规则的背后:美国对华实施首次反补贴调查剖析

美国在2005年颁布《美国贸易权利执行法案》后,将反补贴的国内立法适用到包括中国在内的所谓非市场经济体的输美产品。贸易救济权是平等赋予世贸组织所有成员的,仅仅从规则本身来看,美国对华实施反补贴调查于法有据。但它是在美国对华贸易保护主义定势思维的惯性下启动的,是与《补贴与反补贴措施协议》倡导的公平贸易的精神背道而驰的。规则背后隐藏着贸易保护主义动机的对华贸易壁垒。     

A Cross-National Investigation on How Ethical Consumers Build Loyalty Toward Fair Trade Brands

Although Fair Trade has recently experienced rapid growth around the world, there is lack of consumer research that investigates what determines consumers’ loyalty toward Fair Trade brands. In this research, we investigate how ethical consumption values (ECV) and two mediating variables, Fair Trade product beliefs (FTPB) and Fair Trade corporate evaluation, (FTCE) determine Fair Trade brand loyalty (FTBL). On the basis of two empirical studies that use samples from the U.S. and Korea, we provide evidence demonstrating that the manner in which ECV influence FTBL differs in the U.S. and Korea. In the U.S., ECV determine FTBL only indirectly via FTPB, whereas in Korea they determine FTBL directly as well as indirectly via FTCE. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.     

Canton Fair, World Festival

Canton Fair, also named China Import and Export Fair, will embrace its 105th session this April, in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province, southern oart of China, also where takes up one third of China＇s foreign trade. Under the clouds of global financial crisis, however with the turning-point hope from G20 Summit, the 105th China Import and Export weights more to China＇s goal of 8 percent economic growth this year.     

Platforms to Regional Economy

Besides Canton Fair,China has many other important export and import fairs.Among them,three regional fairs,namely East China Fair(ECF),China Kunming Import & Export Commodities Fair(known as Kunming Fair),and Dalian Import & Export Commodities Fair(DIECF)ale worth the focus.     

Kunming Fair,More than Regional CooperationAN

China Kunming Import ＆ Export Commodities Fair （known as Kunming Fair） is a regional trade fair jointly sponsored by China＇s seven local governments, i.e. Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Tibet, Chongqing and Chengdu. Kunming Fair has been successfully held annually for sixteen consecutive years since 1993, and embraces its 17th session from June 6 to 10, 2009. During the Kunming Fair, a special South Asia Exhibition is held at the same time, and it is its 2nd session this year.     

特朗普政府对华投资保护政策的新进展与中国对策

美国对华投资保护逐渐加强,并呈现出新表现和新特点。美国对华投资保护政策转变的原因包括:美国通过遏制中国的科技创新能力来巩固其全球科技领导地位;美国各界对"中国崛起"达成新的共识;美国对中国对外投资规模和投资模式的担忧;"非对称"和"非互惠"的双边投资准入政策等等。除此之外,美国对华投资保护政策存在以下影响:未来双边或多边投资框架协定可能会朝着更加有利于"美国优先"的方向发展;美国对华投资保护的不断升级或将产生连锁反应;美国将重点打压中国高端制造业和技术密集型产业投资;美国通过重塑和强化以美国为主导的全球价值链阻碍中国向价值链高端攀升。     

美国对目标公司反收购行为的规制:商业判断规则之运用

在敌意收购中 ,目标公司的董事无疑是最大的利益受损者 ,因为敌意收购一旦成功 ,他们很有可能丧失工作或名誉扫地。因而 ,目标公司董事往往会运用手中掌握的经营公司的权力 ,采取各种措施挫败敌意收购者。对于这种反收购行为 ,美国判例法援用原有的商业判断规则 ,并在其基础上发展出了一系列测试标准 ,用以评判目标公司董事的反收购行为是否符合董事的注意义务 ,主要有 :主要目的测试标准、相当性测试标准、最大价值测试标准、公正拍卖者测试标准等。     

Label performance and the willingness to pay for Fair Trade coffee: a cross‐national perspective

In this paper, we investigate how label information detailing the performance of the Fair Trade labelling programme with respect to coffee affect consumers' willingness to pay in the US and in Germany. We provide respondents (university students in the US and Germany) information regarding the hypothetical benefits of the Fair Trade coffee programme on its intended beneficiaries on the production side [the revenue gains to participating marginal farmers (scope of the programme)] and, using stated preference conjoint methods, test how this performance criterion relates to the willingness to pay for Fair Trade coffee. Our empirical results identify a ‘threshold’ property of performance‐based labels. In effect, the willingness‐to‐pay for performance‐based Fair Trade labelled coffee exhibits an inverted U shape in the sense that the willingness to pay is positively related to the scope of the programme, but only up to a critical level. Thereafter, the willingness to pay declines as the income gains to participating growers increase further. Interestingly, this inverted U property is exhibited by both the US and German respondents with different critical thresholds.     

The 1939 New York World's Fair

Decades before the literature on marketing for non-profit organization emerged in Journal of Marketing, the New York World's Fair 1939 Corporation undertook the challenge to make the 1939 fair in New York City a truly “world's” fair. That nonprofit organization recognized, from its inception in October 1934, that only a customer-oriented marketing effort could transform a then ash-dump in Queens into a site where 60 nations and international organizations would ultimately construct memorable exhibits alongside showcases prepared by U.S. firms. While such a degree of foreign participation in a U.S. fair was unprecedented, success came largely because the nonprofit sponsors devised and executed a six-part international marketing strategy. This paper is a case study of how that nonprofit managed objectives, strategies, and tactics within an international marketing concept, with lessons still applicable for those managing such events in the 1990s.     

中美贸易逆差探源与对策分析

中美贸易逆差的原因与美国的出口管制制度、美国偏低的储蓄率、中美两国不同的产业结构、不一致的统计标准、中国大量吸收外国直接投资等有关。中国可以通过政策鼓励从美国进口、完善公平贸易政策、转变贸易增长方式、扩大国内需求等方式正确处理中美贸易不平衡问题。     

美国经济波动影响中国经济的国际传导机制分析

作为世界上最大经济体的美国,其经济波动必然会对其它国家产生影响。利用1999—2009年的季度数据,运用向量自回归(VAR)模型以及H—P滤波分析法,研究发现:中国对美国出口贸易对中美经济波动经过半年的传导时滞后,会有明显的传导作用,并且大约持续一年半左右,之后的传导作用并不明显;中国从美国进口贸易对中美经济波动的传导作用会有一年的传导时滞,之后会有为期半年的传导作用,但其传导作用明显低于中国对美国出口贸易的传导作用;美国对华直接投资和中国对美直接投资对中美经济波动的传导作用无论在短期还是在长期都不显著。     

The 101^st Canton Fair, Import Functions Added, Eyes New Market, New Trade Partners

The 101st Session of Canton Fair will be held in Canton city,Guangdong province from April 15 to 30, 2007. The fair, used to be named as China Export Commodities Fair for 100 sessions, is to be rebranded as China Import and Export Fair. By changing the name, a new service as import will be added, so as to encourage more import to meet the capacious market demand in China market, pursuing a more balanced and healthier international trade development.     

美国对华反补贴中的价格比较基准问题研究

反补贴与反倾销相似,同样存在价格比较及其基准的确定问题。文章通过考察美国的反补贴立法和对华实践,试图揭示其对华反补贴价格比较基准的原则和方法。虽然美国反补贴法不同于反倾销法,未对"非市场经济"作特殊规定,但调查当局在反补贴立法和以往对市场经济国家实践的基础上,通过2006年以来的一系列对华案件,基本形成了一套基于外部基准的价格比较方法,用于度量中国政府向涉案企业提供产品、服务和要素(包括资金、土地)的补贴利益。     

人民币实际有效汇率调整及其波动率与中美贸易收支

基于1995年1月至2007年9月的月度数据,分析了人民币实际有效汇率与中美贸易收支的关系。结果显示,人民币汇率波动率增加有助于缩小中美贸易收支顺差,人民币汇率升值无论长期或是短期,都不能解决中美双边贸易收支失衡问题。美国经济增长引致的进口需求是中美贸易顺差和我国收入增长的重要原因,在当前经济形势下,要警惕美国经济下滑导致我国的出口下降,进而使我国经济出现"硬着陆"的风险。     

三角贸易模式对中国对美出口增长的影响

中国在国际生产网络中的地位日益突出,主要扮演着加工装配地的角色,即从日本、韩国等工业化国家或地区进口中间品,经过加工装配后再将最终产品出口至以美国、欧盟为主的发达国家或地区,从而形成了三角贸易模式。中国对美出口的快速增加与三角贸易模式的发展密切相关,文章研究表明,中间品进口的增加和三角贸易模式的发展显著地促进了中国对美出口的增加,因此中美贸易失衡主要不是一种双边贸易现象,而是一种结构性现象。     

中美反倾销程序比较研究

中国是世界反倾销的最大受害国，而美国是对华反倾销的主要国家。美国反倾销法与实践备受国际社会的重视，其对华反倾销做法往往为其他国家所效仿。中关两国反倾销程序的比较研究，能详细了解美国的反倾销过程，增加应诉成功的可能性以及有选择性地改进我国的反倾销。     

Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Taiwanese multinationals

This paper examines the extent to which production location decisions of Taiwanese multinationals reflect underlying patterns of firm productivity. In our theoretical model, heterogeneous firms in a middle-income country decide on the optimal production locations for serving three geographically separate markets: domestic, foreign high-income and foreign low-income. The model shows that the equilibrium decision of a firm depends on the fixed investment costs of establishing foreign subsidiaries, production costs, transportation costs, market size and its own productivity level.

Using firm-level data in 2000, Taiwanese electronics firms are divided into four different categories: non-FDI, investors in China only, investors in the U.S. only, investors in both China and the U.S. We use a multinomial logit model to link firms' location choices with their productivity, controlling for country, industry and other firm characteristics. Our empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model. We show that more productive firms engage in outward FDI, with the most productive ones investing in both China and the U.S. We also provide evidence indicating that Taiwanese multinationals investing only in the U.S. are more productive than those investing exclusively in China due to smaller fixed investment costs in China relative to the U.S.     

Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Taiwanese multinationals

This paper examines the extent to which production location decisions of Taiwanese multinationals reflect underlying patterns of firm productivity. In our theoretical model, heterogeneous firms in a middle-income country decide on the optimal production locations for serving three geographically separate markets: domestic, foreign high-income and foreign low-income. The model shows that the equilibrium decision of a firm depends on the fixed investment costs of establishing foreign subsidiaries, production costs, transportation costs, market size and its own productivity level.Using firm-level data in 2000, Taiwanese electronics firms are divided into four different categories: non-FDI, investors in China only, investors in the U.S. only, investors in both China and the U.S. We use a multinomial logit model to link firms' location choices with their productivity, controlling for country, industry and other firm characteristics. Our empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model. We show that more productive firms engage in outward FDI, with the most productive ones investing in both China and the U.S. We also provide evidence indicating that Taiwanese multinationals investing only in the U.S. are more productive than those investing exclusively in China due to smaller fixed investment costs in China relative to the U.S.     

美国技术壁垒对我国机电产品出口的影响

本文利用扩展的贸易引力模型,分析我国和美国经济发展水平、人民币兑美元汇率以及美国机电行业技术壁垒各因素变动对我国机电产品出口的影响。分析结果表明美国技术壁垒与我国机电产品出口显著相关,美国技术壁垒的提高会对我国机电产品出口产生小幅抑制作用,美国GDP是影响我国机电产品出口的最主要因素。     

Firm heterogeneity and location choice of Taiwanese multinationals

This paper examines the extent to which production location decisions of Taiwanese multinationals reflect underlying patterns of firm productivity. In our theoretical model, heterogeneous firms in a middle-income country decide on the optimal production locations for serving three geographically separate markets: domestic, foreign high-income and foreign low-income. The model shows that the equilibrium decision of a firm depends on the fixed investment costs of establishing foreign subsidiaries, production costs, transportation costs, market size and its own productivity level.Using firm-level data in 2000, Taiwanese electronics firms are divided into four different categories: non-FDI, investors in China only, investors in the U.S. only, investors in both China and the U.S. We use a multinomial logit model to link firms' location choices with their productivity, controlling for country, industry and other firm characteristics. Our empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model. We show that more productive firms engage in outward FDI, with the most productive ones investing in both China and the U.S. We also provide evidence indicating that Taiwanese multinationals investing only in the U.S. are more productive than those investing exclusively in China due to smaller fixed investment costs in China relative to the U.S.