Innovation Strategy and Entry Deterrence

We model an incumbent’s decision to pursue radical or incremental innovation when facing a rival entrant. The radical innovation may yield lucrative financial returns but entails significant technological and market‐related uncertainties. It is also particularly attractive to the rival entrant: if the market for it pans out, such an innovation obsoletes the existing technology and any incremental improvements to it. Each firm has its own assessment of the market potential for the radical innovation, and the reliability of these market forecasts can differ. We show that when the entrant’s market‐assessment capability is weak, the incumbent will pursue incremental innovation and postpone its plans to develop radical innovation even when it thinks highly of the market potential for the radical innovation. The incumbent does so to avoid validating the high market potential to the entrant, who may otherwise be encouraged to invest aggressively. The incumbent thus prefers to look “soft” with respect to its innovation strategy in order to discourage entry. Even if its innovation strategy is not observable, we show that an incumbent that assesses the commercial potential for a radical innovation favorably may pursue an incremental path and communicate its plans publicly; this strategy serves to reduce entry by affecting the entrant’s beliefs about the market potential of the innovation. Finally, we extend the model to investigate the entrant’s decision to communicate its innovation intentions. We find that the entrant communicates its plans to aggressively pursue radical innovation only if the incumbent’s market‐assessment capabilities are strong. In doing so, the entrant acts preemptively to discourage the incumbent from pursuing the radical innovation, and is less concerned with validating market potential.     

Games Hospitals Play: Entry Deterrence in Hospital Procedure Markets

Strategic investment models, though popular in the theoretical literature, have rarely been tested empirically. This paper develops a model of strategic investment in inpatient procedure markets, which are well-suited to empirical tests of this behavior. Potential entrants are easy to identify in such markets, enabling the researcher to accurately estimate the entry threat faced by different incumbents. I derive straightforward empirical tests of entry deterrence from a model of patient demand, procedure quality, and differentiated product competition. Using hospital data on electrophysiological studies, an invasive cardiac procedure, I find evidence of entry-deterring investment. These findings suggest that competitive motivations play a role in treatment decisions.     

Entry Deterrence, Product Quality: Price and Advertising as Signals

I analyze the marketing strategy of an incumbent monopolist facing a threat of entry. Product quality is unknown to consumers, and the monopolist's cost is unknown to the potential entrant. The incumbent uses both price and advertising to signal cost and quality. The monopolist faces a dilemma because signaling a high quality attracts customers but requires a high price, whereas signaling low cost prevents entry but requires a low price. I characterize the unique (stable) separating equilibrium and show that dissipative advertising may be used, while it is never used if either quality or cost is known. Some equilibria may involve pooling on cost. A welfare analysis indicates that potential entry may improve welfare and that the effect of unknown quality is not always negative when it interferes with entry deterrence.     

Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: Experimental evidence on the determinants of corruptibility

This paper reports on an experiment of corruption that was conducted in two treatments: one with the possibility of detection and one without. It turns out that monitoring reduces corruption through deterrence; at the same time, it destroys the intrinsic motivation for honesty. Thus the net effect on overall corruption is a priori undetermined. We show that the salary level has an influence on corruption through increased opportunity costs of corruption, but fail to find evidence for a ‘payment satisfaction’ effect. Interesting policy conclusions emerge. RID="*" ID="*" Acknowledgments: We are indebted to Johann Graf Lambsdorff for calling our attention to Fujimori's gender policy and to Ernst Fehr, Bruno Frey, Alireza Jay Naghavi, and two anonymous referees for valuable comments.     

Member Coordination Costs and Spatial Entry Deterrence in a Mixed Duopsony with a Cooperative

This paper investigates cooperative spatial entry deterrence. To this end, it employs a dynamic game where an investor-owned firm (IOF) competes with a farmers’ processing cooperative which incurs a fixed coordination cost per member. The results indicate that as the value of coordination cost per member increases or the processing margin rises, it becomes more likely for the IOF to use cooperative limit pricing, that is, to deter the cooperative’s market entry. The opposite is true for an increase in the freight rate.     

浅谈人才租赁业的发展

本文主要通过对人才租赁问题的研究,结合我国实际情况,探讨人才租赁产生的原因及其在运行过程中的优点和存在问题,并提出解决对策,探索人才租赁业在我国的发展前景,以期更好地促进人才租赁业的良性发展。     

The Deterrence Effect of Law Enforcement: An Evaluation of Recent Findings and Some New Evidence

Abstract . Six attempts to measure the deterrence effect of law enforcement on certain criminal activities, as well as one by the author, have produced no clear, unequivocal evidence to support the belief that increased public expenditures on law enforcement have a deterrent effect on such activity. Yet the effect may exist. Further research into the measurement of the variables crime and enforcement and upon the nature of the relationship between them must be carried on before definite conclusions can be reached about the existence of the deterrence effect.     

Herding versus Hotelling: Market Entry with Costly Information

Why do businesses such as fast‐food restaurants, coffee shops, and hotels cluster? In the classic analysis of Hotelling, firms cluster to attract consumers who have travel costs. We present an alternative model where firms cluster because one firm is free riding on another firm's information about market demand. One consequence of this free riding is that an informed firm might forego a market that it knows to be profitable. Furthermore, an uninformed firm might earn higher profits when research costs are high, because it can credibly commit to ignorance.     

卡特比勒融资租赁模式的启示

美国卡特比勒公司进入我国租赁业后,将融资租赁与现代市场营销方式结合起来,推出"一站式服务"理念及6西格玛管理模式,以租赁促进销售,既解决了企业融资难的问题,又解决了制造商销售难的问题,很快打开了中国市场。其独特的风险管理机制,先进的现代营销理念,很值得我国设备制造企业和新兴的融资租赁业借鉴。     

养“基”时代来临？

“你买基金了吗?”2006年年底,这似乎成了人们见面之后的寒暄之语。2006年股市回暖,大盘一路飘红,牛气冲天。上年还无人问津的股票型基金,2006年也跟着一路狂飙。南方、广发、华夏、上投摩根这些基金公司的名字从来没有跟老百姓的生活离得如此之近。市场上的各只基金平均回报率     

The Nature of Corruption Deterrence in a Competitive Media Sector

This paper compares the deterrence provided by a competitive media sector towards government induced corruption with that of a media monopoly in a setting where the media might raise both true as well as false allegations of corruption. It finds that competition’s impact on corruption deterrence is not necessarily better than a monopoly but rather hinges on a delicate balance between government’s kickback from corruption and the media’s potential benefit from exposure. While the paper does identify conditions in which a competitive media sector would improve upon the deterrence provided by a monopoly, it also find conditions under which it would do no better than a monopoly and in some situations its strategic response could be even worse especially when it intensifies effort towards justifying false allegations.     

基于SaaS模式的集装箱租赁平台研究

在分析集装箱租赁的业务特性及企业面临问题的基础上,提出利用SaaS(软件即服务)模式来解决集装箱租赁企业的信息化建设问题的优势,并论述了基于SaaS模式的集装箱租赁平台的体系结构、主要功能及实现技术。该平台对国内集装箱租赁企业特别是中小企业的信息化建设具有借鉴意义。     

基于SaaS模式的集装箱租赁平台研究

在分析集装箱租赁的业务特性及企业面临问题的基础上,提出利用SaaS(软件即服务)模式来解决集装箱租赁企业的信息化建设问题的优势,并论述了基于SaaS模式的集装箱租赁平台的体系结构、主要功能及实现技术.该平台对国内集装箱租赁企业特别是中小企业的信息化建设具有借鉴意义.     

中小物流企业融资租赁问题研究

中小物流企业融资非常困难,而融资租赁作为一种新型融资方式,则为中小物流企业带来了“福音”.对中小物流企业的融资现状以及开展融资租赁所具有的优势进行了分析,并从国家政策、租赁公司、中小物流企业本身三个角度提出我国中小物流企业开展融资租赁的建议.     

青年消费者冲动性购买行为特征研究

冲动性购买行为在今天看来已然成为一种普遍存在的现象,几乎人人都有过冲动购买的经历。青年消费者作为当今消费市场上十分重要的消费群体,由于其庞大的数量,和可观的购买能力,他们必定将成为今后的主流消费者。现在的市场上充斥着吸引青年人的消费产品,基于青年人的消费心理使然,更加容易产生冲动心理,使得他们更容易发生冲动的购买行为。     

RFID技术在福利院用具租赁业的应用

通常,65岁以上的人在人口总数中所占比率达7%被称为“高龄化社会”,超过14%则被称为“超高龄社会”。日本在1994年这个比例就已经超过了14%,2004年达到了19.5%,可想而知,社会对护理、福利方面的需求必将持续扩大,与此相关产业的竞争也开始加剧。开展福利用具商业租赁业务的Heartwell公司(见图表-1)以创新服务和增加顾客的安全、舒     

Buying Back Subcontractors: The Strategic Limits of Backward Integration

In a model where a monopolistic downstream firm (assembler) negotiates simultaneously with each of its n subcontractors the prices of the complementary components which enter its product, we show that backward integration is limited by a strategic negative effect: the prices and profits of independent suppliers increase when a merger reduces their number. Mergers are profitable only if the downstream firm buys at least two thirds of its suppliers. In an endogenous acquisition game à la Kamien and Zang (1990) the only merged equilibrium occurs when there is only one subcontractor. In a sequential acquisition game full integration is not an equilibrium when the number of suppliers is at least five.     

南宁市居民餐饮购买行为调查研究

文章以收集到的南宁市居民餐饮购买行为数据为基础,对南宁市居民餐饮购买行为和餐饮消费评价数据进行分析评价,并提出开发南宁餐饮市场的相关建议。     

The Relative Importance of Impulse Buying in Asia Pacific Countries:

In this study, buyers were classified into three categories, namely planners, partial planners and impulse buyers, based on the consumer's product category buying intention and specific brand buying intention prior to entering stores. Five hundred and sixty eight and one hundred on-street interviews were conducted in New Zealand and Hong Kong, respectively. The results indicated that the proportion of impulse buyers in New Zealand was rather small (27%) when compared with that of planners and partial planners (50% and 23%, respectively). In contrast, the Hong Kong study found that the incidence of impulse buying behaviour (45%) was more common that the other two types of behaviours. However, despite the difference in the level of impulse buying behaviour between the two coutries, all the types of buyers in both countries agreed that low price was the primary stimulus that induced impulse buying.     

电子商务环境下基于信任的购买行为模型

因特网的迅速发展使得许多企业和公司利用该媒体来销售产品和服务,随着网络上买卖产品和服务数量的增加,在因特网上失败的交易数也屡见不鲜,本文把这种失败归结为卖方没有很好理解买方的行为上,因此本文从电子商务的特性出发,建立了一个模型来解释因特网上的消费者购买行为,此模型强调信任是一个重要的成分并且信任和购买动机紧密相连,此模型能有助于商家理解和管理消费者在因特网上的购买行为。