旅游研究中的性别话题

社会性别研究已成为国际人文社会科学领域中一个重要的热点话题.旅游研究中的性别话题在国外始于20世纪70年代,从最初对女性的单一研究发展到今天从社会性别视角对男女两性的全面对比,研究内容多样,理论体系初步形成,并已积累了大量的研究案例.国内旅游研究中对性别的关注则多集中于对女性旅游市场、女性旅游者行为、旅游与少数民族妇女发展等几方面,且大多是在统计年鉴分析和文献归纳基础上的简单描述和总结.本文从研究对象、研究内容、研究方法等方面评述了国内外旅游中的性别研究,并对相关研究的不足和未来关注点进行了分析和预测.     

A contextual study of female-leader role stereotypes in the hotel sector

Guided by the role congruity theory (RCT), this paper examines the mismatch in female-leader role stereotypes and how this mismatch may lead to prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. It also tests how gender equality practices and leadership development programmes (LDPs) may mitigate prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Following a quantitative approach, this study uses a paired sample t-test and linear approach (i.e. multiple regression) to model the relationships and test the hypotheses formulated. Drawing on a survey of 392 employees working in 4- and 5-star hotels in Jordan, the study shows that employees stereotype successful leaders to be more masculine than feminine while they attribute both feminine and masculine stereotypes to women. There is, thus, an element of congruity in female-leader role stereotypes which reduces prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Moreover, the results indicate that gender equality practices and LDPs significantly enhance the emergence and effectiveness of women leaders. The importance of this study derives from extending the RCT through a contextual investigation in the hotel sector in Jordan. This was done by considering two additional constructs, i.e. gender equality practices and LDPs that mitigate prejudice against female leaders.     

Exploring Alternative Lifestyle Segmentation Schemes for Travel Volunteers

The decrease in occupational segregation between the genders indicates a need to reposition traditionally gender-based customer services. This study examines advertising effectiveness in terms of the gender of the chef endorser in restaurant advertisements, and also explores the influence of respondents' gender stereotypes and respondents' genders on perceived effectiveness. We used the chef's gender as the independent variable, the effectiveness of the advertising as the dependent variable, and the respondents' chef gender stereotypes and genders as the moderating variables. Using consumers as respondents, an experimental design was conducted which varied the gender (female vs. male) of the chefs. We prepared a questionnaire with a sample size of 422 to investigate the consumer's perception of the adverts' effectiveness. The results indicated better endorsement effectiveness with a middle-aged male chef, rather than a middle-aged/young female chef. Furthermore, it was found that the respondents' genders could further moderate the perception of the advertising.     

Does Gender Affect Korean Tourists' Overseas Travel? Applying the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior

Tourism is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, and female travelers continue to contribute to the growth of the industry. However, little conceptual research has been conducted on overseas travel behavior and the role of gender in the decision-making process. Thus, this study examined the sophisticated decision-making process of overseas travel and the moderating effect of gender in the decision-making process, using the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). The results indicate that the MGB is a powerful framework for explaining overseas travel behavior and that gender plays a critical role during the decision-making process. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the discussion section.     

Inter- and Intra-Gender Similarities and Differences in Motivations for Casino Gambling

Abstract

The two objectives of this study were to examine if motivations for casino gambling vary by gender and, based on motivations for casino gambling, to ascertain different types of male and female gamblers. To accomplish these objectives, five casino motivation scales were developed. Nine hundred male and female casino patrons living in two major Canadian metropolitan areas completed a telephone questionnaire. Male study participants rated risk-taking/gambling as a rush and learning/cognitive self-classification as being more important than did female participants. Two types of male casino gamblers existed: men who gave primacy to risk-taking/gambling as a rush and emotional self-classification, and men who gave primacy to communing. Three types of female casino gamblers existed: women who gave primacy to emotional self-classification and escaping everyday problems, women who gave primacy to communing and emotional self-classification, and women who gave primacy to communing alone. Gender theory was used to explain these findings, and study limitations and future research recommendations also were discussed.     

Gender and sustainable tourism: reflections on theory and practice

Despite the rich and diverse tradition of research on the gender dimensions of tourism, such studies have had little impact on transforming unequal gendered power relations in the sector itself. In this paper, we are concerned with why this is the case and what steps might be taken to redress this situation. The paper argues that the challenges inherent in gender mainstreaming processes within public policies worldwide are replicated and – to some extent – exacerbated in the tourism sector. We contend that, despite its substantive insight into the sector, the impact of such literature has been minimal. We further suggest that this is, in part, due to the sustainable tourism paradigm's resistance to incorporating gender equality and gender analysis as core principles. In order to develop these arguments, we reflect on our experiences as specialist consultants in gender and sustainable tourism, drawing out some of the key tensions of integrating gender into sustainable tourism projects. In conclusion, we argue that there is substantive work to be done for gender to be integrated into the theory and practice of sustainable tourism, offering recommendations as to how this process might be improved.     

Gender Relations and Sport for Development in Colombia: A Decolonial Feminist Analysis

Abstract

Playing sports has long been a taboo for women in Colombia, yet new spaces for female participation have emerged in recent decades. This article explores the gendered nature of sport in Colombia through the lived experiences of female participants involved in a local Sport for Development and Peace organization. Building on ethnographic fieldwork and a decolonial feminist perspective, the authors examine how cultural experiences of physicality are gendered but are potentially changing in the context of leisure practices and how this may shape power relations. Although more girls and women are participating in masculine leisure pursuits, there are critical limitations to social change and female participants demonstrate the coloniality of gender in action.     

Gift Giving: An Exploratory Behavioural Study

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the marketing literature through an exploratory review of gift giving behaviour as it pertains to cultural and other demographical variables. Following Mathur's (1996, Psychology & Marketing, 13(1), 107–123) recommendation that future research into gift giving might examine differences among different subgroups in the population, this study closely examined gender differences to identify variables that matter most for female and male gift givers/receivers. Results indicate that 80.7% of respondents had bought a gift within the previous 6 months, mostly for personal reasons (95.4%), which included occasions such as birthdays (64.9%), anniversaries (11.2%), achievement celebrations (10.3%), Father's/Mother's Day (5.0%) and Christmas (1.7%). About 50% of respondents spent between A$10 and A$30 per gift purchase. The results are discussed. Following a comprehensive review of the available literature, the authors set out to formulate a research instrument that would explore respondents' gift giving-related behaviour in terms of the occasion for gift exchange, the relationship between giver and receiver and the range of values that may come into play when engaging in gift giving transactions. Three hundred questionnaires from students at a major Western Australian university were the bases of this report. Of these, 80% reported purchasing a gift in the past 6 months mainly for a family member as a birthday gift, spending A$44 on average. The results revealed that women have a higher perception of gift giving as a valuable opportunity to state relational bonds compared with men. The results also suggested that individuals find it easier to purchase a gift for someone of their same gender, as opposed to someone of the opposite sex. Overall, students from Asia seemed to have a statistically significant difference from Australians and those born elsewhere with respect to their perception of a gift's cost-value, the reciprocity principle and re-gifting practices. This research focused on individuals who frequented a major Western Australian university, thus influencing the age range of the respondents. Future research is encouraged in order to incorporate a greater number of responses and variability in the sample that could allow for an analysis of individuals' opinions about gift giving activities as they relate to their generation. The findings suggest the need to give greater attention to cohort analysis of gift giving behaviour. Matters such as the nature of the relationship between the giver and the recipient, the occasion and the recipient's gender were of primary importance when selecting a gift. This finding may assist marketers' targeting efforts by clarifying what factors consumers tend to consider when purchasing a present. Gender implications also revealed the need to assist individuals in identifying what constitutes an “ideal” gift for a woman or a man. Finally, those residing in Australia tended to find it more difficult to purchase gifts for women than those who reside in Asian countries. This suggests the need to explore acculturation and culture shock notions when it comes to gift giving behaviour. This research incorporated in an exploratory nature those aspects that seemed of greater interest for academics and practitioners, such as gift giving occasion, behaviour, values, and demographical variables such as country of birth and country of residence.     

Wearable technology in service delivery processes: The gender-moderated technology objectification effect

In the current research, we investigate how employees’ adoption of wearable technology (i.e., a front-line employee using Google Glass for a hotel check-in) influences consumers’ service encounter evaluations and revisit intentions. Building on the theoretical frameworks of technology objectification effect, person sensitivity bias and gender stereotypes, we find that wearable technology has a differential impact on service evaluations based on the employee's gender. Study 1 demonstrates that for female employees, the adoption of wearable technology leads to more favorable customer evaluations in service failure encounters. Study 2 shows that for male employees, the adoption of wearable technology leads to less favorable customer evaluations in service success encounters. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.     

Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship between Hotel Service Quality Dimensions and Tourist Satisfaction

Gender has frequently been identified as one of the key attributes and predictors in developing marketing strategy. This study examines the moderating role of gender in the relationship between hotel service quality dimensions and tourist satisfaction with hotel service delivery. The results derived from multi-group structural equation modeling via the AMOS 5.0 computer program revealed that gender significantly moderated the relationship between service quality dimensions and tourist satisfaction with hotel service delivery. Empathy and tangibles both contributed as the most important significant predictors of tourist satisfaction with hotel service delivery for male tourists as opposed to female tourists. It is statistically confirmed that men and women appear to respond to different aspects of a service encounter when making judgments about their satisfaction.     

From ‘just a swimmer’ to a ‘swimming mother’: women’s embodied experiences of recreational aquatic activity with pre-school children

Increased academic attention on the gendering of leisure pastimes in recent years has highlighted the centrality of the gendered body in influencing how leisure is accessed, experienced and transformed. To date, however, little attention has been paid to how women experience aquatic leisure activity, the second most popular form of leisure activity in the UK, and where female participation predominates. This paper presents results from research investigating the aquatic leisure experiences of 22 women, with children aged under 3, in the North-East of England. A number of key themes emerged from the data, which highlighted the centrality of the gendered, lived body as a key social construct contouring participant perceptions in the swimming pool environment. Women reflected upon their self-perceived physical deficiencies when wearing revealing swimming costumes, particularly under the critical gaze of ‘other’ bodies, whether present or imagined. The co-presence of other bodies was also central in shaping lived experiences, and the presence of ‘dependent’ children’s bodies shifted bodily intentionality away from the self towards perceived maternal responsibilities and the management of perceived risks, including ‘dirt’ and ‘germs’ and the negotiation of the tacit rules of the swimming pool. Results also suggest that the emphasis on maternal responsibility in aquatic leisure activity and timing of parent-toddler sessions could lead to reproduction of gender inequalities and the exclusion of some fathers from participation.     

Enacting Masculinities in a Contemporary Subcultural Sporting Event: A Gendered Critique

Sport participation and alcohol consumption have been widely examined in analyses of masculinity and implicated in perpetuating hegemonic masculinity in Western cultures. This article addresses a variant of the “Beer Mile,” a ritualistic event that has emerged as an ancillary to major triathlons in Australia. In this context, the Beer Mile is an unsanctioned event simultaneously fusing sport participation and alcohol consumption, intended as a jocular celebration of athletic achievement. This research utilises a case study research design employing multiple qualitative methods to critique gender-based discursive practices and online discourse surrounding the Beer Mile. Analysis revealed the Beer Mile as a masculine-dominated space reinforcing normative assumptions on gender binaries and hierarchies. Numerous constraints to women's participation and implicit endorsement of the sport-alcohol nexus were identified, which may undermine broader efforts in promoting the sport of triathlon through notions of egalitarianism, inclusiveness, and healthy lifestyles.     

Gender Matters in Hospitality (invited paper for ‘luminaries’ special issue of International Journal of Hospitality Management)

This article is a review paper, which examines the place of gender in hospitality research and education and discusses the significance of hospitality for women's employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. The paper’s main purpose, however, is to speculate on the future of hospitality gender research and women’s employment prospects in the industry. It suggests that, despite the emergence of gender perspectives in hospitality research and the recent rise of popular feminism in response to high-profile sexual harassment cases and a well-publicised gender pay gap, gender still does not occupy mainstream territory in the field. The paper stresses the continued missed opportunities of neglecting female talent and calls on female and male leaders to shape a gender-just future in hospitality study and practice by mentoring and holding hierarchies to account. The paper identifies AI and robotics and sexual exploitation and harassment as two areas in which hospitality gender scholars could lead scholarship and policy debates on gendered human experiences.     

Still pounding on the glass ceiling: A study of female leaders in hospitality,travel, and tourism management

Today, U.S. females represent the majority in both the hospitality and tourism management classroom and the work environment. However, the proverbial “glass ceiling” continues to exist, and evidence of career advancement obstacles remain salient in the hospitality, travel, and tourism management workplace. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of successful female industry leaders in the hospitality, travel, and tourism industry, as well as their perceptions as to how they were able to overcome gender barriers and disparities. Findings offer participant reported “top issues” facing female leaders in the workplace, as well as strategies for overcoming these issues.     

Domesticating Gambling: Gender,Caring and the UK National Lottery

Abstract

The issue of gambling as a form of leisure practice has, to date, received very little attention from sociologists. This is despite the enormous range of consideration recently invested in gambling by policy makers, politicians, journalists, psychologists and economists. In particular, the role that gambling plays as an important part of women’s leisure patterns has been virtually ignored. In this paper, the impact of UK National Lottery play on women’s everyday leisure experiences is examined. A questionnaire was administered to a diverse group of 150 women, and 15 women from this sample volunteered to take part in in‐depth interviews. The questionnaires sought to produce a database of the frequency of lottery play, the types of games played and the amounts of money gambled. The interviews focused on individual experiences, meanings and perceptions of lottery play as a form of leisure. The quantitative and qualitative findings of the research are discussed in terms of the material and ideological constraints shaping women’s everyday experiences of leisure, and also in terms of the ways in which gender and ‘caring’ are reproduced through women’s National Lottery play. It examines the ways in which the lottery addresses a lack of time and space for women’s pursuit of leisure.     

Preferences regarding external information sources: a conjoint analysis of visitors to Sardinia,Italy

Utilizing a conjoint analysis approach, this study aims to examine the relative importance of external information sources for female and male international and domestic travelers utilizing data collected from 719 tourists traveling to Sardinia (Italy). Overall, findings reveal that traditional word-of-mouth (i.e. family and friends), online review sites (e.g. TripAdvisor), and the online search engines are the most important external information sources for both domestic and international travelers. However, differences in importance tourists assign to each external source exist based on type of travel (domestic versus international) and gender (male versus female). For example, while traditional word-of-mouth, online review sites, and search engines are the three most important sources for domestic male travelers, the third most important information source for domestic female travelers is found to be printed tour guides. Contributions to the current body of knowledge and managerial implications are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.     

旅游行为中的性别差异研究

了解性别与旅游行为之间的关系,对于旅游产品开发与营销有很强的借鉴意义.本文以黄山市国内游客的问卷调查数据为基础,通过统计检验,分析了性别与旅游者行为之间的关系.本文所分析的旅游者行为涉及到游前、游中、游后三个阶段,研究发现:(1)女性游客比男性游客平均搜集更多的信息类型,并更倾向于搜集旅行费用、食宿状况、线路安排这三种旅游信息;(2)女性游客比男性游客更倾向于通过人际交流的方式获取旅游信息;(3)对于游览民居和购买旅游纪念品两种旅游活动,女性游客比男性游客具有更强的偏好.     

Three decades of tourism scholarship: Gender,collaboration and research methods

Despite ongoing problems with gender inequalities in tourism, little is known about gender differences in first and solo authorships, collaboration, and choice of research approaches. This study analyzes these academic practices using 4973 articles (11,033 authors) in three major tourism journals from 1990 to 2017. The results show evidence of gender homophilic collaboration behaviors. Gender heterogeneous co-authorships are becoming pervasive and seem to be driven by female first authors. Solo female researchers strongly associate with qualitative research. While male-only teams have the lowest likelihood of using qualitative research, the situation is more complex for gender heterogeneous teams. Practical suggestions derived from the findings for the gender equality agenda in tourism are discussed to promote more gender-diverse collaborations and female-led research.     

如何成为男人？高星级酒店男性职员的性别气质建构--广州案例

在转型期的中国，随着男性与“男性危机”的焦虑“，如何成为男人”不仅仅是一个社会问题，也是一个学术问题。该研究以广州市高星级酒店男性职员为研究对象，综合运用多种质性研究方法，深入探讨高星级酒店男性职员的性别气质建构过程，发现酒店男性职员通过职业规训逐渐从“被动的绅士”演变成“主动的绅士”；通过“他者”规训逐渐从“形式美的绅士”蜕变成“内涵美的绅士”；通过“自我”规训，完成“全方面的绅士化”建构。研究呼应了男性气质身份政治的结论，同时补充了男性气质建构的内涵，认为男性气质建构是一个与空间、职业互动的过程，回应了“如何成为男人”的环境决定论观点。在实践方面，研究对于酒店人力资源管理具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Feeling left out and losing control: The interactive effect of social exclusion and gender on brand attitude

Social exclusion is pervasive in our daily lives. Prior research has documented the impact of social exclusion on product choices, information processing, prosocial behavior and switching behavior. However, there is limited research on how gender moderates the impact of social exclusion on consumer attitudes towards a company. Drawing from previous research demonstrating gender as a proxy for agentic-communal orientation, we show that the effect of social exclusion on negative emotions and sense of control is more pronounced among females (vs. males). We further demonstrate that negative emotions and sense of control are the underlying mechanisms for the impact of social exclusion among females. Hospitality practitioners may want to minimize instances that might make consumers feel socially excluded, and this is particularly true for female consumers.