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1.
Knowledge, consumption, and endogenous growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard N. Langlois 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):77-93
In neoclassical theory, knowledge generates increasing returns – and therefore growth – because it is a public good that
can be costlessly reused once created. In fact, however, much knowledge in the economy is actually tacit and not easily transmitted
–and thus not an obvious source of increasing returns. Several writers have responded to this alarming circumstances by affirming
hopefully that knowledge today is increasingly codified, general, and abstract – and increasingly less tacit. This paper disputes
such a trend. But all is not lost: for knowledge does not have to be codified to be reused and therefore to generate economic
growth. 相似文献
2.
M. Fuat Şener 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):557-583
This paper constructs a general equilibrium model of equilibrium unemployment by combining an endogenous growth model with
a variant of equilibrium search theory. The analysis offers two explanations for the causes of widening wage gap between skilled
and less-skilled labor, and rising unemployment rate among the less skilled: technological change in the form of an increase
in the size of innovations or skilled labor saving technological change in R&D activity.
In addition, the model identifies two distinct effects of faster technological progress on the aggregate unemployment rate.
First, it increases the rate of labor turnover and therefore increases the aggregate unemployment rate – the creative destruction
effect. Second, it creates R&D jobs, which offer workers complete job security, and consequently reduces the aggregate unemployment
rate – the resource reallocation effect. 相似文献
3.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
4.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
5.
Abstract. In this paper we look at unemployment as a phenomenon which reflects the co-ordination problems that characterize out-of-equilibrium
processes of adjustment. The analysis carried out shifts the focus from structural factors to the economic process. It shows
that unemployment cannot be satisfactorily explained – and policy interventions devised – by focusing only on specific characters
of the technology or confining the analysis to structural factors concerning the labour market. The co-ordination mechanisms
of adjustment processes rather than the fundamentals of the economy appear, in this light, as the main determinants of differences
in unemployment trends in different economies; and monetary policy comes back to the center of the stage as an essential element
of the working of these mechanisms.
RID="*"
ID="*" We thank anonymous referees for their very useful comments, and Elena Lega for the helpful support to the simulation
analysis carried out.
Correspondence to: J.-L. Gaffard 相似文献
6.
John H. 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):55-81
Following Richardson (1972), capabilities comprise tacit, personal, subjective and context-specific knowledge that may be
shared in practice only with difficulty across small, task oriented groups within firms or other types of organisation, and
are expressed in the form of activities. The definition has been influential, and its focus on tacit knowledge has, arguably,
encouraged research activities in the form of studies adopting experimental and simulation techniques, while providing less
impetus for complementary empirical inquiry. This paper presents an empirical inquiry into an aspect of the development of
capabilities in the UK's upstream oil and gas industry promoted by the changing organisation of activities across oil companies
and contracting and supply companies. The main argument is that researchers can gain partial and subjective access to capabilities
– distinct from activities – because individuals involved in the industry articulate and codify understandings of capabilities
through practical theorising and commercial experimenting. Such articulation and codification plays an important role in the
development of capabilities in industrial contexts. 相似文献
7.
Maria T. Brouwer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):83-105
This paper interprets the discussion on entrepreneurship and economic development that started off with Weber's papers on
the Protestant Ethic. Weber sought the reason for the relatively rapid growth of the Occident in the rational, Calvinist attitude
to life. Calvinism – in his view – exactly suited a society of free labourers, who were not tied to master and soil by extra-economic
considerations as in tribal and feudal societies. Schumpeter gave an alternative explanation, emphasizing the importance of
innovation and entrepreneurship. Knight, who stressed neither rationality nor innovation but uncertainty and perceptiveness
as the sole source of progress and profits, followed up German language writing on this subject. Only the investor who can
detect hitherto hidden qualities in people can gain. The paper demonstrates how these three authors influenced each other.
The debate between these three authors has raised many issues of governance and organization that feature contemporary thinking. 相似文献
8.
Michael Peneder 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):107-134
To make intangibles more ‘tangible’ for empirical analysis, statistical cluster techniques are applied in the development
of two new taxonomies of manufacturing industries. The first focuses on the distinction between exogenous, location dependent
comparative cost advantages, such as the relative abundance of capital or labour, and endogenously created firm specific advantages
resulting from intangible investments in marketing or innovation. The second taxonomy discriminates between industries according
to their employment of skilled labour. Finally, econometric tests are used to investigate the presumed complementarity between
intangible investments and human resources. 相似文献
9.
Eyüp Özveren 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):49-65
This paper evaluates Schumpeter's grand vision as reflected in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, and elaborates it in conjunction with the so-called “globalization” trends characteristic of the wake of the twenty-first
century. In addition to the evolutionary nature of his methodology, the institutionalist dimension of Schumpeter's definitions
are brought to light. A case is made for a fundamental process of “uncreative destruction” as far as the institutional setup
of the economy is concerned. The contention of this paper is that there is ample support in Schumpeterian analysis for a counterpoint
to the liberal thesis that envisages the worldwide spread of individualism, market economies, and democratic forms of government. 相似文献
10.
A resource-based view of Schumpeterian economic dynamics 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
John A. Mathews 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):29-54
This paper seeks to offer a theoretical platform where the modern “resource-based view” of the firm might meet with evolutionary
economics and the study of entrepreneurship, and with the economics of industrial organization. It does so by proposing the
concept of the “resource economy” within which productive resources are produced and exchanged between firms. This is presented
as the dual of the mainstream goods and services economy – where the “resource economy” captures the dynamic capital structure
of the economy. The paper is concerned to bring out the distinctive principles governing resource dynamics in the resource
economy, capturing competitive dynamics in such categories as resource creation, replication, propagation, exchange and leverage;
evolutionary dynamics in terms of resource variation, selection and retention; entrepreneurial dynamics in terms of resource
recombination and resource imitation, transfer and substitution; and industrial organizational dynamics in terms of resource
configuration, resource complementarities and resource trajectories. 相似文献
11.
Maria Luiza Falcão Silva Joaquim Pinto de Andrade Thomas S. Torrance 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):109-129
Recently a number of emerging economies, with high inflation and various kinds of imbalances have experienced what has come
to be referred to as dollarization– the phenomenon of currency substitution where the dollar gradually replaces the national currency in the performance of
its fundamental functions. The phenomenon is most commonly encountered as a component of the exchange-rate-based stabilization
programs implemented in a number of emerging economies in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East. The fundamental issue we
want to explore is whether this process forces the monetary authorities of emerging economies to act with their hands tied,
as if caught in a trap. It is argued that when the expansion of liquidity and domestic credit is determined by the quantity
of foreign-exchange reserves, an independent monetary policy vanishes and national sovereignty itself is shackled. Since this
scenario typically occurs in a world of increasing globalization of finance, this paper also discusses (with reference to
emerging economies) the risks and implications of capital inflows for macroeconomic policy autonomy, economic instability,
and vulnerability to external shocks. 相似文献
12.
Technology transfer in United States universities 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
This paper examines the role of offices of technology transfer (OTT) in 12 U.S. universities in 1998 in commercializing research
results in the form of patents, licenses, and start-ups of new companies. We study the organization and place of OTTs within
the university structure, the process of technology transfer, and the staffing and funding of the office. Data were collected
through a mail questionnaire followed up through telephone interviews. We also conducted a statistical analysis of data for
170 U.S. universities, hospitals, and research institutes for the period 1991–1996. Our findings suggest that technology transfer
from universities to the commercial sector needs to be understood in its broader context. The primary purpose of a technology
transfer program is for the university to assist its researchers in disseminating research results for the public good. Success
in this endeavor is only partially reflected in income generated for the university or the number of business start-ups. The
degree of success depends not only on the nature of the interface between the university and the business community but also
on the receptivity in the surrounding community as well as the culture, organization, and incentives within the universities
themselves. 相似文献
13.
Jean-Pierre Aubin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):95-124
Socio-economic networks, neural networks and genetic networks describe collective phenomena through constraints relating
actions of several actors, coalitions of these actors and multilinear connectionist operators acting on the set of actions
of each coalition. We provide a class of control systems governing the evolution of actions, coalitions and multilinear connectionist
operators under which the architecture of the network remains viable. The controls are the “viability multipliers” of the
“resource space” in which the constraints are defined. They are involved as “tensor products” of the actions of the coalitions
and the viability multiplier, allowing us to encapsulate in this dynamical and multilinear framework the concept of Hebbian
learning rules in neural networks in the form of “multi-Hebbian” dynamics in the evolution of connectionist operators. They
are also involved in the evolution of coalitions through the “cost” of the constraints under the viability multiplier regarded
as a price. 相似文献
14.
This paper suggests a class of stochastic collective learning processes exhibiting very irregular behavior. In particular,
there are multimodal long run distributions. Some of these modes may vanish as the population size increases. This may be
thought of as “bubbles” persistent for a finite range of population sizes but disappearing in the limit. The limit distribution
proves to be a discontinuous function of parameters determining the learning process. This gives rise to another type of “bubbles”:
limit outcomes corresponding to small perturbations of parameters are different. Since an agent's decision rule involves imitation
of the majority choice in a random sample of other members of the population, the resulting collective dynamics exhibit “herding”
or “epidemic” features.
RID="*"
ID="*" We are grateful to two anonymous referees for the comments and suggestions.
Correspondence to: L. Gaio 相似文献
15.
Abstract. Enrollment rates to higher education reveal a quite large variation over time which cannot be explained by productivity shocks
alone. We develop a human capital investment model in an overlapping generations framework that features endogenous fluctuations
in the demand for education. Agents are heterogeneous in their beliefs about future wage differentials. An evolutionary competition
between the heterogeneous beliefs determines the fraction of the newborn generation having a certain belief. Costly access
to information on the returns to education induces agents to use potentially destabilizing backward looking prediction rules.
Only if previous generations experience regret about their human capital investment decisions, will agents choose a more sophisticated
prediction rule that dampens the cycle. Access to information becomes key for stable flows to higher education.
RID="*"
ID="*"We would like to thank Cars Hommes, Florian Wagener, seminar participants at the University of Amsterdam, participants
of the workshop on ‘Skill Needs and Labor Market Dynamics’ at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) for
helpful discussions, and an editor of this Journal and three anonymous referees for their comments. Tuinstra's research is
supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under a MaG-Pionier grant. Neugart acknowledges financial
support from the German Ministry of Education. Parts of the research were done while Tuinstra was visiting the WZB and when
Neugart was visiting CeNDEF.
Correspondence to: The research for this paper was done while the first author was affiliated with the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. 相似文献
16.
Uncertainty and the size distribution of rewards from innovation 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Previous research has shown that the distribution of profit outcomes from technological innovations is highly skew. This
paper builds upon those detailed findings to ask: what stochastic processes can plausibly be inferred to have generated the
observed distributions? After reviewing the evidence, this paper reports on several stochastic model simulations, including
a pure Gibrat random walk with monthly changes approximating those observed for high-technology startup company stocks and
a more richly specified model blending internal and external market uncertainties. The most highly specified simulations suggest
that the set of profit potentials tapped by innovators is itself skew-distributed and that the number of entrants into innovation
races is more likely to be independent of market size than stochastically dependent upon it. 相似文献
17.
Political entrepreneurship and bidding for political monopoly 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Michael Wohlgemuth 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):273-295
An analytical framework for dealing with political entrepreneurship and reform is proposed which is based on some new combinations
of Schumpeterian political economy, an extended version of Tullock's model of democracy as franchise-bidding for natural monopoly
and some basic elements of New Institutional Economics. It is shown that problems of insufficient award criteria and incomplete
contracts which may arise in economic bidding schemes, also – and even more so – characterise political competition. At the
same time, these conditions create leeway for Schumpeterian political entrepreneurship. The same is true for various barriers
to entry in politics. These barriers affect a trade-off between political stability and political contestability which will
be discussed with special emphasis on incentives and opportunities for political entrepreneurship in the sense of risking
long-term investments in basic political reforms. 相似文献
18.
The present note analyzes the simultaneous ascending-bid auction with arbitrarily many asymmetric bidders with decreasing marginal valuations under complete information. We show that the game is solvable by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies if the efficient allocation assigns at least one unit to every player and if bid increments are sufficiently small. In that unique equilibrium, bidders immediately reduce their demand to the efficient allocation, and the auction ends in the first round of bidding.We would like to thank seminar participants at UC Davis, in particular Klaus Nehring and Louis Makowski for comments. Financial support by the Alexander–von–Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor–Lynen grant and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB Transregio 15, “Governance and Efficiency of Economic Systems” is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
19.
Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy* 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
This paper explains how and why the developed countries are undergoing a fundamental shift away from a managed economy and
towards an entrepreneurial economy. This shift is shaping the development of western capitalism and has triggered a shift
in government policies away from constraining the freedom of business to contract through regulation, public ownership and
antitrust towards a new set of enabling policies which foster the creation and commercialization of new knowledge. The empirical
evidence from a cross-section of countries over time suggests that those countries that have experienced a greater shift from
the managed to the entrepreneurial economy have had lower levels of unemployment. 相似文献
20.
Morris Teubal 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):233-257
Despite recent advances in the Evolutionary and Systems Perspectives to Economic Change (SI), confusion still exists about
how to apply it to the design and implementation of Innovation & Technology Policy (ITP) in concrete settings. Since the ‘Normative’
aspects of SI are framed in terms so general to make them insufficient or inadequate as guides and tools for actual policymaking,
a presumption exists that additional theoretical and conceptual knowledge is required. Thus a major objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of a realistic and ‘grounded’ theoretical
framework for Technology and Innovation Policy which is particularly relevant both for the promotion of Business Sector R&D
and of hi tech (especially IT) industries in Top Tier and other Industrializing Economies. A second objective is to contribute
directly to the capability of successfully applying this conceptual framework in concrete policy settings. Rather than justifying
ITP the paper focuses on characterising and applying “Salient Normative Principles or Themes” of the SI perspective to ITP. Several concrete examples are given and the notions of Policy Process,
(Country) Program Portfolio Profile and Policy Environment are introduced. 相似文献