The introduction of catchment-wide co-operations: Scalar reconstructions and transformation in Austria in flood risk management

The management of flood risk in Europe is changing. In several European Member States there are significant ongoing processes to shift certain flood risk management duties and responsibilities from the national to the local level. Previously, national authorities dominated the discourse about national flood risk management policy, but increasingly, local and private stakeholders have become responsible for flood risk management. This has greatly influenced the governance structure and arrangements for flood risk management policy. As a result, the co-operation among various stakeholders has become increasingly important. The consequences of this shift toward local stakeholders can be understood in the context of rescaling. This paper analyses the rescaling processes through catchment-wide management plans in the Austrian flood risk management system. Therefore, we selected three different Austrian study sites (Aist in Upper Austria, Triesting-Tal in Lower Austria and Ill-Walgau in Vorarlberg). New management ideas required new dynamics within the current scales and allowed changes in the interaction of local, regional, and national stakeholders in terms of negotiation, funding, and strategy development. The new policy direction demonstrates not only the importance of network connections between stakeholders at the same scale, but also networks between stakeholders at different scales, especially between local and national levels. However, engagement at the local level strongly depends on social capacities, such as knowledge, motivation/self-interest, networks at various levels, and procedural capacity. The theoretical framework of politics of scale helps in understanding and analysing the impact of the new decentralisation policy and practice.     

A game of give and take: The introduction of multi-layer (water) safety in the Netherlands and Flanders

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Netherlands and Flanders introduced a risk-based approach to flood risk management (FRM), labelled as multi-layer (water) safety. In contrast to a flood defence approach, risk-based management stresses the need to manage both the consequences and probability of a flood. The concept has developed differently in the two countries, as we conclude from a discursive-institutionalist research perspective. The Netherlands is characterised by a high institutionalization of the traditional flood defence discourse and a more closed policy arrangement, whereas in Flanders, the flood defence discourse is less institutionalized and the arrangement is more open. In both countries we see an opening of the arrangement preceding the establishment of multi-layer (water) safety, but at the same time, actors stress different aspects of the concept in order to increase its compatibility with the existing policy arrangement. In the Netherlands, the focus is on probability management, in Flanders on consequence management. In the Netherlands, multi-layer (water) safety as a concept could be established because it stabilises the system in the short-term by reinforcing the importance of flood defence, whereas in Flanders, policymakers were receptive to the concept because it supports a shift of responsibility towards actors outside traditional water management.     

How do planners manage risk in alternative land development models? An institutional analysis of land development in the Netherlands

While risk is a key concern in property development, it tends to be discussed by planners only relative to the effects of regulatory planning on private sector risk. Yet planning encompasses a broad range of activities that go beyond its function of regulating private sector development. Despite active approaches to land development being commonly used across different planning contexts, frameworks for analysing public sector strategies to address risk are rarely discussed. We attempt to redress this deficit by investigating the actions of public sector development actors with regard to risk across three different land development models: public land development, land development by public-private partnership, and land readjustment. Using recent Dutch experience, we conduct an institutional analysis of each land development model in order to highlight the effects of alternative governance structures on risk as a particular transaction attribute, from the perspective of public sector planning. Our findings indicate the importance of highlighting the role of public risk in alternative models of land development where there may be a tendency to adopt institutional arrangements without due regard to this, and point to possible future applications of institutional analysis at the particular, rather than the general, level.     

基于SEM的公众洪灾风险认知水平评估——以景德镇市为例

客观、准确评估公众洪灾风险认知水平将有助于提高公众参与积极性。基于保护动机理论框架,从灾前准备意识、灾中应对意识以及灾后恢复意识三方面构建评估体系,以景德镇市为例,建立公众洪灾风险认知的结构方程模型,基于路径系数评估了洪灾风险认知水平。结果表明:洪灾风险认知受灾前准备意识和灾中应对意识的直接影响,灾后恢复意识则产生间接影响,灾前准备意识对洪灾风险认知的影响程度最高;评估指标贡献率上,住宅内部损失经历的贡献率最高,应急物资准备意愿、防洪演练参与意愿的贡献率均超过4%;洪灾风险认知评估结果上,女性的风险认知水平高于男性;青年、老年人群风险认知水平较低。     

农业洪涝灾害研究进展

[目的]通过对农业洪涝灾害研究使用的数据源的分析,明确农业洪涝灾害研究的现状,归纳农业洪涝灾害研究的技术与方法,分析农业洪涝灾害未来研究方向。[方法]文章以农业洪涝灾害研究所使用数据源作为索引,对基于不同数据源开展的农业洪涝灾害研究进行概述。[结果]从农业洪涝灾害研究所涉及的数据源来分析,主要包括气象水文数据、遥感数据和统计数据,从农业洪涝灾害研究所涉及的内容来分析,主要包括洪涝灾害监测、风险预警和风险评估等3个方面的内容。[结论](1)我国农业洪涝灾害研究主要为区域和小流域洪涝灾害监测和风险评估,河流、暴雨和气候与洪涝灾害、自然灾害和社会要素的洪涝灾害以及水文模型、气候模型、土壤湿度等基础研究。通过不同研究方法研究洪涝灾害风险,高度重视洪涝灾害风险管理;(2)已经形成“天—空—地”一体化洪涝灾害立体遥感监测体系,但基于遥感数据开展的农业洪涝灾害研究,主要集中在洪涝灾害监测领域,格局分析以及预警评价的研究相对薄弱;(3)农业洪涝灾害风险预警主要从脆弱性、影响性、适应性等角度对风险进行分析,得到洪涝灾害综合风险区划并进行预警;(4)地理信息系统技术是农业洪涝风险评价中的热门方法;(5)农业洪涝灾害的评估体系缺乏统一的洪涝灾害风险理论模型与评估框架;(6)我国农业洪涝风险定量评估研究较少。     

Critical success factors for governing farmer-managed public goods in rural areas in the Netherlands

Multifunctional land use has become a widely supported pathway for Europe's countryside. Brussels and the national governments stimulate farmers to integrate primary production with non-agricultural practices from which they can also benefit. In favour of this development different stakeholders are encouraged to collaborate to produce the so-called farmer-managed public goods. This paper explores critical success factors for the production and maintenance of these public goods. In two Dutch case study regions we show a chronology of major events from 1975 leading to a shift from primary agricultural production towards a successful multifunctional land use. We evaluated which critical success factors crucial for managing public goods manifest themselves in our case study regions. Besides six critical success factors described in literature (Property rights, Asymmetric information, Administrative complexity, Governance, Time lags and Market structure) four other factors appear to be crucial in governing farmer-managed public goods: (1) establishing a system of rewards; (2) a mix of governance forms; (3) visionary leadership with networks in both the public and the private sectors and (4) time for new ideas to mature and to build commitment among the actors.     

Discourse and practice of participatory flood risk management in Belfast,UK

The introduction of the Floods Directive signals a move from flood protection towards flood risk management in the European Union. Public participation is highlighted in the Floods Directive as being instrumental to effective implementation of this new approach. This study utilised document analysis, non-participant observation, a questionnaire survey, and interviews to evaluate the discourse and practice of participation in the implementation of the Floods Directive in Belfast, United Kingdom. Flood risk management processes in Belfast are found to be high on participatory rhetoric but low on meaningful engagement. The participatory process is lacking in transparency, does not encourage the active participation of interested parties and has not been clearly communicated to key publics. Opportunities to increase meaningful public participation in the process remain underutilised, and the establishment of local flood forums has provided little opportunity for meaningful engagement. Some actions of governance agencies could be best characterised as facilitating the responsibilisation of risk and are designed to manage risk to agencies rather than address flooding issues.     

The role of government in land registry and cadastre service in Turkey: Towards a government 3.0 perspective

Within the scope of the developments in public administration after the 1990s, “Good Governance” approach has been preferred instead of the traditional public management approach. Good Governance is a fair, impartial and egalitarian management model that is based on co-management and envisages the participation of all actors (e.g. public and private sector, civil society) in decision-making processes. With this new management model, public institutions in Turkey began to realise good governance based reforms, especially in areas where they establish a close relationship with citizens. In this article, changes in the public administration in Turkey together with good governance and the effects. The effects change on the land registry and cadastre processes are discussed. In this regard, a situation is evaluated in the context of the future Government 3.0 process by discussing the successful and incomplete aspects of good governance in land registry and cadastre practice in Turkey.     

Flood prone risk and amenity values: a spatial hedonic analysis

This study examines the impact of flood‐hazard zone location on residential property prices. The study utilises data from over 2000 private residential property sales occurred during 2006 in North Shore City, New Zealand. A spatial autoregressive hedonic model is developed to provide efficient estimates of the marginal effect of flood prone risks on property prices. Results suggest that the sale price of a residential property within a flood prone area is lower than an equivalent property outside the flood prone area. The flood plain location discount is reduced by the release of public information regarding flood risk.     

我国蓄滞洪区管理制度与政策创新研究

行蓄洪水的特定功能与区域经济发展之间的矛盾导致蓄滞洪区管理中尚存在许多亟待解决的问题。针对这些问题,结合蓄滞洪区目前管理现状,分析蓄滞洪区制度变迁的诱导因素,阐述蓄滞洪区管理制度变迁的必要性。借鉴公共政策中的政策工具,对我国蓄滞洪区管理政策工具进行划分。从社会、经济、生态、防洪4个方面构建了我国蓄滞洪区管理制度与政策框架,并结合不同类型政策工具提出具体的建议与对策。     

Growing deep roots: Increasing Aboriginal authority in contemporary forest governance arrangements

The governance literature highlights a shift away from “government” to new and more complex governing arrangements that involve a greater set of institutions and actors in decision-making processes. According to a number of studies, this shift is ongoing in forestry. This article seeks a better understanding of contemporary forest governance by exploring the emerging role of Aboriginal peoples in the Canadian forest sector. It is well known that Aboriginal participation in forest management is crucial for achieving sustainable forestry. Yet we know little about how Aboriginal communities can induce a change in governing conditions. We examined the various governance arrangements through which the Essipit Innu First Nation in Quebec (Canada) was able to exercise authority over forest management. Using multiple qualitative data gathering techniques, our analysis shows that Essipit innovated in forest governance by creating a partnership with the forest company Boisaco and, thus, gained authority over forest management decisions at the operational level. Our analysis explains that this new governance arrangement is built on growing collaboration and interdependencies between these two parties. Common values, orientations, mechanisms and tools are also necessary conditions. Finally, this research highlights the need for greater cultural understanding.     

Moving out or living on a mound? Jointly planning a Dutch flood adaptation project

All over the world spatial flood risk management policies are on the rise. This paper analyses the planning process for the Overdiepse polder, a so-called “Room for the River” project in the Netherlands. After high water in the 1990s, the Dutch government changed its flood risk management policy. While before 2000 it leaned heavily on dikes to separate water from land, after that year spatial measures to “let the water flow” were introduced. This required the integration of two formerly separated policy domains: flood risk management and land use planning. In the densely populated and economically highly developed Netherlands, returning space to the river unavoidably impacts on the lives and livelihoods of those who live and work along the rivers. Therefore, such spatial measures to decrease flood risk have to be negotiated with various stakeholders. The planning process towards making the Overdiepse polder suitable for temporary water storage deserves more in-depth analysis. We describe and analyze the development of relationships between key actors in the planning process, with a focus on planning practices rather than on assumptions about the existence of certain types and qualities of relationships. We conclude, among others, that citizen involvement can, under specific socio-political and institutional conditions, build trust among stakeholders and increase local legitimacy for interventions by government agencies. However, it should not be idealized as “self-governance” or assumed to be part of a unidirectional change in water interventions towards new relationships between actors.     

淮河流域行蓄洪区运用的风险因素识别

淮河流域行蓄洪区作为防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,在减轻淮河沿岸大堤的洪水压力方面发挥着重要作用。行蓄洪区的运用会造成行蓄洪区内的经济损失、人员伤亡及环境污染等多种风险。行蓄洪区运用的风险是致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境和承灾体易损性及御灾环境的脆弱性等共同作用的结果。从4个方面分析淮河流域行蓄洪区运用的风险因素,提出淮河蓄洪区运用的风险防范对策。     

我国洪水保险中的风险评价方法探讨

以洪灾风险模型、抗灾性能模型为基础,建立工程项目的毁损率与频率关系。对工程保险标的进行期望损失值计算与风险成本收益分析,以此为据对工程项目进行风险分级评价,形成较为系统的洪水保险风险分级评价方法。     

洪水灾害的风险特征及保险制度设计

随着经济社会的快速发展,洪水灾害带来的经济损失越来越严重。在厘清洪水灾害风险的高危险性、承载体的强脆弱性以及可保性的基础上,从洪水保险的风险主体、资金筹集、费率计算与调整、洪水保险的再保险制度4个方面设计洪水保险产品。洪水保险兼具时间和空间维度上的风险分担性,完善洪水保险相关立法、建立洪水保险组织机构、构建多元资金筹集体系、推进洪水保险风险证券化、强化洪水保险制度监管有助于推进洪水保险制度的设计与发展。     

防洪减灾治理中的非工程措施——以瓯江流域为例

通过对瓯江流域洪涝灾害的特征与防洪减灾非工程建设现状进行分析,针对其管理现状的不足之处,提出了瓯江流域防洪减灾非工程建设应在采取工程措施修建各种水利工程的同时,积极采取非工程措施:加强管理系统、应急预案和防汛队伍建设,健全和完善各类防洪预案,加强洪灾风险管理;加速防洪信息系统的现代化建设;建立和完善群众性防洪减灾制度,做好水利法规和防洪减灾的宣传工作,提高群众的法制意识和防洪意识,发动全社会参与防洪减灾工作,达到管理洪水、利用洪水资源的目的。     

Principles of partnership schemes: Theory and practice

Summary

The paper assesses the dominant influences in partnership schemes for town centre redevelopment. The analysis of policy development in the public and private sectors is drawn together into an interorganizational framework, stressing joint approaches to action. Much development activity requires co‐operation by the public and private sectors, and the principal areas examined are the procedures adopted to implement partnerships, the linkages used and the actors involved at each stage. Original research was undertaken, notably case studies of Newcastle, Droitwich and Solihull. These investigations illustrate the diversity of working relationships, wherein individual responsibilities are directed towards collective action, and proper communication between development partners is essential. Although partnership operation is partly dependent on a reticulist who can co‐ordinate and initiate action, the most important aspects are the established procedures, which offer little opportunity for innovation, and the attitude of individual actors, which tends to reinforce current thinking rather than challenge it. Among those influences with an external origin, finance and politics have the greatest impact. Nevertheless, decision taking still operates in an ad hoc way, responding only as issues arise and thus contributing to the incremental development of policy and the maintenance of the status quo within the land market.     

Playing musical chairs with land use obligations: Market-based instruments and environmental public policies in Brazil

In Brazil, market-based instruments focusing on land use dimensions are increasingly promoted as a means to make public environmental policies effective. Landowners and farmers call for more flexible regulations and economic incentives to adopt ecologically sound practices, while public agencies and conservation NGOs seek new ways of financing and legitimising legal standards. Market-based instruments are considered by these actors as having the potential to both achieve their own goals and conciliate all interests. As a result, legal frameworks (including cap-and-trade systems, biodiversity offsetting and payments for ecosystem services) are being designed which allow to exchange land use rights and obligations. Under a sociolegal approach, this article provides an overview of such instruments. It shows to what extent they may entail a reconfiguration of the burden sharing and the priority setting of nature conservation. Depending on how actors use legal standards, their responsibilities may be eased and the level of conservation may be lowered, both facts that raise significant controversy.     

基于ANP-PP-SPA的区域洪灾风险评价模型研究

针对现有洪灾风险评价模型的缺陷与不足,从致灾因子、孕灾因子、承灾因子和减灾因子4个方面,通过对14项评价指标的分析与计算,构建洪灾风险评价体系。洪灾风险评价体系以网络层次分析法(ANP)求解主观权重,投影寻踪法(PP)求解客观权重,主客观综合权重与集对分析理论(SPA)耦合,构建基于ANP-PP-SPA的洪灾风险评价模型。以广东省英德市为例,验证洪灾风险评价模型的适用性。计算结果表明,英德市2016年的洪灾风险属于中等级别,符合英德市2016年的实际情况。洪灾风险评价模型不仅综合考虑了评价指标间的相互关系,还较好地体现了洪灾风险的模糊性和随机性,能够为区域洪灾风险决策和洪水管理提供科学依据。     

Switzerland’s transition from flood defence to flood-adapted land use–A policy coordination perspective

This contribution examines Switzerland’s shift towards integrated flood risk management from a policy coordination perspective. The study applies a heuristic framework of policy coordination to explore how adaption needs promoted cross-sectoral policy coordination between hydraulic engineering and land use planning and enhanced coherence in flood policies targeting extreme flood events. To account for the temporal dimension in policy coordination, the article traces Swiss flood policies back to the early 1800s and distinguishes four phases of policy coordination. Across the four periods, the analysis focuses on (a) the drivers of policy coordination, (b) the manifestation of policy coordination in terms of policy frames, goals, instruments and subsystem involvement, and (c) the performance of policy coordination. Complemented by an in-depth case study of cross-sectoral flood policies in the Swiss canton Nidwalden findings show that the coordination between flood and land use policies has primarily been driven by three factors: (i) extreme floods as focusing events, (ii) an increasing problem pressure, and (iii) strategic reorientations in flood and land use policies. Today, flood risk management in Switzerland displays a high degree of sectoral interplay between hydraulic engineering and spatial planning. By fostering flood-adapted land uses Switzerland’s coordinated flood policies reduce the vulnerability to uncertain future changes in flood risk and strengthen the country’s capacities to mitigate damage in extreme floods events.