国际竞争力战略:中国贸易战略的新思考

改革开放以后 ,我国选择了“出口导向型”对外贸易战略 ,在促进我国经济增长的同时 ,也带来了一些问题。国际竞争力战略作为一种新型贸易战略 ,通过竞争优势和比较优势的比较 ,能够从理论上和实践上更好地指导我国对外贸易的发展。     

我国外贸可持续发展战略的探讨

可持续发展理论的提出对我国的对外贸易发展是一个崭新的课题。在我国已加入世界贸易组织的情况下 ,为了实现我国外贸的可持续发展 ,应采取新的战略取向 :积极发展高科技产业 ,促进产业内贸易 ;扩展贸易空间 ,加强对发展中国家市场的开拓 ;创造竞争优势 ,重视制度创新 ;增强环保意识 ,盯住国际标准 ,努力占领绿色市场等战略目标。     

中国利用外资实践的功能评价与战略选择——基于经济与管理学视角的实证描述

对中国利用FDI的长期实践的观察和计量研究表明，吸引外资对于促进中国国内竞争的制度效应也已显现；随着世界经济科技的新发展和投入要素结构的新变化，外资流入在持续显示其对中国区域经济发展的重要作用的同时，开始构造新的影响区域经济发展的功能机制；FDI活动对中国贸易流向和贸易关系变化的影响也在不断加深。面对全球化在微观层面日益深入、广泛地分解企业价值链和国际分工模式向“波谱模式”转变的重要契机，重新审视和调整中国利用外资的政策和战略，要求以提高科技含量和产业结构升级为中心，多样化利用外资；对中国过去行之有效的外资政策实施科学评估并加以必要的改进；建立起地区间利用外资的政策协调机制。     

A Ricardian model of market sharing

The latest generation of multi-sectoral trade models has abandoned the conventional strategy that regards the similarly named exports of different countries as homogeneous products. Armington's assumption, that the products of different countries compete as imperfect substitutes, has become the theoretical rationale for an alternative, heterogeneous modeling procedure. This paper describes some problems with the assumption and develops a more rigorous framework for the heterogeneous strategy. The processes that lead to heterogeneity in trade are modeled explicitly: comparative advantage theory is applied at a sub-sectoral level to explain the detailed structure of international specialization. Implications of the new framework for empirical estimation are also explored.     

产品核心竞争力的三大支柱——产品概念 营销观念 价值创新策略

企业对本行业的产品和市场要有整体概念 ,才能形成现代营销新观念。从产品定义、产品规划入手对营销新观念进行介绍和分析 ,结合消费价值、顾客效用和价值创新策略引出了市场与行业的新定义 ,并着重指出创造消费价值对增强产品竞争力的重要性。     

The Role of International and National Agencies in Trade–related Capacity Building

With increased recognition that trade can bring significant benefits to developing countries, and the launch of a new trade round, bilateral and multilateral agencies have begun to mobilise resources for trade–related capacity building (TRCB). The biggest challenge is to ensure that available resources are effectively utilised to deliver tangible benefits to developing countries. This paper argues that the effective delivery of TRCB relates specifically to two areas: in–country to help formulate appropriate trade positions as well as to place trade reform in the context of the country's overall development strategy that will promote a supply response and facilitate pro–poor growth; and secondly within the global rule making process to ensure that implementation of WTO rules and efforts to negotiate and implement future disciplines makes sense from a development perspective, and that TRCB is considered in the context of other competing development needs. The paper elaborates an issues based approach to bring the main providers to TRCB and bilateral donors together to support recipient countries to include a trade agenda in their overall development strategy and to facilitate developing country participation and implementation of WTO agreements that could be formulated within the global trade rules.     

低碳经济趋势下贸易摩擦及WTO机制困境

国际贸易活动以间接的方式影响着能源消耗以及碳排放的程度,各国在促进贸易发展与实现低碳经济的双重战略要求下,势必会引发新的贸易摩擦,WTO机制在双重目标的要求下陷入困境,如何实现世界低碳经济发展模式和减少贸易领域的摩擦是未来WTO和各国政府亟待研究的课题。     

Overlapping free trade agreements and international trade: A network approach

In our work, we have analysed the effect of the hub‐and‐spoke nature of free trade agreements (FTA s) on trade. Contrary to previous analyses, we have considered the effects of the country's position in the FTA network on the bilateral trade of the hub country. We have conducted an in‐depth analysis of the global network of FTA s, focusing particularly on its evolution in the last 15 years. We have utilised a panel data set covering the period 1960–2010 to investigate the effects of the hub‐and‐spoke on trade. Our results show that the countries that are more connected to FTA s export more than those that are less involved, although not all the partner countries you can connect with are the same. An increase in the number of spokes that have no link between them has, on average, a negative effect on the trade of the hub, which indicates that signing FTA s with every country is not the optimal strategy for increasing trade. However, if we consider the way new FTA s change the relative position of a country, we can see that if new FTA s make the country more central or less constrained in the network, these new agreements have a strongly positive and significant pro‐trade effect.     

Evaluating Export Promotion Programmes: U.K. Overseas Trade Missions and Export Performance

This paper examines the extent to which firms' knowledge and structural characteristics as well as firms' behaviour in foreign markets following trade mission participation impacts upon trade mission success and export performance. The findings suggest that: 1) A diversification strategy in terms of export markets benefits future expansion into new foreign markets; 2) Specific knowledge about the targeted markets should be acquired prior to participating in the trade missions; 3) Communication with potential business partners should be established prior to participating in the trade missions; and 4) The business relationships established before and during the trade missions should be cultivated through regular contacts using not only communication technology, but also regular visits. In summary, overseas trade missions contribute to the generation of incremental sales in foreign markets by enhancing the relationship-building process between business partners.     

广西出口贸易结构存在的问题分析与优化

改革开放以来,广西对外贸易快速发展,其出口贸易结构也发生了巨大的变化。目前,广西出口商品中以工业制成品为主,私营企业对外出口成为广西最重要的出口类型。广西出口结构仍然存在不少问题,如出口商品技术含量低、出口贸易方式单一等。为了优化出口贸易结构,广西需要加快产业结构调整,优化出口整体结构;积极开拓新兴市场,实施市场多元化战略;大力发展加工贸易,实现贸易方式的多元化;加大对中小企业的扶持。     

调整和完善我国农产品贸易保护措施的基本思路和对策建议

目前,我国主要采取了边境保护措施和国内支持措施对我国的农产品贸易进行保护。在WTO框架下,适度保护下的自由贸易战略是我国农产品贸易保护的新措施,因此,应调整和优化农产品边境保护措施;充分利用WTO农业相关规则;将成熟的农产品贸易保护政策和措施法律化。     

知识经济时代国际贸易创新问题研究

20世纪90年代以来,国际贸易领域发生了许多深刻的变化,而创新则是当代国际贸易发展最为显著的特征。本文认为,国际贸易创新主要包括观念和格局的创新、制度和政策的创新以及国际贸易手段和构成的创新等。文章提出,为促进我国国际贸易创新,必须加大科技投入,实行科技兴贸;增加教育投入,重视人力资本积累;加快贸易方式的转变;加强知识产权保护;加速我国产业升级重组与规模经济组合,实现外经贸发展优势的转化与再造。     

WTO背景下扩大黑龙江省对俄产业内贸易规模的对策研究

近年来中俄双边贸易增长迅速,其中黑龙江省连续多年对俄贸易额占我国对俄贸易总额的25%左右,是全国对俄贸易第一大省。俄罗斯加入WTO之后,市场正式与世界经济接轨,市场环境进一步规范化,经济竞争力进一步提升。这将给中俄经贸合作带来新的机遇,同时也使两国的合作面临新的挑战。中俄贸易以互补型产业间贸易为主,限制了中俄经贸合作的深度和广度。因此,随着俄加入WTO,黑龙江省应及时调整对俄经贸合作的战略、结构和模式,抓住机遇,迎接挑战,努力寻找新的增长点,搭建新的互认互惠桥梁,实现互利共赢、共同发展。其中,产业内贸易开拓了一条实现中俄双边贸易利益的新途径。     

Aggressive Legalism: The Rules of the WTO and Japan’s Emerging Trade Strategy

Over the course of the last decade there has been a significant change in Japan’s trade strategy, one that has remained seriously unappreciated for both its contents and its policy implications. The heart of this unfolding strategy is the active use of the legal rules in the treaties and agreements overseen by the WTO to counter what the Japanese government deems to be the unreasonable acts, requests, and practices of its major trade partners. To wit, the Japanese government is deliberately using both the procedural and substantive rules of the WTO to matter to the results and outcomes of major trade disputes involving Japan. And in a relatively short time, it has shown how these rules can be made to serve as both ‘shield’ and ‘sword’ in high‐profile trade disputes. This is the strategy that Japan has embraced as the principal means of dealing with its major trade partners, and it reveals much about both a new Japan and the power of international law.     

战略性国际贸易理论评介

在过去几十年中，世界上出现了一些具有深远影响力的国际贸易理论，这些理论通常被划分为传统的理论和现代的理论。其中传统理论的代表有：Adam Smith提出的“绝对优势理论”和David Ricardo提出的“相对优势理论”。传统的理论是建立在工业化生产基础而确立的，因此在当今服务贸易飞速发展的时代，已经无法充分地解释全球政治经济、国际化竞争战略和新型贸易关系等诸多问题。在这种情况下，迫切要求新的理论基础。Porter和Ohmae于20世纪90年代分别在《国家竞争优势》和《无边的世界》著作中提出了具有划时代意义的“战略性国际贸易理论”。这两种理论揭示了当代国际贸易理论研究从纯粹经济关系向政治经济和全球性战略关系的转变。     

碳关税对我国出口贸易的影响及对策研究

欧美的拟征碳关税作为一种新型的贸易壁垒,必将会对我国出口贸易和经济发展产生重要影响。本文全面分析这些影响。认为必须发展绿色贸易和低碳贸易,加快企业"走出去"步伐,以跨越碳关税的贸易壁垒,促进我国出口贸易及可持续发展。     

对2008年黑龙江省外经贸发展的几点建议

2008年,黑龙江省对外经贸发展受到世界经济环境的消极影响不容忽视,但也存在加快发展的有利因素。在坚持互利共赢、科学发展的前提下,应顺应我国对外开放的新特点、新趋势,在新的历史起点上．继续推进对俄经贸合作战略升级,加快推进对日对韩经贸合作战略升级,努力化解不利影响,努力实现黑龙江省对外经贸又好又快发展。     

中国企业全球攻略:“三位一体”廓清贸易障碍

当今形势下,全球化战略成为中国企业的必然选择。中国企业应从战略高度上,以全球为市场、以学习为手段,来积蓄国际化经营的知识经验和管理技能,培育能带来持久竞争优势的战略资源与核心能力,构筑全新的竞争优势。但金融危机爆发以来,国际贸易保护主义重新抬头,各国因自身利益而产生的贸易摩擦越来越多。作为世界贸易大国,受国际国内双重因素影响,我国也面临着国际贸易摩擦的高发期,贸易摩擦日益成为阻碍我国企业全球化战略发展的消极因素。为有效破解国际贸易壁垒,妥善处理贸易摩擦问题,推动国内企业向国际型企业成功转变,必须从国家、行业、企业三个层面入手化解国际贸易摩擦。     

中国特色自由贸易港政策制度体系创新的基点与内涵探讨

国家确立了构建自由贸易港政策制度体系的战略任务,但目前各界对自由港、自由贸易港内涵的认识仁者见仁、智者见智,对自由贸易试验区与自由贸易港关系的理解也多种多样。本文通过梳理自由港的本源“基因”和历史“进货”路径,从自由港与各类特殊经济功能区发展的关系角度,阐述自由贸易港政策和制度体系创新的一些基本点,提出了推进中国特色自由贸易港事业的“三合一”基本框架,即“汲取传统自由港的理念精华、服务国家重大战略实践需求、着眼未来创新构架政策制度”。     

江苏自贸试验区建设与跨境电商发展

近年来,我国外贸市场持续疲弱,以跨境电商为代表的新型贸易方式正成为中国外贸的全新增长引擎。东南亚作为"一带一路"倡议重要的经济区,是我国及江苏的重要贸易伙伴。本文对江苏外贸的现状及趋势和东南亚跨境电商发展的市场需求进行了深入地分析,提出了江苏自贸试验区建设对江苏与东南亚跨境电商发展带来的契机,以期加快江苏与东南亚跨境电商合作的进程。