Are the Liquidity and Collateral Roles of Asset Bubbles Different?

Several papers explain why asset bubbles are observed when growth is large. These papers differ in the role of the bubble, used to provide liquidities or as collateral in a borrowing constraint. We compare the liquidity and collateral roles of bubbles in an overlapping generations model. When the bubble is deterministic, the equilibrium is identical under these two roles, implying that the same mechanism explains the crowding-in effect of the bubble on growth. With stochastic bubbles, growth is larger when bubbles play the liquidity role, because the burst of a bubble used for liquidity is less damaging to capital investors.     

流动性过剩形成原因及对策

2003年以后,流动性过剩问题已在宏观经济层面反映出来,并日益对国民经济的健康运行产生着消极的影响,政府和中央银行不得不出台种种措施进行应对。本文认为宏观经济中的流动性过剩是经济发展的阶段性和制度性因素相互作用的结果,是经济发展战略选择的必然结果,也是内外部因素共同作用的结果,更是各种矛盾长期积累的结果,而且是传统的农业国家实现工业化过程不可回避的经济现象和无法跨越的一个经济发展阶段;从本质上说是社会发展中的经济现象在金融领域中的反映,只是金融领域又助推了这一现象的发展趋势,内在根源在于经济结构的失衡,是我国长期的粗放型和外需拉动型经济增长模式导致的必然结果。由此建议从调整经济结构入手,进一步落实科学发展观,调整国民收入分配政策、转变贸易发展方式、提高货币政策的科学性、前瞻性和时效性等。     

Money,Bonds, and the Liquidity Trap

This paper examines a search model of money and public bonds in which coordination frictions lead to multiple, Pareto ranked equilibria. Whether money and bonds are substitutes or complements, is not a primitive of the economy, but an equilibrium outcome. There exists an equilibrium resembling a liquidity trap, in which money and bonds are perfect substitutes, interest rates are zero, and monetary policy is ineffective; and a superior equilibrium in which money and bonds are complements, interest rates are positive and monetary policy has a liquidity effect. On this view, the liquidity trap is a belief-driven phenomenon.     

流动性冲击、货币政策失误与金融危机——对美国金融危机的反思

本文认为:(1)流动性冲击主要通过资产负债表渠道和资产价格渠道来影响金融市场,正是这两种渠道才使得流动性在金融危机爆发及传导的过程中扮演了重要角色。借款人的资产负债表效应导致损失螺旋和保证金螺旋的产生,造成资产的折价销售,推动了资产价格的下跌和进一步的银根紧缩;(2)房地产泡沫的形成与美联储的货币政策失误、金融市场结构变化、新布雷顿森林体系以及投资者的羊群行为等有关,房地产泡沫破灭是美国金融危机的导火索;(3)金融危机爆发后,美联储通过调整中央银行的资产负债表,推出各种形式的金融创新工具,向金融市场注入流动性,有效地降低了金融市场崩溃的概率。论文最后从流动性管理的角度,对美国金融危机进行了反思。     

宏观调控、金融创新与流动性管理

流动性管理的要点在于流动性与实体经济发展相匹配。文章刻画了流动性管理的目标函数,阐述和梳理了流动性管理的基本原理和基本方法,检验了主要流动性管理工具的实际效果。经验研究结果表明,在流动性充裕情况下,通过实施紧缩性货币政策、人民币升值、积极的财政政策对流动性管理可能无效,而通过金融创新,调整银证结构、信贷结构和投资结构,有助于进行流动性管理。     

Treasury Safety,Liquidity, and Money Premium Dynamics: Evidence from Debt Limit Impasses

Treasury securities enjoy a “money premium” because they are ultra-safe and liquid. However, during debt limit impasses, the safety and liquidity of Treasury securities temporarily deteriorate, eroding the money premium. Using past impasses, we find the money premium eroded by roughly six basis points across all Treasury securities and up to 50 basis points for the shortest maturities at the greatest risk of a delayed principal payment. Safety and liquidity each accounted for about half of the erosion. The deterioration of safety and liquidity also appears to interact, consistent with theories of default-driven liquidity risk and the information sensitivity of debt.     

参股保险业与企业流动性风险管理:基于货币政策变更背景

现阶段宏观经济政策不断变更给企业经营带来诸多不确定性,从而增加了流动性风险,而通过参股保险公司所建立的产融结合平台能使企业降低制度调整的风险成本。我们对此进行了实证分析,以2006年～2010年上市公司季度数据为样本,利用倾向概率配对模型控制样本内生性问题后实证检验发现:参股保险公司的上市公司日常现金持有水平和调整水平较未参股公司低,且在面对从紧货币政策时,这种流动性风险管理的提升效果更加突出。结论显示,上市公司与保险公司建立产融结合平台具有财务协同效应,部分抵消了货币政策变更不确定性的冲击。这一研究对于企业产融结合实践策略部署有着重要的现实意义,对保险行业引导产融结合趋势也有较强的实践参考价值。     

Perverse liquidity effect of monetary policy: some evidence for India

The liquidity effect of money supply increases, as policy-oriented measures, would generally lead to a decline in interest rates. This is the direct effect. However, such money supply increases lead to a sum of the direct effect plus the positive indirect price and income effects. In sum, the net effect may be positive leading to a net increase and not a decrease in the interest rate. The regular money demand function is suitably modified to capture the structural changes of the Indian economy to verify the net effect of monetary policy-induced money supply movements. The empirical evidence indicates the presence of a perverse liquidity effect.     

货币政策冲击对股票市场流动性的影响——基于Markov区制转换VAR模型的实证研究

本文首先对货币政策影响股市流动性的机理进行分析,在此基础上,尝试构建了一个新的股票市场流动性指标,通过引入MS-VAR模型,考察了货币政策在不同区制下对股市流动性的动态影响。基于MSIH(3)-VAR(4)模型和累积脉冲响应的结果表明,货币政策扩张有助于提高市场流动性,货币政策收紧,会导致市场流动性降低。但在不同区制下,影响程度存在显著差异,当股市处于膨胀期时,货币政策冲击对市场流动性的影响比股市处于低迷期时表现得更加明显。同时,股市收益率和股市波动率对股市流动性也存在显著影响。     

滞后效应、多重均衡与反向软着陆:中国需求管理经验

本文初步探索本次经济扩张时期中国需求管理经验的宏观经济学意义。中国经济的准AK增长模型与制造期投资模型,使得实际经济增长具有投资驱动特征而实际国民收入具有滞后效应。面临容纳滞后效应的修正形式中国菲利普斯曲线,保守型需求管理政策形成多重国民收入均衡状态,而进取型需求管理政策形成单一国民收入均衡状态,并且能够通过微撞操作而实现中国经济均衡调整的反向软着陆。     

A Dilemma between Liquidity Regulation and Monetary Policy: Some History and Theory

History suggests a conflict between current Basel III liquidity ratios and monetary policy, which we call the liquidity regulation dilemma. Although forgotten, liquidity ratios, named “securities-reserve requirements,” were widely used historically, but for monetary policy (not regulatory) reasons, as central bankers recognized the contractionary effects of these ratios. We build a model rationalizing historical policies: a tighter ratio reduces the quantity of assets that banks can pledge as collateral, thus increasing interest rates. Tighter liquidity regulation paradoxically increases the need for central bank's interventions. Liquidity ratios were also used to keep yields on government bonds low when monetary policy tightened.     

Liquidity and Information Flow around Monetary Policy Announcement

We analyze the effects of monetary policy announcements on stock market liquidity using intraday data. We show that the impairment in liquidity associated with policy announcements occurs primarily after, rather than before, the announcements, and is relatively short lived, lasting about 1.5 hours. Liquidity impairment varies proportionately with the information content of the policy announcement, with larger effects associated with unscheduled announcements and scheduled announcements with larger policy surprises. Overall, our results suggest that informed traders have an information processing advantage over uninformed participants rather than access to private information.     

Yield Spread and Term to Maturity: Default vs. Liquidity

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the yield spreads between Treasury and non–Treasury Spanish fixed income assets and its relationship with the term to maturity. We find a downward sloping term structure of yield spreads for investment–grade bonds that seems to be contrary to the 'crisis at maturity' theory. However, we claim that this outcome is caused mainly by the effect of liquidity on yield spreads. Once the effect of liquidity and other factors are removed we find that there is a positive relationship between default premiums and term to maturity. That result is now consistent with the existing literature.     

Monetary Policy,Asset Prices,and Liquidity in Over‐the‐Counter Markets

We develop a model where agents can allocate their wealth between a liquid asset, which can be used to purchase consumption goods, and an illiquid asset, which represents a better store of value. Should a consumption opportunity arise, agents may visit a frictional “over‐the‐counter” secondary asset market where they can exchange illiquid for liquid assets. We characterize how monetary policy affects both the issue price and the secondary market price of the asset. We also show that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, search and bargaining frictions in the secondary asset market can improve welfare if inflation is low.     

货币政策效应区域差异化的诱因:政府行为

货币政策存在区域效应差异已是国内外学者的共识,而具体到改革开放以来我国货币政策的区域效应差异问题,政府行为在其中的作用却没有得到应有的重视。本文的研究表明,无论是中央政府的改革战略还是地方政府的行为决策,都是造成我国各地区银行发展水平出现差距、进而引发全国统一货币政策产生不同区域效应的根本原因之一。     

Unconventional monetary policy announcements and risk aversion: evidence from the U.S. and European equity markets

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the role of unconventional monetary policy announcements on risk aversion – as proxied by the variance premium – by using panel data analysis. The objective of this empirical analysis is to investigate the risk-taking channel of monetary policy for the major European and U.S. equity markets by studying the impact that the announcements of an unconventional monetary policy has on market uncertainty and risk perception. By measuring the difference between risk-neutral and realised and conditional variance, we estimate the variance premium, which captures the impact that pricing concerns have on the prices of options. The empirical analysis indicates that easing monetary policies can significantly reduce the variance premium. In addition, we examine the risk premium structure across markets to determine the potential differences in investors’ risk aversion.     

Optimal money and debt management: Liquidity provision vs tax smoothing

Conventional wisdom on public debt management says that liquidity demand should be satiated and that tax rates should be smoothed. Conflicts between the two can arise when government bonds provide liquidity. Smoothing taxes causes greater variability in fiscal balances, and therefore in the supply of government liabilities. When prices are flexible, and can jump to absorb fiscal shocks, the tradeoff between liquidity provision and tax smoothing is eased; when they conflict, optimal policy subordinates tax smoothing to satiating liquidity demand. When price fluctuations impose real costs, conflicts necessarily arise and optimal policy gives primacy to neither goal.     

Liquidity and Returns to Target Shareholders in the Market for Corporate Control: Evidence from the US Markets

In this paper we analyze how stock market liquidity affects the abnormal return to target firms in mergers and tender offers. We predict that target firms with poorer stock market liquidity receive larger announcement day abnormal returns based on the following considerations. First, target firms with poorer stock market liquidity receive greater liquidity improvements after a merger or tender offer. Second, deals that involve less liquid targets are less anticipated and/or more likely to be completed. Third, less liquid stocks have more diverse reservation prices across shareholders and thus require a higher takeover return. Consistent with these expectations, we show that abnormal returns to target firms’ shareholders are significantly and positively related to the difference in liquidity (measured by the bid‐ask spread) between acquirers and targets as well as the magnitude of target firms’ liquidity improvement.     

Banking Competition,Collateral Constraints,and Optimal Monetary Policy

We analyze optimal monetary policy in a model with two distinct financial frictions: monopolistically competitive banks that charge endogenous lending spreads, and collateral constraints. We show that welfare maximization is equivalent to stabilization of four goals: inflation, output gap, the “consumption gap” between borrowers and savers, and a “housing gap” that measures the distortion in the distribution of the collateralizable asset between both groups. Collateral constraints create a trade‐off between stabilization goals. Following both productivity and financial shocks, and relative to strict inflation targeting, the optimal policy implies sharper movements in the policy rate, aimed primarily at reducing fluctuations in asset prices and hence in borrowers' net worth. The policy trade‐offs become amplified as banking competition increases, due to the fall in lending spreads and the resulting increase in borrowers' leverage.