湖北省利川市发展农村生态旅游的探讨

农村生态旅游是当前旅游业发展的热点之一,恩施州利川市有独特的区位优势、丰富的旅游资源为该区域发展农村生态旅游提供了良好的条件。本文通过对利川市农村旅游资源的分析,结合当地实际情况,为其发展农村生态旅游的提出了一些方案,同时也对三峡类似地区农村旅游的发展具有借鉴意义。     

贵州省岜沙苗寨的旅游开发与经济发展

文章从分析岜沙苗寨的聚落和建筑形态特征入手,展示了岜沙独特的魅力;接着分析了岜沙的社会经济情况,提出旅游开发是岜沙经济发展的必由之路;最后研究了岜沙苗寨旅游开发的现状,并就未来岜沙苗寨的旅游开发提出了加强聚落保护、打造民生工程以及加大旅游业开发等对策建议。     

An integration of the livelihoods and asset-based community development approaches: A South African case study

This study provides an integrated framework and practice model of the sustainable livelihoods (SL) and the asset-based community development (ABCD) approaches. A household survey of a rural village in South Africa is used as a basis of analysis to demonstrate the application of the integrated approach. The results elucidate the vulnerability of the people and a range of inter-locking and multi-dimensional factors contributing to poverty in the community. The results also show people's assets, capabilities and activities which enable them to cope and survive despite constraints and shortcomings. It was found that the integrated SL/ABCD framework is a useful framework to understand the strengths of a vulnerable community in order to plan and implement sustainable community development strategies.     

乡村振兴背景下特色保护类村庄产业规划设计研究——以荆门市东宝区易畈村为例

乡村振兴战略背景下,实现村庄产业振兴的前提是进行村庄产业发展规划。本文重点探究特色保护类村庄的产业振兴之路,以荆门市东宝区易畈村为例,通过实地调研、文献研究和态势分析相结合的方法,分析村庄资源禀赋和产业发展特征和问题,科学合理地进行产业空间布局建设,提出村庄产业发展规划方向和策略,形成以特色产业和乡村旅游业为主导的示范强村,以期为特色保护类乡村的产业振兴提供借鉴经验。     

Migration Experience of Village Leaders and Local Economic Development： Evidence from Rural China

This paper examines the impact of migration experience of village leaders on local economic development,based on the village-level data of the 2005 China General Social Survey.Our results show that the human capital of village leaders accumulated during the migration period has had a positive effect on per capita net income and per capita non-agricultural income in rural China.The migration experience of village leaders also plays a positive role in entrepreneurial activities in rural regions.From a policy perspective,these findings call attention to the importance of harnessing potential benefits of return migration to local economic development in rural China.     

The Social Performance and Distributional Consequences of Contract Farming: An Equilibrium Analysis of the Arachide de Bouche Program in Senegal

This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of a contract-farming program in Senegal. We examine the access of poorer community members to contracts and the effect of the program on the income of participants. The program performs very well on both counts: participants and nonparticipants are indistinguishable by wealth measures and farmers increase their income substantially by participating in the program. We attribute the former to the program's mobilization of local information through its use of village intermediaries, permitting the substitution of social collateral for physical collateral and making the program more accessible to the poor.     

Development of the township‐village enterprises and the re‐instttutionalization of the family in China*

Small farms, which have maintained flexibility throughout history, have long existed in China and the so‐called “family household system as a cooperative organization” comprehensively playing a diverse socio‐economic function has developed. In addition, trust derived from a unique environment based on a village structure where a few families dwell not to mention “everyone knows each other well” has also become institutionalized. In this setting, a complex and multi‐dimensional property rights could have developed. Moreover, the Confucian order, historically institutionalized in China, has differentiated the respective roles of the public from the private and the center from the local through a network intertwined by relationships (guanxi‐based network), allowing them to be relatively autonomous from each other (embedded autonomy). This institutional tradition of the Chinese society has re‐emerged with the coming of the reform age. The reform reintroduced the revival of the traditional family household, as a cooperative unit for the insiders and, at the same time, as a competitive unit against the outsiders; and its renewed close relationship with the local governments have given birth to the township‐village enterprises. Based on reforms of this nature, which have occurred from the bottom and approved by the center state ex post, China was able to experience the implementation a new form of transition to capitalism, i.e., rural industrialization. In this process, China's guana‐based township‐village enterprises were able to secure the fitness to react to market competition despite their collective ownership nature.     

Exposing the neoclassical fallacy: McCloskey on ideas and the great enrichment

In this paper, I discuss Deirdre McCloskey’s argument that ‘ideas, not capital or institutions,’ were the cause of the ‘great enrichment,’ the spectacular growth of the world economy since 1800. I disagree that the ideas of liberty and equality alone caused the great enrichment but agree that these ideas were central and necessary for it. Most theorists of development and economic history fail to recognise the importance of these ideas despite implicitly assuming them in what I call the ‘neoclassical fallacy.’ I also extend McCloskey’s views to include a greater understanding of liberty and equality through their implementation, which necessarily involves institutions that provide political officials with incentives to honour these ideas in practice. Ideas of liberty and equality are not self-implementing, and most attempts to implement them fail. Finally, I argue that a range of political theorists from Hobbes to Madison studied the problem of implementing liberty and equality. In the 150 years prior to 1800, they helped devise a series of institutions that sustained liberty, equality, and the rule of law. These ideas also contributed to the great enrichment.     

从区域经济协调发展理论看我国区域经济规划方案

运用区域经经济协调发展理论,解读2009年我国先后发布的9个区域经济规划,考量发布实施一系列经济计划的深层次原因,分析以前我国区域经济规划的缺陷以及县域经济发展的缺陷,论述区域经济协调发展的必要性,探讨为了保证我国区域经济规划能够得以顺利实施需要防范和解决的问题。     

树立科学发展观,统筹城乡经济发展

党的十六大提出了"五个统筹"的科学发展观,是对过去中国发展道路的反思。我国20年的改革开放,在取得经济高速增长的同时,也带来了经济社会发展的不协调和不可持续。其中城乡发展的不协调犹为严重,已成为我国全面建设小康社会的瓶颈。因此,必须树立科学的发展观,统筹城乡发展,     

从酸刺村看宁夏南部山区人口发展问题

人口过快的增长是制约宁南山区经济发展的关键所在.科技扶贫是以人为本的扶贫,有利于经济发展和人口素质的提高.本文通过对宁南西吉县酸刺村的调查分析来论述宁夏南部山区的人口发展问题.     

Does “Participation” in Common Pool Resource Management Help the Poor? A Social Cost–Benefit Analysis of Joint Forest Management in Jharkhand,India

Joint Forest Management (JFM) has succeeded in halting forest degradation in India, but its poverty reduction objective has not fully been evaluated previously. This paper compares JFM forests and government-managed forests to assess their respective net social benefits to different groups of local villagers. It shows that the JFM regime reflects the social preference of the rural nonpoor, and that the poor are net losers over a 40-year time horizon. Future plans for JFM need to include suitable compensatory mechanisms to reduce the poverty of the poorest within a village.     

Matchmaking and moneymaking in a patronage society: the first duke and duchess of Chandos,c. 1712–351

The focus of this article is on the contribution of an early eighteenth‐century aristocratic marriage partnership to the family economy, and particularly to the non‐co‐resident, extended family. Through a study of the first duke and duchess of Chandos, the active involvement of a husband and wife in furthering the marriages of close kin is highlighted. By outlining the strategy and tactics adopted and discussing their motivation, the article challenges the view that kinship had seriously declined in importance by the early eighteenth century. The Brydgeses did more than broker marriages for close female relatives; they groomed the young women, helped build up and manage their portions using new and modern forms of making money such as investing in the stock market, and found them husbands. The marriages of these young women were a form of patronage. Motivation for this involvement included familial affection and responsibility but extended to increasing and consolidating the duke's socio‐political influence through the patronage system and to limiting the potential drain on his estate. The duchess had a vested interest in this: it raised her status within family, connection, and society. The young women concerned, and their parents, were not always grateful for this patronage.     

新农村建设视域下法律援助制度的重构——以刑事诉讼为场域的解读

新农村建设要求增强农村居民的法治意识,切实保障农村居民获得平等的法律保护,重构农村法律援助制度成为必要,特别是在刑事诉讼中。由于现行立法的不足,农村经济发展的落后,农村居民法制观念的淡薄,致使农村刑事法律援助制度不能适应新农村建设的需要。应该着力加强农村刑事法律援助的立法保障、资金保障、人力资源保障,重构我国的农村刑事法律援助制度。     

Testing the “Inverted‐U” Phenomenon in Moral Development on Recently Promoted Senior Managers and Partners*

This paper examines the change in the average level of moral development over a 7.5‐year period of promotion, attrition, and survival in five Big 6 firms. The study improves upon previous cross‐sectional studies that found decreases in the average level of moral development at the senior manager and partner levels, which has been referred to as the “inverted‐U” phenomenon. Problems with these studies that limit the generalizability of their findings include their cross‐sectional nature and samples that usually come from one or two firms. Over a 7.5‐year period, we found that the participating Big 6 firms retained auditors with higher average levels of moral development (measured using the defining issues test), while those with lower average levels left the firms. The average level of moral development for new partners was at least as high as the group from which they came. This research suggests that the concern about Big 6 firms retaining a higher proportion of auditors with lower moral development may be an artifact of research design.     

Struggling with Sustainability—A Comparative Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Development Programs

“Sustainability” is an inherently dynamic, indefinite and contested concept. “Sustainable development” must, therefore, be seen as an unending process—defined not by fixed goals or the specific means of achieving them, but by an approach to creating change through continuous learning and adaptation. How, then, do we evaluate a development program’s contribution to such a process? This paper constructs a framework for evaluating sustainable rural development programs using both process- and outcome-oriented criteria, and demonstrates its application. The SANREM CRSP/SEA research and development program in The Philippines—including ICRAFs efforts to organize communities around agroforestry and environmental conservation—is assessed.     

Mainstreaming Sustainable Development-A Case Study: Ashton Hayes is going Carbon Neutral

The Parish Council of Ashton Hayes in Cheshire voted in November 2005 to try to become England's first carbon neutral village. This grass roots project has grown rapidly in its first year and has engaged a large proportion of village residents. The project has produced a number of impacts on the community and the wider region and these are being evaluated in terms of their environmental, economic and social dimensions. This paper describes the process of project development and implementation and draws some general conclusions from this experience before going on to consider some of the findings of the initial evaluation of the project. We conclude by suggesting that Ashton Hayes provides an interesting case study of a community-led attempt to bring sustainable development into the mainstream and that the challenge remains, as with many community-led initiatives, of how to translate the considerable early momentum of the project into sustainable forms of participation and behaviour.     

深圳古村落文旅融合保护与开发模式探究

文化是旅游的灵魂,旅游是文化的载体,文旅融合是旅游业发展的必然趋势。深圳古村落文化是古村居民为适应当地环境、满足自身物质和精神需要而长期形成的文化积淀,对研究深圳传统文化具有重要意义。本文分析了文旅融合对深圳古村落发展的意义,并对深圳古村落文旅融合保护与开发模式进行了探讨。希望通过充分挖掘深圳古村落旅游的文化内涵,提升深圳文化旅游品质,实现旅游产业升级。     

Haste Makes Waste: Policy Options Facing China after Reaching the Lewis Turning Point

This paper provides a framework for assessing the health of China's macro economy and the sustainability of economic growth by combining supply‐side and demand‐side factors and by considering their relationship at different stages of development. As the Chinese economy passed through its Lewis turning point, weakened supply‐side factors caused its growth to slow. The increasing concern regarding the economic slowdown has induced both the central and local governments to implement various stimulus plans through instruments of macroeconomic, industrial and regional policies. By examining where the imbalances of the Chinese economy really lie and investigating the determinants of the current slowdown and of the enhancement of the potential growth rate, the present paper suggests that the best path of action for the Chinese Government is not to stimulate growth through demand‐side factors but to increase the potential growth rate through reforms in certain key areas.