建筑文化的创新与探索

中国建筑必须在继承中创新,向现代化形式发展,以适应现代化发展的需要.这种发展既不是"传统"的现代翻版,也不是割断历史的横向移植,而是要站在现代社会文化的角度,去审视传统,使传统建筑中富有生命力的精华得以继承和发扬光大.同时,它还要借鉴域外建筑的成功经验,在传统与现代、民族与世界的联系中探索出一条适合自己的道路来.     

中小企业技术创新与管理创新整合:机制创新

文章探讨了中小企业技术创新与管理创新整合存在的问题,认为现代中小企业要突破发展“停滞”,不能仅靠单一的技术创新或管理创新,必须依靠两者的有效整合,通过技术创新增强竞争优势,以管理创新协调企业内部的矛盾,发挥整合优势。     

The role of environmental innovation through the technological proximity in the implementation of the sustainable development

This paper explores the relationship between a firm's knowledge sourcing strategy and green innovation. The data are taken from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development REGPAT database, February 2016, relative to the European Patent Office firms' patent applications published up to December 2015. The study contributes to the literature by focusing on the moderating role of integration between different activities related to environmental performance on the relationship between knowledge sources and green innovations. The results from 240 firms indicate a shift in the focus from internal knowledge to external knowledge when developing environmental innovations. Government policies promoting more knowledge complementarity and coordination between environmental fields will help to promote more knowledge transfer, allowing more sustainable development.     

新形势下企业加快发展要加强对技术创新的管理

技术创新是企业提升产品质量和档次,占领市场的重要手段之一,是增强企业竞争力的有效措施。近年来,栖霞市75%的规模以上企业实施了技术创新并取得一定成效,但企业在技术创新中仍然存在不少问题。为使企业依靠技术创新走上健康发展的道路,笔者对栖霞市部分重点骨干企业进行了调查,并结合实际对企业技术创新取得的成果、存在的问题进行了综合分析,提出了改进意见和建议。     

The growth of information workers in the US economy, 1950–2000: the role of technological change,computerization, and structural change

Using data from the decennial US Censuses of 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, I construct matrices of employment by 267 occupations and 64 industries and then aggregate the occupations into four categories: (i) knowledge producers; (ii) data processors; (iii) service workers; and (iv) goods-processing workers. I find that information workers (the sum of the first two categories) increased from 37% of the workforce in 1950 to 59% in 2000. Then, using an input–output decomposition analysis, I find that the growth in information workers was driven not by a shift in tastes toward information-intensive goods and services (as measured by the composition of final demand) but rather by a roughly equal combination of the substitution of information workers for goods and service workers within the structure of production of industries and the unbalanced growth effect (from differential rates of industry productivity growth). Finally, on the basis of regression analysis, I find that R&D expenditures and computer investment are positively associated with the growth in knowledge workers but negatively associated with the growth of data workers.     

Green process innovation and operational performance: The role of proactive environment strategy,technological capabilities,and organizational learning

With increase in the focus on environmental protection, firms are integrating sustainability issues in process and product innovations. Firms can contribute toward sustainability and also improve operational performance through green innovation practices. However, the adoption of green innovation practices depends on the proactivity of top managers toward environment management. In this paper, we study the relationships between proactive environment strategy, green process innovation (GPRI), and operational performance. Further, we examine the mediating effect of dynamic capabilities (DCs) (technological capabilities and organizational learning) between GPRI and operational performance. The proposed framework is tested by data collected from the Indian manufacturing industries and using partial least squares (PLS) technique. The findings demonstrate proactive environment strategy as an important antecedent for GPRI practices. Second, technological capabilities and organizational learning mediate between GPRI and operational performance. The results of the study are useful for managers in the manufacturing firms, who are interested to implement GPRI practices or who are in the early stage of implementing the GPRI practices.     

文化整合：企业技术创新管理的制高点

创新管理不同于一般的管理活动是由于创新活动是一个非程序化的复杂过程，通过对创新活动的模式、目标、过程等各种方面存在的冲突分析可以发现，采用传统控制等管理手段是无法实现创新活动的持续，只有在文化的高度上整合企业技术创新的各种因素。才能使创新活动成为企业发展的持久推动力。     

The structural implications of technological change in the manufacturing sector

This paper uses a three-sector, pseudo-general equilibrium model to investigate the implications of different types of technological progress in the manufacturing sector. We show that the increased relative importance of services that has occurred could be the consequence of such rapid technological advance in manufacturing that the relative price decline of manufactured goods has reduced spending on manufactures versus services. Furthermore, we show that only labor-saving technological change in manufacturing can explain the growth in the relative importance of investment. This adds indirect support to other studies which have shown that technological advance in manufacturing has generally been of a labor-saving variety.The refereeing process of this paper was handled through Murray Brown. The authors are respectively Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration, University of British Columbia, and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business, University of New Brunswick. They are grateful to the Canadian International Development Agency and to Nomura Asset Management International Limited for generous financial support. The authors are also grateful for the helpful comments of James Brander and two anonymous referees of this journal. However, responsibility for any errors that may remain is borne solely by the authors.     

The impact of technological diversity and organizational slack on innovation

This article examines the effects of technological diversity and organizational slack on innovation performance. Negative binomial regression is used to test the hypotheses in a panel data of 2745 cases. The results indicate that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between technological diversity and innovation performance. Moreover, the moderating role of organizational slack is recognized and absorbed slack positively moderates while unabsorbed slack negatively moderates the effect of technological diversity on innovation performance. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

企业技术创新风险与防范

技术创新是企业实现科技进步、增强核心竞争力的根本源泉,是企业生存与发展的重要基础。但是,技术创新与风险共存,创新风险已成为阻碍企业技术创新的重要因素之一。文章通过对技术创新风险的类型和成因进行分析与探讨,提出了企业防范技术创新风险的应对措施。     

On the role of policy interventions in structural change and economic development: The case of postwar Japan

In this paper, we study the structural change occurring in Japan's post-World War II era of rapid economic growth. We use a two-sector neoclassical growth model with government policies to analyze the evolution of the Japanese economy in this period and to assess the role of such policies. Our model is able to replicate the empirical behavior of the main macroeconomic variables. Three findings emerge from our analysis. First, neither price and investment subsidies to the agricultural sector, nor industrial policy plays a crucial role in the rapid postwar growth. Second, had there existed a labor migration barrier, the negative long-run level effect on output would have been substantial. Finally, TFP in non-agricultural sector is mostly responsible for the rapid growth of Japan in the post-war period.     

Green innovation and knowledge: The role of size

This paper reports research on relationship between firm's knowledge sourcing strategy and green innovation. The data are taken from Spanish Technological Innovation Panel survey during 2007–2011. The study contributed to the literature by focusing on the moderating role of firm size on the relationship between knowledge sources and green innovations. Results from over 5,000 firms indicate a shift in the focus from internal knowledge to external knowledge when developing green innovations as firms grow in size. Despite benefits from broad knowledge search on green innovations, the relationship has an inverted U shape. The diminishing returns of knowledge breadth on green innovations are present for smaller firms and disappearing as firms get larger. Government policies promoting more coordination and knowledge complementarity between private and public sector will help to influence more knowledge transfer, ensuring a more sustainable and green economy.     

论中小企业技术创新

我国中小企业技术创新活动具有多样性和广泛性,它们的技术创新在许多行业占据了主导地位,研究中小企业的技术创新问题对经济发展和社会进步具有重要意义。文章围绕中小企业的技术创新概念、企业与技术创新的关系、内外部环境分析进行讨论,提出新形势下中小企业技术创新的对策。     

Multiple independent invention and the process of technological innovation

Multiple independent invention, i.e. two or more inventions being made independently of each other (not necessarily at the same time), is a well documented phenomenon. The concept is embodied in the phrase “reinventing the wheel” which is part of common knowledge, and widely used.Although the concept of multiple independent invention has been widely reported, it has rarely been recognised in the context of the process of technological innovation or the diffusion of innovations. In addition the majority of the studies of multiples have been well after the date of invention; little study has taken place of multiples during the subsequent innovation process. This article reports the study of one case of multiple independent innovation, examining the processes of innovation and diffusion in each identified version of the multiple. It tries to show how this concept provides new insights into the process of technological innovation.     

Environmental regulation, technological diversity, and the dynamics of technological change

Inducing technological progress is an important objective of environmental regulation. We investigate under which conditions regulation-induced technological progress pursues the best technological option. We analyze a setting with vertical and horizontal technological progress, cost uncertainty, time-limited patent protection, and a case that is typical for some emissi4on-intensive industries, like electricity generation or the chemical industry. Under taxes and standards, only the current least-cost technology is used and developed, implying a lock-in into a possibly inferior technology. Tradable permits yield slower progress but can facilitate the simultaneous development of technologies, rendering lock-ins less likely.     

The impact of stakeholder heterogeneity on risk perceptions in technological innovation

Managing risk has been widely acknowledged as a crucial managerial task in the development of new technology. More recently, the acceptance of new technologies has increasingly been influenced by secondary stakeholders, some of which are difficult to identify, or whose concerns are not easily reconciled. This paper develops a conceptual framework based on the management of technology and research & development literature, stakeholder theory, risk and social judgment to describe how traditional approaches based on reducing uncertainties through estimating probabilities may not work for social uncertainties; different heuristics are needed to understand and resolve such heterogeneous stakeholder perspectives. We contribute to the discourse by describing how risk perceptions among stakeholders vary, and how this may change over time. The framework suggests that the perception of primary stakeholder towards a specific innovation is ‘Standard’ when information is well known, but becomes riskier when information is unclear. For secondary stakeholders, when there is a low degree of imperfect information, the stakeholder relationship is an ‘Irritant’ but becomes increasingly ‘Dangerous’ when information becomes ambiguous. We conclude with implications for management and future research.     

Public policy and innovation: The case of pharmaceuticals

The pharmaceutical industry has been subject in recent years to an expanding set of regulatory constraints and related policy actions adversely affecting its level of innovation. The experiences of this industry provides some important insights for recent national policy discussions on declining innovation in the U.S. and the need for economic “revitalization”. The first section of the paper considers the societal benefits resulting from new drug therapies and other kinds of industrial innovation. An analysis of the basic characteristics of the R and D investment decision is then undertaken along with recent trends in various determinant factors. The last half of the paper evaluates the effects of government regulatory, patent, and reimbursement policies on R and D incentives and the level of pharmaceutical innovation. The paper concludes with several recommendations for policy changes to improve the incentives for industrial innovation in this and related high technology industries.     

企业技术创新动力与利益激励机制

企业技术创新活动需要相应的动力来推动和加速.企业技术创新动力是由多种动力要素相互作用的结果.这些动力要素本质上都隐含着一定的利益关系,即与创新主体的利益相关性,这是企业技术创新的动力本源.本文以创新主体的利益相关性为基点,分析了决定企业技术创新动力的利益因素,企业技术创新激励的体制和制度障碍,进而提出了企业技术创新利益激励系统的基本框架.     

Improvisation for innovation: The contingent role of resource and structural factors in explaining innovation capability

This paper focuses on resource and structural factors to explore the relationship between organizational improvisation and innovation capability. Although the role of improvisation has attracted increasing academic attention in fast-changing environments, little is known about the conditions under which firms benefit from improvisation. This paper addresses this gap using an organizational learning perspective that explains the role of a firm's organizational structure and organizational resources for improvisation and innovation. A large-scale survey in China finds that firms vary in their levels of (I) centralization and formalization of decision making and (II) resource slack and investment irreversibility and that these factors moderate the relationship between improvisation and innovation capability in distinct ways. Consistent with our theorizing, improvisation enhances innovation capability when firms have a decentralized but formalized structure or pursue the dual goals of maximizing resource slack and minimizing investment irreversibility.