基于环境规制强度的政府与企业环境行为的重复博弈研究

随着我国社会工业化进程的推进,经济发展与环境保护矛盾日益突显。因此,以重复博弈理论为基础,基于环境规制强度,构建政府与企业环境行为的博弈模型,通过对模型的分析得出双方的纳什均衡策略,为实现环境保护与经济发展的共赢提供理论依据。     

新型城镇化背景下环境污染的博弈分析

新型城镇化建设中环境污染问题的实质是中央政府、地方政府、企业和农民四方利益主体博弈的结果。通过建立纳什均衡模型、贝叶斯纳什均衡、子博弈完美纳什均衡及一般博弈模型,对四方利益主体的行为进行博弈分析,得出了如下结论:保护环境是中央政府的占优策略;地方政府之间恶性竞争会造成"囚徒困境";政府与企业之间为完全信息动态博弈,企业策略的选择取决于政府的执行力度;农民是否举报企业的污染行为,在不同的经济发展阶段会有不同的选择。     

油气资源开采收益分配中矿区居民利益诉求机制研究——基于利益相关者序贯博弈视角

油气资源开采收益分配涉及中央政府、地方政府、开采企业和矿区居民等多个利益相关者,而有效协调地方政府和矿区居民间利益冲突是实现油气可持续开采的关键。本文从地方政府和矿区居民博弈视角,分析了不完全信息情况下油气开采收益分配博弈中的纳什均衡、序贯均衡以及不稳定动态均衡路径;并基于博弈结论,分析了当中央政府对地方政府的行动进行奖惩时各博弈均衡结果的变化情况;最后,提出了油气开采收益分配中保护矿区居民利益诉求的机制和措施。     

论经济政策效应最大化条件 --兼论均衡理论在经济政策运行中的应用

经济效应最大化需要经济政策的供求保持动态均衡。单一性、倾向性经济政策是不能实现普遍均衡的。重复博弈是经济政策效应最大化的主要手段 ,它能使博弈主体达到“纳什均衡”。经济政策维护市场信誉就是维护市场秩序均衡和市场效率均衡 ,这也是经济政策效应的体现和政府所要达到的预期目标。     

团队绩效考核的博弈分析

分析了常见的团队考核机制下考核博弈的纳什均衡,对常见的考核机制进行修正,引入抑制恶意评价的惩罚措施,分析了新机制下考核博弈的纳什均衡,分析结果表明,有效的考核宣传培训将会导致符合考核目标的博弈均衡结果。     

国有企业破产的博弈分析

通过分析国企在破产过程中政府、企业、银行的利益取向,指出三者存在合作博弈和非合作博弈,并建立了3方博弈模型,求出其纳什均衡解,并就改进我国的破产制度提出了一些建议。     

国有企业破产的博弈分析

通过分析国企在破产过程中政府、企业、银行的利益取向，指出三者存在合作博弈和非合作博弈。并建立了3方博弈模型，求出其纳什均衡解，并就改进我国的破产制度提出了一些建议。     

会计制度与纳什均衡

介绍了会计制度和纳什均衡含义 ,认为会计制度应是政府和企业之间的一种社会契约 ,博弈的次数越多 ,完善的程度就越高。指出会计制度的建立必须经过“多次博弈” ;同时指出了在博弈过程中应注意的两个问题。     

基于子博弈完美纳什均衡的环境污染问题分析

文章在借鉴前人研究的基础上，通过一个子博弈完美模型，从动态角度对环境污染问题进行了初步分析。在博弈开始阶段，政府和企业之间有一个纳什均衡，即企业的利润实现了最大化，政府GDP达到了相对的较高水平，增加了就业，促进了社会福利。由于企业在生产中存在外部性问题，这个纳什均衡未必是怕累托有效的。为了克服生产中的外部性，政府制定了排放标准，企业根据政府制定的排放标准调整产出，投资排污设施，将资源使用导致的损害内部化，从而达到新的子博弈完美纳什均衡。但这仅仅是一种理论上的结论，真正的问题是如何估计污染损害的市场价格，给出污染损害的精确数值依然是一个尚未解决的难题。所以对于大多数外部性，特别是与环境污染有关的外部性问题，还需要政府更多的积极干预。     

美国上市公司盈余管理的博弈分析及启示

美国上市公司的盈余管理是信息披露规范约束下的博弈行为,各博弈方在各自利益的驱使下,进行相互博弈,从而达到“纳什均衡”。文章首先分析阐述了美国上市公司盈余管理的博弈主体及其行为,然后分析了盈余管理博弈的动机以及博弈过程,得出博弈的均衡解,即“纳什均衡”。文章最后在博弈分析的基础上,提出如何借鉴美国上市公司管理经验加强我国上市公司管理的措施。     

Bilateral transfers and lending in international environmental cooperation

The paper analyzes environmental lending and transfers in a two country general equilibrium framework. The lender country chooses specific environmental investments which it finances in the neighbour country on the basis of the returns they generate for the lender. The gains from this kind of international environmental financing are illustrated with a numerical calibration of the model showing that the gains to the lender country may be fairly sizable in relation to the expenditure directed currently towards environmental protection. These gains, however, essentially depend on the terms of the environmental financing. We also find that debt-for-nature swaps do not in general produce efficient environmental protection if applied uniformly in international environmental financing.     

Dynamic trend analysis on relational effect of environmental protection industry in China

EPI （environmental protection indastry） and three industries constitute aur national economic structuse. By Grey System Theory and correlation effect analytical method for the first time, this paper analyzes the relatioaship degree between environmental protection industry and the three causes including industries involved in China in both qualitative and quantitotive aspects. Both the innate tale and the realistic reasons nf the relational degree are further analyzed by utilizing sastninoble development theory, circulating economy theol., ecological equilibrium theory, externality theory. industrial structure theory, and ecology prinrity rules. From all the analysts, this paper reveals the relationship between EPI and three industries. In addition, it offers suggestions to the feasibility of adjusting the industrial structure and developing the environmental protection industry in our country.     

The Substitution Problem in the Theory of Effective Protection

Input substitution theoretically invalidates the resource flow predictions of effective rates of protection calculated in a partial equilibrium framework. Partial equilibrium effective protection analysis, despite this "substitution problem," has nevertheless quietly settled into the trade economistÕs toolbox. This paper presents a new, transparent review of the substitution problem in effective protection. It finds that partial equilibrium effective protection analysis, although theoretically susceptible to misleading results, is in practice a reasonable estimator of certain short-run general equilibrium effects of protection.     

Environmental Quality and Industry Protection with Noncooperative Versus Cooperative Domestic and Trade Policies

This paper characterizes environmental quality and industry protection in a large-country Grossman–Helpman model when production or consumption externalities exist and governments decide noncooperatively or cooperatively on domestic and trade policies. Governments choose policies efficiently from among those available, but competitive lobbies may prefer less efficient regimes. Under restricted policy availability, political-support effects can offset terms-of-trade effects on equilibrium outcomes, and inefficient trade policies can lead to higher environmental quality than efficient domestic policies. If governments cooperate, they can satisfy particular organized industries at lower costs to other lobbies and total welfare. This may result in lower environmental quality than noncooperation.     

Pollution effects of free trade areas: Simulations from a general equilibrium model

Abstract

A two-factors, two-goods, three-countries general equilibrium model is developed to assess the effects of a Free Trade Area (FTA) on pollution emissions. It also makes it possible to compare the effects of a discriminating commercial policy with alternative–non discriminating–policies, such as full trade liberalization or non-discriminating protection. A theoretical model is first developed in order to take into account country-differences in factor endowment, environmental regulation, pollution abatement technology, marginal disutilities of pollution, as well as terms of trade effects. This model is subsequently calibrated and computed in accordance with empirical evidence. The main conclusion shows that the move from protection to FTA reduces world pollution emissions. A second result indicates that, in case of full trade liberalization, world pollution is further reduced.     

我国制造业环境管制的实证研究

从制造业的角度出发,分析了政府对环境管制(ER)的两种形式:正式管制(FER)和非正式管制(I-ER),建立了环境管制均衡方程,并且采用面板数据的分析方法对理论假设进行了验证。研究表明,假设的影响制造业环境管制的主要因素:政府保护意愿、劳动密集程度、产业规模、经济外向度、产业国有化程度、科技吸收转化支出和劳动力素质的高低均产生了显著的影响。     

Electoral competition with environmental policy as a second best transfer

This paper explains why some governments fail to adopt policies that are sufficiently strong, while others adopt policies that are too stringent. Constructing a political economy model in which voters face uncertainty due to the types of politicians and the risk of environmental damage, we show that there is an equilibrium in which a politician uses a weaker environmental policy rather than efficient direct transfers for redistribution. We also show that there is an equilibrium in which a stricter environmental policy can be implemented by a politician who has no incentive to make transfers. Then, we discuss which equilibrium should be more plausible. We conclude that the latter equilibrium in which a too stringent environmental policy emerges can dominate the former unless the citizen’s estimate of environmental risk is sufficiently low.     

既要绿水青山，也要金山银山：企业环保负担的弱化机制与实证检验

环境规制既能促使工业企业增加环保投入,也会加重其财务负担.制定合理的产业政策,弱化环保投入造成的财务负担,是科学处理环境保护与企业发展关系的关键.本文从源头端政府创新激励与末端产业化环保治理两个维度,讨论企业环保负担的弱化机制及国有企业的异质性,并手动收集A股制造业上市企业样本数据进行实证检验.结果表明,源头端技术创新激励及利用专业企业进行末端产业化环保治理两种机制能够缓解环保投入给企业财务造成的压力,但机制的有效性存在一定条件约束.国有企业的政策工具属性,会弱化源头端创新机制的激励效果.政府为发挥国企的环保示范作用,可能造成国企的末端环保投入过大,降低末端产业化治理的效率.随着更严厉的环保法规出台,地方政府可能给予企业过度的环保激励,进而降低产业化治理的收益.     

中央环保督察与企业过度金融化： 资本逐利抑或环境治理

中央环保督察是近年来我国环保领域采取的重要改革措施,不仅有利于提高环境治理效力,而且也会对微观企业的资源配置决策产生影响。基于2012—2020年我国沪深A股上市工业企业数据,采用多期双重差分法实证检验中央环保督察对企业过度金融化的影响。研究发现,中央环保督察对企业过度金融化具有抑制作用。影响机制检验发现,中央环保督察通过提高企业绿色投资进而会抑制企业过度金融化。异质性分析表明,中央环保督察对企业过度金融化的抑制作用在融资约束程度高、高管无公职经历的企业以及处在公众环境关注度较高地区的企业更强。经济后果检验表明,中央环保督察通过抑制企业过度金融化提升了企业绩效。研究结论探析了宏观环境政策对微观企业资源配置决策的影响及作用机理,对实现环境治理和经济发展的双赢具有一定的现实意义。     

关于环保产业的界定问题

本文针对目前环保产业界定问题上的混乱,提出将环保产品与环境友善产品区分开来是科学界定环保产业的关键,并依此对环保产业分类和产业发展政策提出若干理论见解。