Optimal Comparable Weighting and Selection: A Comment

Vandell (1991) and Gau, et al. (1992) have recently developed rigorous methods for selecting and weighting comparables for the market comparison approach to valuation. This paper compares the statistical properties of the Vandell and Gau approaches; specifically, it examines the bias and variance produced by both approaches. Under classical OLS assumptions, Vandell's method is preferable; when these assumptions are violated, the size and direction of the violation will determine which method is preferable. Finally, the paper concludes that when the regression producing the adjustment factors has an heteroskedastic error structure, corrections should be made to the regression itself, rather than as part of the comparable weighting and selection process.     

Optimal Comparable Selection and Weighting in Real Property Valuation

This paper formalizes certain aspects of the sales comparison approach to valuation that heretofore have been quite ad hoc. Specifically, it applies statistical theory to decisions about how many comparables to select, what the criteria for comparable selection should be, and how the proper weights for each adjusted value estimate can be determined such that the final value estimate is both unbiased and of minimum variance. Several results are derived that run counter to conventional practice; for example, it may not always be optimal to consider first the "best" comparables because of a lack of independence among their adjusted value estimates. Furthermore, it is always desirable to consider more comparables (regardless of how "bad") so long as their adjusted value estimates are optimally weighted in the final value estimate. Finally, weights usually selected for "inferior" comparables are typically too small. A final exercise empirically applies the methodology to a sample of sales.     

Optimal Comparable Selection and Weighting in Real Property Valuation: An Extension

Vandell (1991) recently developed a rigorous minimum variance technique for selecting and weighting comparables in real estate appraisal. This article extends Vandell's methodology in three areas: (1) an alternative objective function; (2) an approach that explicitly recognizes the non-negativity constraint on comparable weights; and, (3) a more robust comparable inclusion process. Using Vandell's data, we show how our methodology modifies Vandell's results.     

绿色供应链下基于组合赋权的灰色关联TOPSIS法对供应商评价选择的研究

为了顺应绿色供应链发展的趋势,H企业与供应商建立绿色战略合作伙伴,实现双方的共赢。文章综合考虑了质量、服务、环境、成本、技术五大因素,建立了科学合理的供应商评价指标体系;采用FAHP法和熵值法对各指标进行主观和客观组合赋权,利用灰色关联TOPSIS法进行供应商评价排序,选出最佳的供应商作为绿色战略合作伙伴;最后通过算例计算以及结果对比分析,验证了FAHP/熵值法/灰色关联TOPSIS模型的稳定性和有效性。     

再论中国石油如何应对"入世"

我国“入世”的几年过渡期，对“中国石油”来说，是一段相当宝贵的时间，在这段时间里，积极占领国内市场应成为我们应对“入世”的主要任务；同时，在投资取向上也应当把“市场”放到一个极其重要的位置。中国石油要从生产商转变为供应商，就必须从销售好自己的产品做起，强化市场开发，占有更多的零售市场份额，加大市场开发的投资力度，是扩大市场份额的重要前提。鉴于近几年的经验教训，成品油市场开发需要特别注意避免投资的盲目性，把握好投资方向，研究好投资策略，抓住投资机会，同时，还应加强与地方政府的公共关系和合作。     

原油交接计量站优化设计及生产运行探讨

根据国际上计量站设计的通用规则．结合多年的现场应用经验．针对油田在原油外销计量站设计一中存在的问题．从计量的角度．阐述设计原油外销计量站应遵循的规范和需注意问题为确保原油计量的准确．阐述原油计量站在生产运行中．所要采取的一些生产运行控制措施。     

建筑行业绿色供应链成员评价选择

绿色供应链是现代工业发展的趋势，目前关于绿色供应链在建筑行业中的应用还很少。给出了一种采用DEA方法的建筑企业绿色分包伙伴的选择的评价方法。     

Lenin as Scientific Manager Under Monopoly Capitalism, State Capitalism, and Socialism: A Response to Scoville

I argue that Lenin's views on scientific management did not shift as drastically as Scoville (2001 ) claims from 1913 to 1918. The seeds of Lenin's 1918 views on Taylorism actually were contained in an article he wrote in 1914, three years before the October Revolution. In addition, I argue that Lenin did not uncritically embrace the implementation of scientific management in the construction of socialism in the Soviet Republic, as argued by Scoville. I present evidence that Lenin viewed Taylorism as only a temporary measure to be used in the transitory stage of state capitalism that he believed characterized the Soviet Republic in 1918. Finally, because Scoville does not differentiate between the transitory stage of state capitalism and socialism in the Soviet Republic's early years, he states that Lenin advocated the use of scientific management under socialism. I argue that there is insufficient evidence to support this position.     

浅谈汽车用纺织材料的选择及其依据

本文从纺织品在汽车上的应用领域和各领域对纺织品的性能要求两方面出发,简要探讨汽车用纺织材料选择的依据和品种。     

绿色企业、绿色产品与机电一体化技术

围绕 2 1世纪的环境保护问题 ,阐述了绿色企业、绿色产品对企业发展的意义和重要性 ,论述了绿色企业、绿色产品与机电一体化技术的相互关系 ,指明了现代企业应该在加快企业机电一体化进程的同时 ,加强企业 ISO1 40 0 0认证 ,大力推广绿色生产 ,走绿色企业之路 ,从而最终实现企业的可持续发展     

Cost Reduction,Competitive Pressure and Firms' Optimal R&D Strategies in a Duopolistic Industry

This paper deals with a duopolistic industry where firms are engaged in cost-reducing R&D activity in order to maximize their market shares. Firms' R&D competition is characterized as a dynamic noncooperative feedback game where the optimal strategies are affected by the extra-industry R&D activity and the degree of intra-industry spillovers. Numerical simulations highlight the importance of the assumptions on the firms' absorptive capacity (to exploit external knowledge) in determining the optimal levels of firms R&D investrnents.     

煤炭矿区水资源承载力评价方法比选初探

文章首先归纳了水资源承载力的主要研究方法,进而根据煤炭矿区开发的水资源影响及其特点,分析了各种方法在煤炭矿区规划环评中的适用性,认为水资源供需平衡法比较符合矿区实际,适用性较强。在此基础上,对水资源供需平衡法的通用模式进行了调整,提出了适合煤炭矿区规划环评的水资源承载力评价模型。     

Vertical Alignment Between Hospitals and Physicians as a Bargaining Response to Commercial Insurance Markets

The relationship between physicians and hospitals has dramatically changed over the last decade, with the employer–employee model supplanting the traditional model of private physicians with hospital admitting privileges. We examine the motivation for this form of vertical integration by considering physician–hospital alignment as a tool to increase bargaining power with private insurers. We find a positive and significant relationship between private insurance concentration on physician–hospital alignment, which is driven predominantly by for-profit hospitals.     

国际制造业资本转移、最优产业配套与政策转变

国际制造业资本转移通常会带来较本土更高的产业技术水平，如果本土企业能够与国际制造业资本形成产业配套，将有助于本土企业技术水平的提高，有利于形成自主产业创新能力。本文建立了一个两阶段最优产业配套模型，揭示了在产业配套初期，本土企业为国际制造业资本进行产业配套和本土经济增长之间关系呈U型，在产业配套后期，上述关系又呈倒U型。从长期看，政府应当以在产业配套中积极培养本土企业自主的产业创新能力为政策目标，否则，本土企业在一轮轮的国际制造业资本转移中将陷入产业配套的“陷阱”中。     

Strategic Response to a Volatile Environment: The Case of Cross-Cultural Cooperative Ventures

Unlike free-standing companies, joint ventures involve more complex governance structures and organizational systems. Because of interpartner dependence in the managerial process, it is more difficult for joint ventures to configure their strategies with environmental dynamics. Without such configuration, however, joint ventures will suffer from operational instability and resource misallocation. This study assesses the strategic response of joint ventures to a dynamic environment. Based on a survey of top managers in international joint ventures (IJVs) in China, it is found that managerial perceptions of increased environmental complexity and hostility are positively related to an Analyzer strategy. Proactive and Defensive strategies are either negatively or non-significantly linked with perceived environmental dynamics. Further, the Analyzer strategy is associated with superior performance for IJVs in the context of an emerging economy.     

原油价格对经济影响的非对称性--文献综述

原油价格波动对经济影响是非对称性的,即油价的上涨与下跌对宏观经济影响的程度是不一样的,普遍认为油价上涨对经济影响的程度要大于油价下跌对经济的影响程度。为了解释这种非对称性,学术界分别提出了油价的“总量效应”和“分配效应”。“总量效应”主要从总需求和总供给的角度来解释油价波动对经济的影响,主要包括“实际余额效应”、“供给冲击假说”和“收入转移假说”。“分配效应”主要从资源的重新配置角度来解释油价波动对经济的影响,包括“部门转移论”、“调节成本论”和“未来油价不确定论”。两者结合可以从理论上解释油价对经济影响的非对称性。以往关于油价波动对宏观经济的影响方面的研究,基本上针对以美国、英国为代表的工业化国家,对发展中国家的研究甚少。笔者认为,由于世界产业结构的调整,制造业这个高度耗油的产业转移到发展中国家,研究油价波动对单位GDP能耗较高、原油进口依存度较大的发展中国家经济的影响意义更大。     

发展中国家的电力市场化改革综述——市场模式、约束条件及路径选择

发展中国家由于社会和经济发展水平低,在电力市场化改革中遇到了很多教训。电力市场的目标模式是零售竞争型、但发展中国家受制度、资本市场、人力资源、技术的约束,难以直接实现目标模式。渐进式改革路径更适用于发展中国家的电力市场化改革。     

晒版机的选择、使用环境及维护

晒版机在印前设备中占有极其重要的地位,其性能的优劣直接影响到制版的质量,而对其实施保养在印刷生产工艺的环节中有着举足轻重的作用。如果对所需晒版机选择正确,保养得当,及时维护,不仅可提高晒版机的使用寿命,更可以     

求图的最大伍配算法的探讨

图的伍配理论是按给定的一般条件研究边结组问题的,它的提出有着一定的实际背景。求最大伍配是重要问题之一,本文旨在探讨其有效算法。