基于SVAR的中国货币政策的房价传导机制

本文采用2005年7月到2009年9月宏观经济数据构建SVAR模型,分别从货币供给的利率传导机制,现金余额效应,汇率传导机制以及房地产价格对货币供给的反馈机制四个角度进行实证分析,发现:货币量的增加和汇率上升都会带来房价的大幅上涨,而利率提高所带来的房价下降程度很小,房价的上涨会引起物价和消费上涨。结论:当今房地产市场中,存在着货币政策的房价传导机制,其中利率机制对房价影响较小;在汇率机制传导过程中,中央银行为了稳定币值和升值预期引起的国际资本流入导致货币供应量被动增加,从而直接导致了房地产价格上涨。因此提出货币政策应当关注房地产价格,既要防止形成房地产价格泡沫,又要避免温水煮青蛙。     

中国货币市场运行:内生性、调整时滞与动态

固定利率制度下,价格成为货币市场失衡的调节机制;以结售汇为主要特征的汇率制度及其微观市场安排使得我国货币供给具有很强的内生性。在这个制度背景下,本文进一步考虑了我国货币和商品市场的调整时滞,建立了我国货币市场的动态系统理论模型,描述了我国货币市场的运行态势,并讨论了这种运行的含义。     

中国货币市场运行：内生性、调整时滞与动态

固定利率制度下，价格成为货币市场失衡的调节机制；以结售汇为主要特征的汇率制度及其微观市场安排使得我国货币供给具有很强的内生性。在这个制度背景下，本文进一步考虑了我国货币和商品市场的调整时滞，建立了我国货币市场的动态系统理论模型，描述了我国货币市场的运行态势，并讨论了这种运行的含义。     

中国资本市场并购浪潮与宏观经济的关联性研究

本文基于中国资本市场并购活动的月度交易数量,利用马尔科夫区制转移模型,检验出中国资本市场不但存在并购浪潮而且并购活动存在高低两个区制.随后使用社会消费品零售总额、汇率、利率、流通中货币、宏观预警指数和股票价格指数这六个指标测度我国宏观经济的运行状况,通过利用向量自回归(VAR)模型、脉冲响应函数以及方差分解方法具体考察了中国资本市场并购浪潮与宏观经济的关联性问题.结果表明:不同滞后阶数的宏观经济变量对并购活动的影响程度和方向都不尽相同,汇率、社会消费品零售总额和流通中货币对并购交易数量的影响较大.在低区制上,流通中货币、利率和股票价格指数的影响更为持久且明显,流通中货币、股票价格指数和宏观预警指数的结构冲击贡献度更大;在高区制上,汇率和利率的影响更为持久且明显,利率、股票价格指数和汇率的结构冲击贡献度更大.     

货币调整、资本市场与实体部门的长期互动——货币传导效率对货币当局的认知冲击

如果货币政策通过资本渠道传导不畅,现金资产大量滞留在资本市场中,结果在货币扩张/紧缩时,实体部门可能并不能发生相应的资本流入J流出,则货币当局可能产生"上次货币调整的效果不显著"的错觉,促使其发动新一轮更大强度的同向货币政策调整,这将加重国内整体经济和资本市场的动荡.通过对近十余年来货币供给量、资本市场规模和资产价格的...     

利率市场化改革与汇率机制改革的关联性

目前我国的利率改革正在向纵深发展,与此相关联的人民币汇率改革也倍受关注,在利率市场化改革与汇率机制改革中,需要深入研究利率与汇率的关联性。从而进一步认识利率的市场化对汇率政策的影响以及汇率机制改革对利率政策影响,兼顾政府的宏观调控引导作用和利率汇率调节经济运行的市场作用,达到宏观经济内外均衡。一、利率与汇率的相互作用1.利率与汇率的相关性汇率和利率都是金融资产的价格,从某种意义上说,利率是本币资金的价格,汇率是以本币表示的外币价格,是两个国家货币之间的相对价格。利率和汇率也是衡量经济运行状况的重要指标和调…     

货币传导效率对货币当局的认知冲击

如果货币政策通过资本渠道传导不畅,现金资产大量滞留在资本市场中,当货币扩张(紧缩)时,实体部门可能并不发生相应的资本流入(流出),则货币当局可能产生"上次货币调整的效果不显著"的错觉,促使其发动新一轮更大强度的同向货币政策调整,这将加重国内整体经济和资本市场的动荡。通过对近十余年来货币供给量、资本市场规模和资产价格的实证分析,发现我国资本市场中的政策信息阻塞现象的确会引起货币当局的错觉,而导致国内经济更加不稳定。     

中国股市与宏观经济变量关系的实证研究

作为整体市场一部分的股票市场,与整个宏观经济之间有着重要的相互作用,特别强烈地反映在与GDP、货币供给量、利率、通货膨胀率、汇率间的相互作用上.     

美国退出量化宽松货币政策对新兴经济体的影响

美国退出量化宽松货币政策将使流动性收紧、资产价格下降、长期利率上升、资本回流。而资本流动逆转将直接引发新兴经济体资产价格和汇率波动,通过汇率和贸易渠道影响新兴经济体的发展。为应对美国退出量化宽松货币政策,新兴经济体可采取紧缩性货币政策、外汇缓冲政策、资本流动管理政策等减少资本流出的冲击。同时,新兴经济体还应加强区域货币合作,积极协调创建国际货币提供机制。     

货币供给的制度内生与需求内生实证研究

文章分别从基础货币投放的被动性、金融机构的"有价证券与外汇"资产渠道以及利率渠道对我国货币供给的内生性进行了实证研究。研究表明:我国货币供给具有较强的内生性,主要表现为基础货币供给的制度内生和信贷供给的需求内生。为提高当前紧缩性货币政策的有效性,货币当局必须稳定人民币汇率升值预期,提高法定存款准备金率、提高贷款利率尤其中长期贷款利率水平,以此削弱货币供给的制度内生和需求内生。     

HONG KONG'S INDETERMINACY PUZZLE: INSTITUTIONALIST AND ECONOMETRIC APPROACHES*

During the free-issue regime (1974–1983), Hong Kong's money supply, price level and exchange rates were wholly governed by market forces. The system did not seem to have any nominal anchor. Theoretically its price level was indeterminate, engendering what is called an indeterminacy puzzle. The paper elaborates on the concept of price level indeterminacy and undertakes the question of empirical determination of the price level indeterminacy during the free-issue regime. The empirical investigation employs two distinct approaches - institutionalist and econometric. The results of the two approaches indicate the necessity of a broader approach to historical analyses. The paper also informs us about the relationship among money supply, price level and exchange rate in a regime of fiat money without a central bank.     

Determinants and Forecast of Price Level in India: a VAR Framework

The theoretical association of money supply and exchange rates with prices has been empirically established and shown to be dominant in explaining changes in price levels in India. However, post liberalisation, studies have shown price levels to be impacted by several other factors as also, weakened influence of the traditional factors established by theories. This study aims to find the determinants of price level for the period 1994–2008 using a Vector Autoregression model and test the predictive ability of the model. Our results show shorter and smaller impact of change in money supply and nominal effective exchange rate on price levels. Both money supply and nominal effective exchange rates are found to Granger-cause Consumer Price Index. But, impulse response functions show that the impact of shocks from money supply and nominal effective exchange rates on consumer prices peaks after two lags and is short-lived. Forecast error variance decomposition shows that these demand side factors contribute only 6 % of the forecast error variation in Consumer Price Index.

     

中国名义货币状况指数的构建

构建和监测货币状况指数是将汇率纳入货币政策框架中的一种可行方式.文章在系统分析汇率和货币供应量等变量对国内消费者价格水平的价格传递链条的基础上,运用VAR方法来构建了2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革以来的中国名义货币状况指数.研究表明,M1和名义有效汇率在名义MCI中的权重之比为1:1.17,在此基础上构建的名义MCI与消费价格指数走势是高度吻合的.从货币政策立场指示器和对通货膨胀进行监测的角度看,我国央行应关注并定期发布货币状况指数.     

财政约束与价格水平决定:FTPL的一个批判

本文在一个内生增长一般均衡货币模型中, 通过引入名义债券、实际债券、货币和物质资本, 讨论了政府财政约束与价格水平决定的关系。我们发现, 在平衡增长路径上均衡通货膨胀率完全由货币增长率决定, 政府跨时预算约束方程只是个恒等式。如果价格水平财政理论(FiscalTheoryofPriceLevel, FTPL) 成立, 则小得可以忽略的财政扰动可以导致物价水平的巨大波动, 这是无法让人接受的; 进一步的研究发现, 问题出现的原因是FTPL将名义债券市场和其他资产市场割裂开来, 孤立地讨论了名义债券市场出清的条件, 由此认为跨时预算约束方程是一个均衡定价方程; 当将诸市场统一起来考虑时, 公众可以在货币、债券和物质资本之间进行选择, 财政当局不再是一个价格决定者, 其债券发行量成为一个内生变量, 必须服从跨时预算约束方程, 后者成为一个恒等式, 从而价格水平主要由货币当局的货币发行决定。     

How Useful Is an Ec-Wide Monetary Aggregate As an Intermediate Target For Europe?*

This paper looks at whether the aggregate ERM money supply has been a useful predictor of short-term changes in inflation and growth, and of long-term trends in price levels among the core ERM countries. the evidence suggests that over the period since 1987 the ERM money supply performs at least as well, and arguably better, than the individual nominal aggregates in predicting nominal aggregates such as inflation and the price level, while neither money supply is a good predictor of real activity.     

A vector error correction model of the Singapore stock market

This article examines the long-term equilibrium relationships between the Singapore stock index and selected macroeconomic variables, as well as among stock indices of Singapore, Japan, and the United States. Upon testing appropriate vector error-correction models, we detected that changes in two measures of real economic activities, industrial production and trade, are not integrated of the same order as changes in Singapore's stock market levels. However, changes in Singapore's stock market levels do form a cointegrating relationship with changes in price levels, money supply, short- and long-term interest rates, and exchange rates. While changes in interest and exchange rates contribute significantly to the cointegrating relationship, those in price levels and money supply do not. This suggests that the Singapore stock market is interest and exchanges rate sensitive. Additionally, the article concludes that the Singapore stock market is significantly and positively cointegrated with stock markets of Japan and the United States.     

股票价格波动与宏观经济关系的理论和实证探讨

受各种因素的综合影响,证券价格经常发生大幅波动.国外学者对证券价格波动的研究已开展了多年,并伴随着西方证券市场的发展而日益成熟.相对而言,我国的证券市场起步较晚,市场成熟度不高,价格波动频繁剧烈,这对我国经济发展产生了一定的影响.本文就利率、货币供应量、汇率等因素对股市发展的影响进行了分析,发现宏观经济变量与股市之间存在着相互影响的关系.宏观经济变量除了可以单独影响股市外,还可以通过相互作用来共同影响股市.工业增加值增长率、商品价格、人民币汇率与上证指数同向变动,货币供应量与上证指数反向变动.     

The optimality of nominal contracts

Summary. This paper presents a model in which agents choose to use money as a medium of exchange, a means of payment, and a unit of account. The paper defines conditions under which nominal contracts, promising future payment of a fixed number of units of fiat money, prove to be the optimal contract form in the presence of either relative or aggregate price risk. When relative prices are random, nominal contracts are optimal if individuals have ex ante similar preferences over future consumption. When the aggregate price level is random, whether from shocks to the money supply or aggregate output, nominal contracts (perhaps coupled with equity contracts) lead to optimal risk-sharing if individuals have the same degree of relative risk aversion. Finally, nominal contracts may be optimal if the repayment of contracts is subject to a binding cash-in-advance constraint. In this case, a contingent contract increases the risk of holding excessive cash balances. Received: March 29, 1996; revised version: February 25, 1997     

Does money have a role in the inflation process? Evidence from Australia

Inflation, defined as a sustained increase in the price level, is considered a monetary phenomenon, as it can be explained within the framework of money‐demand and money‐supply relationships. In the extant literature, money growth is shown to remain causally related to inflation across countries and over time, irrespective of the exchange rate regime and stability of the money‐demand function. Nevertheless, emerging literature suggests a diminishing role of money in the conduct of monetary policy for price stability, especially under inflation targeting. Monetary policy in Australia under inflation targeting since 1993 is an example of policy that denies a relationship between money growth and inflation. The proposition that money does not matter insofar as inflation is concerned seems odd in both theory and the best‐practice monetary policy for price stability. This paper uses annual data for the period 1970–2017 and quarterly data for the period 1970Q1–2015Q1. It deploys both the Johansen cointegration approach and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach to investigate for Australia whether money, real output, prices and the exchange rate (non‐stationary variables) maintain the long‐run price‐level relationship that the classical monetary theory suggests in the presence of such stationary variables as the domestic and foreign interest rates. As expected, the empirical findings for Australia are consistent with the classical long‐run price‐level relationship between money, real output, prices and the exchange rate. The error‐correction model of inflation confirms the presence of a cointegral relationship among these variables; it also provides strong evidence of a short‐run causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation. On the basis of a priori theoretical predictions and empirical findings, the paper draws the conclusion that the monetary aggregate and its growth rate matter insofar as inflation is concerned, irrespective of the strategy of monetary policy for price stability.     

The response of aggregate demand to income,money supply,and price level

The response elasticities of (nominal) aggregate demand to the price level and to other nominal variables (e.g., money supply) are both positive but smaller than one. Aggregate demand is less/as responsive to real income than/as to the price level in the short/long run. Real aggregate demand is less/as responsive to real income than/as nominal aggregate demand is to the price level in the short/long run. Some uses of these results are indicated.