupational segregation in metropolitan low wage markets, we create a segregation index measuring segregation between white, black, and Latino male high school-only educated workers and high school dropouts in 95 metropolitan labor markets utilizing a unique dataset of the structural characteristics of the ninety-five largest US metropolitan labor markets. We use regression, fixed effects, and generalized least squares estimation techniques to test whether this index is associated with wages and racial wage inequality among these men. The analyses reveal that in metropolitan labor markets characterized by more racial and ethnic segmentation in the low wage market, wages are lower among black and Latino men in particular, and racial-ethnic wage disparities among similarly less-educated white, black, and Latino men are higher.     

Employers and Foreign Migrants in the Labor Markets of Major Russian Cities: Interactions in a New Economic Reality

Materials of focus groups with employers who hire foreigners, in-depth interviews with labor migrants, and expert interviews with decision-makers, as well as statistical data, serve as groundwork for investigating the new migrant labor practices that have arisen from the radical restructuring of the migration legislation since early 2015 and those that remain since the economic crisis of 2008–2009 (the latter prevail). The conclusion has been drawn that employers are generally not ready to refrain from hiring labor migrants, despite the increased costs of migrant labor.     

The Puzzling Pattern of Multiple Job Holding across U.S. Labor Markets

Multiple job holding (MJH) rates differ substantially across U.S. regions, states, and metropolitan areas. Rates decrease markedly with respect to labor market size. These patterns have been largely overlooked, despite being relatively fixed over (at least) the past 20 years. This article explores explanations for these persistent differences. We account for roughly two‐thirds of the mean absolute deviation in MJH across local labor markets (MSAs). The results suggest that variation in MJH across labor markets is driven by labor market differences in job opportunities and worker preferences. Most important in explaining variation in MJH are MSA industry and occupation structure, ancestry shares, commute times, and, to a lesser extent, labor market churn.     

Spillovers,Complementarities, and Sorting in Labor Markets with an Application to Professional Sports

Spillovers to productivity across workers may exist when workers produce in teams. Under certain conditions, these spillovers may cause a worker's marginal product to differ across different firms. Empirical examination of professional basketball finds significant spillovers to offensive productivity but finds relatively little evidence for market sorting based on spillovers. Thus, while teammate composition is important to a player's success, there is no evidence for complementarity.     

中国近代企业劳动组织中之包工制度新论

企业劳动组织在近代企业中发挥着重要功能,但此前学界的有关研究较少.对于中国近代企业劳动组织中广泛采用的工头制及工头包工制度,以往的经济史著作大都持彻底批判之态度,忽略了对其正功能与现实合理性的研究.本文以若干典型企业作为研究个案,将包工制度置于当时的具体社会政治经济环境中考察,从而作出重新评价.认为旧中国企业劳动组织中所实行的工头包工制度,在当时是行之有效和具有现实合理性的劳动组织方式,对中国近代企业的发展具有重要促进作用.那种对其全盘否定的观点不足取.