资源、技术、制度与经济增长

资源、技术、制度三类因素在经济增长中的作用得到学术界越来越广泛的承认。从静态的角度,资源的数量取决于技术水平;一定技术水平决定了一个国家的潜在最大产量,而制度则决定了这种潜在量转变为现实量的程度。从动态的角度,技术变迁和制度变迁是解决人类与自然紧张关系的两种手段,不存在谁一定决定谁的关系;在经济发展的不同阶段,资源、技术和制度对经济增长的贡献不同。     

Technology,workplace privacy and personhood

This paper traces the intellectual development of the workplace privacy construct in the course of American thinking. The role of technological development in this process is examined, particularly in regard to the information gathering/dissemination dilemmas faced by employers and employees alike. The paper concludes with some preliminary considerations toward a theory of workplace privacy.William S. Brown is assistant professor of Management at Babson College, Babson Park, Massachusetts. Prior to entering academia he had over 17 years human resource management experience in the corporate headquarters of Fortune-ranked firms such as the Prudential Insurance Company of America and Philip Morris, Inc. as well as in non-profits as Barnard College, Columbia University and the Pittsburgh Board of Education. He has published in various professional journals and practitioner magazines.     

Technology,science and American innovation

This article offers for consideration four propositions about business, government, and innovation in the post-World War Two United States, points which may have a wider resonance as well. They concern the long term role of continuous innovation, technology–science relationships, state-led problem setting for innovation, and the ‘permanent uncertainties’ that arise from Cold War-era technological advance. Each of these has implications for the practice of business history, for conceptualizing innovation, and for our understanding of post-war science–technology trajectories.     

国际技术扩散、自主创新与我国工业技术进步

本文利用我国行业层面的面板数据,比较分析了国际技术扩散和自主创新对我国内资部门技术进步的影响。通过比较研究技术引进、外国直接投资和自主创新对我国内资工业部门劳动生产率和经济增长的影响,得到以下结论:自主创新对内资部门的劳动生产率和经济增长都有显著的正面效应;技术引进对内资部门的经济增长有显著的正面效应,但对劳动生产率的提高没有显著影响;外国直接投资促进了内资工业部门的劳动生产率提高和经济增长,但并非由于技术外溢,而是由于市场竞争等其他效应;外国直接投资对内资部门的自主创新有着显著的抑制作用;此外,本文从实证结果判断,我国引进的技术主要是适宜技术。     

Subsidiary Technology Upgrading and International Technology Transfer,with Reference to China

This paper reviews the research on technology upgrading in the subsidiaries of transnational corporations and the research on the development of Chinese high technology firms. On the basis of this it develops fresh policy options for government intent upon facilitating international technology transfer to their jurisdictions. Technology upgrading is the use of increasingly complex technologies in products and processes, and the development of the managerial and organizational capabilities needed to leverage those technologies effectively. Technology upgrading by the subsidiaries of transnational corporations can contribute to the economic development of the host region and is often driven by the entrepreneurial activities of subsidiary management. The upgrading process involves collaborating/lobbying with suppliers, headquarters and sister subsidiaries. Economic development policy should foster subsidiary technology upgrading as part of initiatives to increase international technology transfer.     

Technology,Trade Costs and Export Sophistication

This paper uses a disaggregated version of the Eaton and Kortum (Econometrica, 70, 2002, 1741) model to analyse the relative importance of technology and trade costs for export sophistication and welfare in a general equilibrium framework. It uses a structural estimation method to identify key parameters of the model that fit the observed trade pattern. The calibrated parameters vary across commodities consistent with their expected level of sophistication. The results are robust to alternative specifications of the calibration. Using fitted data, it also show that export sophistication is highly correlated with GDPper capita. Overall, the parameters are comparable with estimates from other studies. Finally, counterfactual experiments are conducted to quantify the effects of changes in technology and trade costs for the countries in the bottom quintile. The findings imply that these countries have a huge technological disadvantage, particularly in more sophisticated commodities.     

Firm Size,Wages and Production Technology

Large firms pay higher wages than small ones. In this paper, the employer-size wage effect is derived with the help of a simple Nash-bargaining model where size is captured by the extent to which the production technology exhibits economies of scale. It can be shown that under reasonable assumptions an increasing returns to scale technology leads to higher wages than a constant or decreasing returns to scale technology.