Technology,market policies and institutional reform for sustainable land use in southern Mali

To identify appropriate interventions that support sustainable land use; a farm household modelling approach is applied to analyze micro-economic supply reactions to various policy measures. The modelling framework links agro-technical and economic data, and takes both production and consumption decisions into account, allowing land use and production technology adjustments in accordance with farm household objectives. Different types of farm households are distinguished on the basis of their resource endowments, savings coefficients and time discount rate. Actual and alternative (sustainable) cropping and livestock activities for different weather regimes are defined for southern Mali. The effects on sustainable land use and expected farm household welfare of adopting alternative technologies and modifying prices, transaction costs, access to credit and land taxes are demonstrated. Even with full information on sustainable technologies, strong policy interventions are required to halt soil degradation. Structural policies proved to be more effective than price policies to reduce soil degradation while maintaining positive income effects. When prices are determined endogenously, structural policy loses some effectiveness as an incentive for sustainable land use due to the effect of additional supply on local cereal and meat Prices.     

新型合作农场：经济发达地区农地规模经营的逻辑与实践

目的 当前,“谁来种地”成为农业发展面临的重要问题。近年来部分经济发达地区出现的、由村级集体经济组织主导的新型合作农场成为创新农业经营组织形式、发展农地规模经营的新探索,对其实践与逻辑进行探讨有一定的必要性和现实意义。方法 文章运用案例分析法,以海门新型合作农场为例,从新制度经济学视角对新型合作农场的农业经营体制创新特征进行分析,并与其他新型农业经营主体进行对比,指出新型合作农场在联农带农、壮大村集体经济方面的优势。结果 新型合作农场将村集体经济组织实体化为农地经营主体,整合土地、劳动力、资本、技术等资源要素,并将现代经营管理制度引入农业生产,在土地规模经营的同时有效实现了产权明晰、交易成本降低、风险分担和外部性内部化,有效促进了农民和村集体的双增收,实现了农业生产的帕累托改进。结论 新型合作农场充分做实了村集体“统”的功能,其合作化、一体化、企业化的经营模式可以为我国其他地区农地适度规模经营提供一种思路和参照。     

对农用地价值功能及其价格构成的新思考

文章首先对农用地价值功能进行了分析，认为农用地不仅具有生产价值功能和资产增殖价值功能．还具有生态环境价值功能、社会保障价值功能、社会稳定价值功能及其他价值功能。接着，对农用地价格构成进行了探析．将农用地价格分解为经济收益价格、生态收益价格与社会收益价格三个部分，以往的农用地估价注重的是经济收益价值．而忽视了生态收益价值与社会收益价值。     

土地资源可持续利用规划基本思路的探讨

论文在对传统土地利用规划进行反思的基础之上，从土地资源可持续利用规划的目标、时空尺度、原则、内容、方法、规划管理等方面阐述了规划的基本思路。     

Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation: evidence from Uganda

This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions regarding income strategies, participation in programs and organisations, crop choices, land management, and labour use, and their implications for agricultural production and soil erosion; based upon a survey of over 450 households and their farm plots in Uganda. Many factors have context-specific impacts and involve trade-offs between increasing production and reducing land degradation. Government agricultural extension and training programs contribute to higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion in the highlands. By contrast, non-governmental organization (NGO) programs focusing on agriculture and environment help to reduce erosion, but have less favourable impacts on production in the lowlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production in the lowlands. Poverty has mixed impacts on agricultural production, depending on the nature of poverty: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households with fewer livestock have lower crop production. Population pressure contributes to agricultural intensification, but also to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Several household income strategies contribute to increased value of crop production, without significant impacts on soil erosion. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit, land tenure or title on agricultural intensification and crop production and land degradation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural production and reduce land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few 'win-win' opportunities to simultaneously increase production and reduce land degradation.     

基于事故树分析法的城中村改造中土地权属变更风险研究 ——以T市城中村改造为例

研究目的:分析比较T市城中村改造过程中,集体土地概括国有化模式和土地征收模式下的土地权属变更风险因素及风险大小,为规范城中村改造工作提供借鉴。研究方法:半结构化访谈法、事故树分析法。研究结果:(1)集体土地概括国有化模式下的风险概率远远高于土地征收模式;(2)集体土地概括国有化模式下的风险来源于有争议的土地权属变更机制,而土地征收模式下的风险主要来源于不合规范的实施程序;(3)部分地方政府基于快速改善城市面貌、提升人民生活品质、避免征地纠纷的考虑而采用集体土地概括国有化模式。研究结论:与土地征收制度相比,集体土地概括国有化模式存在制度机制风险,易导致失地村民利益受损,未来城中村改造应严格参照新《土地管理法》的相关要求,规范采用土地征收模式。     

基于地价指数的城市地价走势预测研究--以湖南省湘潭市为例

研究目的以湖南省湘潭市城市地价动态监测体系为基础和平台,探讨城市地价预测方法.研究方法GM(1,1)模型、贝叶斯方法及先行指标法.研究结果(1)GM(1,1)模型对湘潭市区地价水平的历史趋势拟合程度高,预测结果符合湘潭市社会经济及土地市场变化规律;(2)转折点预测的结论是湘潭市城市地价水平将继续上行,短期内不会改变方向.研究结论通过编制城市地价指数,采用GM(1,1)灰色模型、贝叶斯方法及先行指标等对市场地价水平及其波动转折点进行预测分析,是一条较科学的技术途径.     

关于建立耕地保护补偿机制的思考

研究目的:基于对河南省耕地保护补偿机制的思考和研究,期望通过制度创新更好地促进补偿机制发挥作用。研究方法:经验总结法和描述性研究法。研究结果:目前耕地保护补偿工作的重点是建立激励性补偿机制,从目前国家和地方的财力分析,单纯以经济补偿方式建立耕地保护补偿机制不能成为落实耕地保护的主要措施。研究结论:考虑地区发展定位是促使补偿机制发挥作用的先决条件,确定与发展水平适应的补偿标准能够调动保护耕地积极性,拓宽补偿方式来弥补资金和实物补偿成效不足的问题,建议在粮食主产区以国家补偿为主开展试点。     

黑龙江省土地资源变化浅析

利用1998～2004年的土地利用结构数据,分析了黑龙江省土地利用现状和变化过程,在研究时段内耕地减少,林地和建设用地增加;浅析了土地变化的原因.     

可持续发展框架下的土地利用政策取向

本文从可持续发展的角度出发，提出了土地可持续利用的目标，在土地可持续利用这个框架下，从土地集约利用、土地供给、土地利用空间布局、土地开发等方面论述政府对土地利用的政策取向。     

Are we risking too much? Perspectives on risk in farm modeling

Risk and uncertainty have been extensively studied by agricultural economists. In this paper we question (a) the predominant use of static frameworks to formally analyse risk; (b) the predominant focus on risk aversion as the motivation for considering risk and (c) the notion that explicitly probabilistic models are likely to be helpful to farmers in their decision making. We pose the question: for a risk‐averse farmer, what is the extra value of a recommendation derived from a model that represents risk aversion, compared to a model based on risk neutrality? The conclusion reached is that for the types of the decision problems most commonly modelled by agricultural economists, the extra value of representing risk aversion is commonly very little.