PPI和CPI的非线性传导:产业链与价格预期机制

本文在PPI和CPI产业链传导机制的基础上进一步提出价格预期传导机制。产业链是物价传导的经济基础,价格预期是物价传导的实现基础。本文同时构建包含货币因素的非线性MG系统模型(MNMG模型)进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)PPI对CPI存在向下推动传导,平均时滞1至4个月,CPI对PPI存在反向反馈传导,平均时滞1至2个月;供给因素和需求因素在我国物价形成机制中均起显著作用,但需求因素更快地形成通胀(或通缩)的压力。(2)产业链和价格预期两种机制均发挥显著作用,两者一定程度上解释了物价传导的线性和非线性特征。产业链机制在CPI对PPI的反馈传导中作用更明显,而价格预期机制在PPI对CPI的推动传导中作用更明显。(3)我国PPI和CPI均存在显著的惯性持续效应,且通胀惯性作用强于物价之间的传导,一定程度上削弱物价之间的传导。(4)从政策上来看,生产领域和消费领域出现价格上涨或者紧缩时,尤其是面对当前严峻的PPI长期持续下降,预期管理是重要且必须采取的措施。     

农业产业链条价格传递机制的实证分析

本文利用2006年1月至2008年12月的农业生产资料价格指数、农产品价格指数、食品类工业品出厂价格指数、居民食品消费价格指数等的月度数据,运用VAR模型对农业产业链条价格传递机制进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:农业产业链条的价格传递以"需求拉动"为主,以"供给推动"为辅,食品加工企业发挥了"稳定器"的作用;居民食品消费价格对上游各环节的价格均在10%的置信度下有显著的直接影响,其中对农产品价格的最大解释力度为74.2%,对农业生产资料价格的最大解释力度为39.8%;农业生产资料价格对下游各环节的价格均没有显著的直接影响,其中对农产品价格的最大解释力度为74.2%,对居民食品消费价格的最大解释力度为61.7%;农产品价格对其他环节价格预测误差的解释力度均较小,大多在10%以下。     

食品价格冲击对核心CPI的传递效应*——基于3种核心CPI的比较研究

本文利用2001—2015年的月度数据,在计算多种核心CPI的基础上,实证分析了食品价格冲击对核心CPI的传递效应。本文研究发现,我国食品CPI存在高惯性特征,其对核心CPI具有较大的冲击作用,长期传递系数为0140;这种传递效应在2008年12月前后存在内生性结构突变,突变前后两阶段的长期传递系数分别为0186和0097;虽然2008年12月以后食品价格对核心CPI的冲击下降幅度较大,但长期传递系数仍具有明显的上升趋势。这些结果表明,食品价格冲击已经显著影响我国通货膨胀的持续性成分,我国货币政策应重视食品价格冲击带来的传递效应;尽管我国政策调整的作用有所显现,但是稳定物价的压力依然很大。     

中国农产品价格链传导机制实证研究——基于协整和向量自回归模型的分析

选取2002年1月至2014年12月农产品的生产价格指数和农业生产资料价格指数、农产品零售价格指数等月度的数据,运用VAR向量自回归模型及脉冲响应函数对我国农产品价格链导机制进行实证分析,结果表明农产品价格链传导以需求拉动为主,我国农产品产业链上价格的传导机制在短期内三者间的传导路径都较为顺畅,假如农产品产业链任意一个环节受到外界的冲击时,就会传递到产业链上其它的环节。农产品生产价格波动对农业生产资料价格影响较大,农产品零售价格对农业生产资料价格的影响较小。农业生产资料价格指数、农产品零售价格指数均与农产品生产价格指数互为因果的双向引导关系。三个价格指数对自身的冲击会迅速做出响应,同时也会对农产品产业链上其他环节影响会有不同程度的响应。此外,农产品产业链也会受到社会、经济、法律、政策、市场调控等等因素的影响,是造成产业链上的不同环节、不同价格等传导效率差异性的主要原因。     

住房价格上涨对CPI的传导效应——兼论我国CPI编制体系的缺陷

按照SNA核算要求,居民购买住房不记作消费,但是房价与CPI并非毫无关联。住房价格上涨通过居住类权数和自有住房类价格指数的变化传导至CPI,并对其它商品和服务的消费产生挤出效应。目前官方统计没有考虑房价的这种传导效应,致使CPI严重失实。经测算,CPI的低估数值接近1个百分点,低估幅度超过1倍。     

中国上中下游价格传导机制研究* ——基于细分行业数据的实证分析

本文通过运用动态贝叶斯网络模型分析方法,测算了2000-2014年上中下游价格指数及各细分行业价格指数之间的传导效应,并分析了货币供给因素对不同价格指数的驱动作用。结果表明,货币供应量对上中下游所有价格指数均能产生影响,对下游价格指数CPI的驱动效应最显著;上中游价格指数向下游价格指数逐级传导效应显著,但跨级传导效应呈递减趋势;同时下游价格指数的变动也会倒逼中上游价格指数变化,但跨级传导效应基本无趋势性。     

国际大宗商品价格波动与国内通货膨胀——基于中国数据的实证分析

中国对国际大宗商品的巨大需求决定了其价格波动对国内物价有重要影响。国际大宗商品价格的上涨引起国内通货膨胀的本质是“成本上升型”通货膨胀。国际大宗商品波动在国内传导主要通过直接消费渠道、生产渠道和间接渠道,间接渠道又可细化为预期渠道、联动渠道和扩散渠道。在比较国内外商品价格指数的基础上,本文以中国的数据为基础,建立了进口大宗商品价格指数（缩写为ICPI）。并以CPI、ICPI、产出缺口和货币供应量构建计量模型,得出：货币供应量对我国通货膨胀的影响最大,产出缺口次之,ICPI再次之;但如果考虑到ICPI的波动幅度远大于货币供应量和产出缺口的变化,那么ICPI对CPI的影响可以与产出缺口和货币供应量相提并论。     

国际大宗商品价格至中国上下游价格的时变传导效应*

本文采用国际大宗商品价格、中国国内总产出、货币政策变量和上下游价格数据，通过构建多个TVPVARSV模型考察了1997—2017年国际大宗商品价格向中国上下游价格的时变传导效应。研究表明，由于受到来自国际生产资料和生活资料分类价格变动趋势异质性、上下游价格传导路径异质性和价格信息传导机制结构性变动的影响，国际大宗商品价格向中国上下游价格的传导效应呈现时变特征。国际大宗商品价格对国内上游价格传导稳定，但对下游价格传导长期下降，这解释了我国PPI和CPI走势的偏离现象。     

我国消费价格指数与生产价格指数传导关系变化规律及启示

我国长期内消费价格指数(CPI)与生产价格指数(PPI)之间存在协整和相互格兰杰因果关系,但在经济周期不同阶段内的传导关系并不相同。在经济上行阶段,CPI领先于PPI;而在经济下行阶段,PPI领先于CPI。传导关系的变化主要来自不同经济周期阶段企业行为的差异。传导关系的改变意味着不同时期我国的货币政策等宏观调控政策应关注不同的价格指标。     

食品与非食品价格的长期均衡关系与短期非线性调整——基于两区制门槛协整模型的实证研究

食品通胀率与非食品通胀率之间的测量缺口近期持续扩大,引起了市场广泛关注。文章根据1994年1月至2010年8月的食品价格与非食品价格数据,运用两区制门槛误差修正模型研究两者的长期均衡关系和短期价格调整以及传导机制中的非线性特征。结果发现,食品通胀率与非食品通胀率存在门槛协整关系,而且估计缺口稳定,这表明测量缺口夸大了两者的真实偏离。文章还发现了食品价格传导的新信息内涵,即食品价格对非食品价格具有非线性的价格传导性:短期内偏离主要是食品价格上升造成,尤其是在高通货膨胀区制,偏离速度有加快趋势。两区制的Granger因果关系检验发现,在极端区制,食品价格通胀与非食品价格通胀具有双向的短期Granger原因,即两者相互领先;而在正常区制,食品价格通胀与非食品价格通胀具有双向的长期Granger原因。     

国际谷物价格波动对中国经济的影响研究

运用有向无环图(DAG)方法并结合基于SVAR模型的脉冲响应和预测方差分解方法分析国际大宗谷物价格波动对中国经济的传导途径及其效应。研究发现,国际食品价格波动影响国内消费物价水平和工业产出的传导途径不明显,其波动只能直接传导到国内的农副产品购进价格,进而直接或间接通过影响国内工业品出厂价格传导到国内消费物价水平,为中国治理通货膨胀提供了理论依据。     

THE STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLD SPENDING IN SOUTH AMERICAN CITIES: INDEXES OF DISSIMILARITY AND CAUSES OF INTER-CITY DIFFERENCES

Household budget data collected in 1966–1971 in eleven cities in six South American countries are used to define individual mean budget structures (means of budget shares across households). These structures are then compared by indexes of dissimilarity, calculated for the entire budget and also for major components: food, animal protein foods, nonfood, and housing and clothing. Differences among cities in real income account for much of the difference in the share of the consumer budget devoted to food, which in turn is a principal source of overall budget dissimilarity. Within the food and nonfood budgets separately, income is of somewhat less importance; prices and preferences become more significant. Budget structures tend for this reason to be similar for cities in the same country. The structure of nonfood spending also varies markedly between coastal and interior cities, largely because of differences in housing costs. The available price data account for dissimilarities which depend on the price of a single large category of spending, but they do not help explain structural differences involving many categories: prices seem more important for nonfood than for food expenditures. Regression analysis is used to weigh the importance of each variable contributing to dissimilarity.     

Modeling asymmetric price transmission in the European food market

In this study, we employ a multivariate panel error correction model (PVECM) to investigate asymmetric price transmission among the farm, processor, and retail segments of the European food supply chain for the 2005–2016 period. The results indicate that, in both the long- and short-run, retail prices respond more strongly to processor price increases than decreases and the same occurs for processor prices due to farm price changes. Thus, the findings demonstrate the presence of positive asymmetric price transmission in the European food supply chain. Finally, the results of the present study indicate that the food price pass-through varies greatly across product category and across countries, and that the pass-through to producer prices is greater than that to consumer prices.     

Remittances and Relative Prices

Using Mexican data, this article analyzes the impact of the workers' remittances on the cross‐section distribution of prices as well as on the evolution of individual relative prices over time for 272 consumer items. The results suggest that there are important differences in the responses of relative prices to remittances according to various categories of these items. While the relative prices of a number of nontradable service items such as housing consistently rise, the relative prices of several durable items such as furniture tend to fall in response to the remittance shock. Furthermore, remittances explain substantial variation in prices for a large number of consumer durables and services at various time horizons. The relative price responses are more volatile over time for most food items and less volatile for nonfood and service items reflecting different degrees of price flexibility.     

Energy price shocks and milk price adjustments

Much previous research on energy price transmission sheds light on the relationship between oil prices and aggregate commodity prices, such as for agricultural products, or food price indexes. This letter uses data from 12 U.S. cities between 2001 and 2011 to examine how energy prices are transmitted to fluid milk products at the retail level. Results indicate the existence of an asymmetric energy pass-through (a rise is transmitted faster than a fall in prices) and that private label milk products are more insulated from energy price shocks and adjust at similar rate with national manufacturer brands.     

Mean spillover effects in agricultural prices: Evidence from changes in policy regimes

This paper investigates the behavior of input, output, and consumer food prices under two different policy regime periods, before and after the reformulation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) occurred in May 1992. The findings, through Granger causality tests, support a different behavior in terms of the transmission from the input level to the consumer level and vice versa. This transmission occurs through the output level only for the post-CAP reformulation period, while it occurs in a direct manner over the first period. The results imply that the decrease of agricultural output prices, due to lower minimum support prices following the reformulation of the CAP, is transmitted through the output price mechanism in both input and consumer food markets.     

Effects of vertical integration on price and volume: An empirical inquiry

A simple model with two stages of production is used for deriving some empirically testable hypotheses. Firms (two upstream and two downstream) in the industry are either vertically integrated or not, hence the industry has three alternative patterns: Complete unintegrated, partially integrated, or fully integrated.Final good prices, outputs and profits of firms are different in each integration pattern but what is optimal can not be stated (i.e., pay-offs are much too complicated in order to solve the sub-game equilibrium).The essential feature of the model is that there are external markets for the intermediate inputs. Hence input trade between the four firms/divisions need not balance since excess supply or demand is traded at the external market. With this feature purely downstream exogenous shocks have no effect on upstream pricing nor production decisions if all four firms are unintegrated. Such exogenous shocks have non-zero effects if at least one firm is vertically integrated. There are also other dissimilarities in comparative statics of each industry integration pattern.An indirect method to test the effects of vertical integration on price and volume is presented and empirically tested. Depending on the vertical integration pattern of an industry exogenous shocks have dissimilar effects on prices and outputs of the final and intermediate good. A four equations system is estimated by using Finnish forest industry firm data. Final good demand rise has a reducing effect on both paper and pulp prices. Stumpage prices (upstream marginal costs) have a negative impact on paper and pulp production and a positive impact on prices. These effects from upstream (downstream) stage into downstream (upstream) market should not occur when all firms are unintegrated.This is a revised version of a paper which was presented at seminars at Brussels, Turku, Vienna, and Stuttgart. I would like to thank seminar participants (specially Frank Schmid) and anonymous referees for helpful comments. Financial support from the Marcus Wallenberg Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.