县级土壤环境功能区划研究与示范——以登封市为例

土壤是人类赖以生存与发展的物质基础,土壤环境功能区划是合理开发利用与有效保护管理的重要基础性工作。土壤环境功能区划工作亟须详细展开,且区划方案因尺度不同而异。县级土壤环境功能区划结果要求更具体、可操作性更强。文章深入分析了县级土壤环境功能区划的区划思路、区划原则、区划方法、区划依据与指标体系等区划方案,并以河南省登封市为例进行县级土壤环境功能区划示范研究。登封市土壤环境功能区划分为4级:一级区划分为生产功能区、生活功能区、生态功能区等3类;二级区划分为基本农田种植区、一般农业发展区、商品林生产种植区、农村居民区、城镇建设区、独立工矿区、港口与交通用地区、生态公益林种植区、生态安全控制区、自然景观与文化遗产保护区、湿地保护区、草地保护区等12类;三、四级区划分别根据土壤环境质量现状、潜在风险等进行空间100m格网大小评价并各划分为5个等级。该研究关于县级土壤环境功能区划方案与示范应用,为土壤环境保护与可持续利用提供科学参考,也可为其他地区县级土壤环境功能区划提供科学借鉴。     

韩国乡村振兴地域制度及对我国的启示

目的 伴随着城镇化的快速发展、劳动力缺失、耕地效益低下等问题的出现,有效保护耕地和提高耕地利用率成为我国目前亟待解决的重要问题。方法 文章通过文献分析法和对比分析法,总结韩国乡村振兴地域制度建立的背景、主要框架和运行成效,提出对我国的启示。结果 为加强对农田的保护和利用,20世纪90年代韩国实施了农业振兴地域制度。该制度将农业振兴地域划分为农业振兴区和农业保护区,推行农业支援政策、实行人才培养和完善基础建设等一系列举措,在推进农业现代化、提高农民收入、保护耕地、保护农民权益等方面成效显著。结论 通过分析韩国农业振兴地域制度发展的经验,从健全法律体系、粮食主产区内划分现代农业重点区、实行粮食主产区的差异补贴政策、重视农业人才培养四个方面提出适合我国地区发展的农业振兴策略,以期为我国农业的持续发展提供参考。     

The Edmonton-Calgary corridor: Simulating future land cover change under potential government intervention

The region connecting Edmonton and Calgary, the two largest cities in Alberta, contains rich agricultural land and is one of the most rapidly changing areas in the province. There is little legislation to restrict urban sprawl or adequately protect agricultural land or native grasslands, and there has been little research to predict future alteration. The main study objectives are, therefore, to assess historical changes in the Edmonton-Calgary corridor from 1984 to 2013 and simulate the future landscape change to 2022 under potential government intervention scenarios. Satellite imagery from Landsat, used in conjunction with biogeophysical variables, was used to create a history of cover in the Edmonton-Calgary area. This history of the environment can be used as a baseline to project changes into the future. Testing different legislative scenarios under two major branches of modifying rates of change or locations of change can be used to identify effective policies for limiting damage to the environment while still allowing for urban growth. Five scenarios were created for this purpose: (1) business as usual, (2) increased rate of urban expansion, (3) no urban expansion, (4) implementation of greenbelts around urban areas, (5) protection of the best agricultural land. This study finds that over the past 30 years, urban area has nearly doubled in size, targeting predominately farmland, especially due to an increase in rural subdivisions. Each scenario impacts growth differently, however, greenbelts and the no expansion model decease growth the most, while the agricultural protection is comparable to the business as usual scenario.     

基于土壤生态环境的县域基本农田保护区划 --—以浙江省嘉善县为例

通过嘉善县表层土壤采样分析,取得了0.5km×0.5km网格密度的土壤元素数据,依据绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准、农用地肥力分级标准、土地富硒标准、灌溉水水质标准,评价土壤生态环境质量.综合各评价成果,结合土壤重金属累积及酸化速率,依据嘉善县基本农田约束性保护指标,应用GIS划定该县基本农田保护区.     

Developing grain production policy in terms of multiple cropping systems in China

Multiple cropping is one of the simplest ways to increase grain production, and it has an important role in the food security of China. This paper evaluates the multiple cropping systems of China, and identifies the regional obstacles that limit the use of multiple cropping with the aim to give some implications for developing grain production policy. A time series analysis of remote sensing data coupled with an econometrics model—stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) was used to derive the multiple cropping index (MCI), potential multiple cropping index (PMCI), multiple cropping efficiency (MCE), and potential increment of multiple cropping index (PIMCI) to evaluate the multiple cropping systems. Regional obstacles to the use of multiple cropping were identified by zoning socioeconomic and ecological environmental factors that impact its application. The MCE of China in 2005 was 87.5%, with a gap of 22% between the MCI and the PMCI. The Bohai Rim, the rim of Tianshan Mountain, the Sichuan Basin, and the middle reach of Yangtze River are the main regions that larger PIMCI could be anticipated. The whole country (excluding areas that lacked data) was divided into seven distinct regions in terms of the impact factors and further classified into low-efficiency high-potential regions (LHRs), high-efficiency low-potential regions (HLRs), high-efficiency medium-potential regions (HMRs), and medium-efficiency high-potential regions (MHRs) according to regional multiple cropping performance. Considering about the obstacles and benefits to each region, different strategies should be implemented to different regions for regional grain production increase. Special attention should be paid to the improvement of MCE in north and southwest China with the expectation to increase grain production of China. The results would help implement “The plan to increase grain production capacity by 50 million tons nationwide” launched by the central government of China.     

粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿研究

粮食主产区担负着保障国家粮食安全的重任,农田水利是农业生产的基础。在新型城镇化背景下,妇女是农业生产的主要劳动力。粮食主产区妇女的农田水利管理模式偏好及参与灌溉管理意愿对确保粮食安全至关重要。结果表明,集体化、家庭化解决了分散、细碎农地的灌溉问题,乡村精英能降低农田水利市场化程度,男性青壮年劳动力可缓解农田水利的灌溉压力。"单打独斗"的灌溉管理模式不足以保障水田作物的季节性需求。农村教育、耕地面积、乡村精英管理有助于增进妇女参与农田灌溉管理的意愿。     

土地整治功能分区及其整治方向研究

[目的]土地整治的目标开始由注重"新增耕地"向注重"区域功能"转变,土地整治内涵由此得到延伸。同时,也迫切需要推进以提升区域功能为导向的土地整治分区研究。[方法]文章针对我国土地整治分区管理的需求,基于我国地理环境的背景差异及地域功能的定位、土地整治内涵的演变,运用要素加权叠加法、空间聚类分析法和专家经验判断法与区划对比分析法等开展土地整治功能分区。[结果]该文构建并提出了以功能导向为核心的土地整治分区体系和方案,将我国土地整治按地域功能划分为:(1)以生态修复、保护和建设为主的生态功能保育区,(2)以基本农田建设、农地开发整理、提高区域耕地的生产能力为主的粮食安全保障功能区,(3)以城乡用地统筹整治、城市用地内部挖掘为主的经济发展支持功能区,(4)以划定保护区、保护性建设为主的景观文化维护功能区等4种类型区,进一步结合东北平原区、华北平原区、黄土高原区等12个地理空间单元,组合为61个土地整治功能一级分区。在此基础上,评价一级功能区内各县域单元土地整治功能,识别出景观文化维护功能、粮食安全保障功能、生态建设功能、生态保护功能、城镇发展优化功能和城镇发展集聚功能,续分土地整治功能二级分区即各县域的土地整治功能。[结论]基于功能导向的土地整治分区反映了区域功能及其关系对土地整治分区的引导作用,为分区管控和引导提供了科学依据,这对提升区域功能和加强土地利用功能的联系和互动起到重要的作用。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Relative Efficiency of Policy Instruments to Reduce Nitrate Water Pollution in the U.S. Southern High Plains

This paper develops a modeling framework for evaluating alternative water quality protection policies. The framework integrates the EPIC-PST crop growth/chemical transport model and a mathematical programming model. The framework is applied to the evaluation of four water quality policies in the southern high plains of the United States:
• restrictions on per-acre nitrogen use,
• taxes on nitrogen use,
• taxes on irrigation water use, and
• incentives to convert conventional irrigation systems to modem irrigation technology. The results indicate that producers would make a variety of adjustments in responding to these policies. Important responses might include reductions in nitrogen and water use, crop substitution, removal of land from crop production and conversion from irrigated to dryland production. These four policies are evaluated based on changes in farm income and social welfare. The irrigation system conversion incentive clearly outperforms other policies from both society's and producers points of view. Producers would prefer nitrogen use restrictions to nitrogen or water use taxes because farm income would be reduced less under the restrictions than under the taxes. Nitrogen use taxes, however, are more desirable than nitrogen use restrictions from society's point of view.     

基本农田补贴标准探讨——以佛山市为例

通过对佛山市基本农田保护区的调查,结合外出打工最低工资标准、农田收益、土地租金等因素,探讨基本农田补贴标准。研究得出:基于外出打工最低工资标准与农田收益差异而确定的基本农田补贴标准为2593元/亩·年;基于土地租金收益差额而确定的基本农田补贴标准为1250元/亩·年;基于农保区问卷调查结果而确定的基本农田补贴标准为1400元/亩·年。该补贴标准为广东省,乃至全国其他地区基本农田或耕地补贴提供参考。     

基于ARIMA模型的中国玉米单产潜力分析

在中国玉米单产的AEZ(农业生态区划)模型潜力基础上,运用ARIMA(自回归单整移动平均)模型,基于1949—2018年数据预测2023年前中国玉米单产.结果表明:2019、2020、2021、2022和2023年中国玉米单产分别为6293、6458、6627、6801和6979 kg/hm2,分别是AEZ模型潜力上限...     

Modeling of ecosystem services informs spatial planning in lands adjacent to the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht protected area in northern Iran

Dynamic models of ecosystem services supply and scenario analysis of changes in multiple services are being increasingly used to support land use planning and decision making. This approach reduces potential and real conflicts among various stakeholders potentially creating win–win solutions for all. It is particularly applicable in areas where insufficient land for agriculture and settlements is resulting in high rates of conversion of natural forest and grasslands. We quantified and mapped multiple ecosystem services, including habitat provision as a proxy for biodiversity, carbon storage and sequestration, and water balance and supply in the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht region of the globally-significant Hyrcanian (Caspian) forests in northern Iran using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs tool. This region is experiencing a rapidly increasing rate of forest conversion and as a result, the protected area located within the study landscape is threatened by human encroachment. Plausible future landscapes were modeled under three scenarios: (i) business as usual; (ii) protection-based zoning which reflects an expansion of the protected area boundary to prevent land use changes; and (iii) collaborative zoning through redefining the protection boundary simultaneously with an adjustment to meet local stakeholders’ objective of expansion of anthropogenic cover. The results showed that the collaborative zoning scenario would best contribute to effective policy because it presents a more rational spatial configuration of the landscape maintaining the provision of ecosystem services. This scenario may lead to reduced environmental impacts while achieving less conflict between the government and local communities. These results will help to inform and shape natural resource management policies in Iran and is applicable elsewhere in the world.     

Integrating strict protection and sustainable use areas to preserve the Brazilian Pampa biome through conservation planning

Biodiversity conservation planning must be ecosystem-specific and take into account human needs as food production. The Pampa biome is a temperate grassland with high species richness and with an important role in food production in South America. Here we present the first formal Systematic Conservation Planning for the Brazilian part of the Pampa, which is the least protected biome in Brazil. We aimed to build conservation scenarios where at least 17 % of the biome area were protected, following the 11^th Aichi target for terrestrial lands protection according to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Our conservation targets were the vegetation types of this biome. Three scenarios were built varying in their proportions of strict protection (SP) and sustainable use areas (SU): Permissive scenario (5 % SP, 12 % SU); Intermediate scenario (10 % SP, 7 % SU) and Restrictive scenario (15 % SP, 2 % SU). Urban and rural areas, as well as bovine and ovine density, were used as prioritization costs, aiming to minimize possible conservation conflicts. Four main clusters of priority areas to protect the vegetational diversity can be observed in all scenarios and should be considered when implementing future protected areas in this threatened biome. Sustainable use areas are suitable for low-density livestock raising, combining biodiversity protection and food production, but strictly protected areas are still important to species most affected by livestock. The combination of strict protection and sustainable use areas can be effective in similar biomes. It should be considered in future international negotiations, such as the 2020 Conference to be held in Beijing, opening new strategies to achieve the 17 % of land protection. We expect that this Systematic Conservation Planning reinforces the recently started scientific discussion regarding the conservation of non-forest ecosystems in Brazil.     

Analysis of the spatial mismatch of grain production and farmland resources in China based on the potential crop rotation system

At present, China’s grain production pattern runs counter to the distribution patterns of farmland resources and water-heat conditions. It is urgently important to conduct research on the spatial matching of grain production and farmland resources. Based on the Potential Crop Rotation data, with regards to the situations of irrigation and rain feeding, this paper builds a measuring model of potential farmland, and separately measures the spatial matching index of grain yield with actual and potential farmland resources, thus revealing China’s grain production pattern. The results indicate that serious spatial mismatch exists between grain production and farmland resources in China. Take the potential crop rotation system into consideration, the spatial mismatch of grain yield and potential farmland resources has been aggravated by the grain production barycenter’s shift to the north China, with low Crop Rotation Index. The function-promoting regions of grain production in China are going through two evolution patterns of “northward and southward expansion” and “westward movement and northward expansion,” respectively. Inefficient use of farmland mainly occurs in the fragile ecological environments, such as the farming-pastoral ecotone of Northern China, the northwest area of Xinjiang and the southwest karst landform areas. The inefficient use of and the decreasing amount of available farmland have become the main causes of the decline in grain production. The problems facing Chinese agriculture caused by the spatial mismatch include the imbalance in regional structures, ecological risks, agricultural production risks, and the risk of food price. In order to cope with these problems, this paper provides some advices on protecting farmland acreage, expanding farmland potential, ensuring the safety of water resources, and extending the industrial grain chain. Our paper additionally proposes policy reforms and innovations designed to ensure the implementation of the above measures, so as to commonly defuse China’s food security crisis.     

耕地质量潜力分级与分区研究——以武汉市江夏区为例

在分析武汉市耕地质量评价成果的基础上,以耕地质量评价成果为基础,耕地因子组合为单元,GIS软件为支撑,进行耕地质量改造潜力分级和分区,根据武汉市江夏区耕地质量改造潜力分级结果,找出江夏区不同改造潜力级分布单元,综合划分得到45个潜力区片,其结果可以为基本农田划定选区、土地整理重点区域划定选区、高产农田规划项目选址等提供可借鉴的思路和方法。     

A framework proposal for sustainability assessment of sugarcane in Brazil

In many countries, the biofuels sector was encouraged to expand its activities supported by public policies incentives, especially to achieve improvements in energy security and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The Brazilian government followed these initiatives and undertook some responsibilities against the international scenario related to climate change. One of the theses commitments concerning actions to reduce the GEE emissions by some 37% by 2020. The Sugarcane Agroecology Zoning provides technical subside to policy makers to direct sugarcane expansion to permitted areas and a sustainable production in Brazil and is considered a guideline to sustainable sugarcane production in Brazil. However, although aiming at a sustainable production, the zoning only considered natural aspects of the country, as soils and climate and an approach that consider all the dimensions of the sustainability is still missing. Hence, this paper aims to propose a framework to evaluate biofuel sustainability to support public policies, especially concerning improvements in Brazilian decision-supporting tools.     

耕地整理潜力评价指标体系研究——以湖南省攸县为例

从耕地整理的主体工程出发,采用层次分析法,多因素综合分析法建立耕地整理潜力评价指标体系并实现指标的定量化,并以湖南省攸县鸭塘铺土地整理项目为例进行分析.研究结果表明:耕地整理潜力评价,主要从可利用空间扩展、生产力提高、生产成本降低和生态环境改善等四个方面选取指标,将土地平整工程、田间道路工程、农田水利工程和其他工程所要达到的目标进行定量化,定量反映和衡量耕地整理潜力.为耕地整理潜力评价提供一条思路与方法,为土地整理决策与规划设计提供科学的依据.     

耕地生产、生态功能视角下巨型城市区耕地补偿分区与补偿金配置研究

研究目的：探讨巨型城市区耕地生产、生态多功能需求下耕地补偿分区及补偿金配置模式。研究方法：文献资料法和模型分析法。研究结果：耕地补偿分区以耕地功能供需关系为直接依据,以区域公平为出发点;食物生产功能应是各级补偿分区的第一准则,生态服务功能应作为该功能需求强烈的巨型城市区的第二准则;复杂的层级式行政管理体制下,粮食安全视角的补偿金配置应以省级补偿关系为起点,兼顾土地利用效率理论及区域主体功能定位,采用自上而下的路径配置到末级实施单元;生态安全视角的耕地补偿面向巨型城市区内部,补偿分区及补偿金测算可直接到末级实施单元,不需要复杂的资金配置体系。研究结论：提出“粮食安全与生态安全二元制的巨型城市区耕地补偿分区模式及补偿金配置模型”,珠三角的案例分析验证了模式及模型的良好可行性。     

Delineation of a permanent basic farmland protection area around a city centre: Case study of Changzhou City,China

The delineation of permanent basic farmland will safeguard the production baseline of China’s agricultural development by securing easily appropriated, high-quality farmland surrounding urban areas, thereby strictly controlling the use of farmland (especially high-quality farmland surrounding urban areas) facing accelerated urban expansion. This study researched the delineation of permanent basic farmland in a typical region undergoing rapid urbanization. By constructing a systematic classification model, farmland was classified into matrix, edge, and island farmlands in order to analyze farmland contiguity and fragmentation. Based on the indicator requirements of various plans related to farmland, an evaluation indicator system was constructed in order to develop an evaluation model for comprehensive farmland productivity. From the perspective of farmland spatial contiguity and highly efficient productivity, a delineation model for permanent basic farmland was proposed to delimit the permanent protection and utilization boundaries for high-quality farmland around urban areas. The results show the following: (1) matrix and edge farmlands can intuitively display farmland contiguity characteristics; (2) comprehensive farmland productivity was closely related to farmland spatial patterns, supporting infrastructure, and policy management and protection; and (3) there was a high degree of spatial overlap between contiguous and highly productive farmland. The model took both comprehensive farmland productivity and spatial clustering into consideration in order to delineate permanent basic farmland, which is a beneficial factor in protecting farmland quality and safeguarding sustainable farmland utilization. It can also be used as a control line to limit urban sprawl, guide urban cluster development, and improve economical and intensive urban land use.     

Linking ecosystem services trade-offs,bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China

Understanding the co-occurrence of multiple ecosystem services within farming systems and how they are associated across space are relatively new topics. Quantifying ecosystem services and their interactions as dependent on cropland management can help to formulate a more effective and sustainable land use management system. However, current academic efforts and cropland management practices based on the perspective of ecosystem services bundles and tradeoffs remain limited, especially in developing countries. This paper aimed to integrate ecosystem services into cropland protection and functional zoning. Taking Cixi County in the Hangzhou Bay area, China, as the case study area, five typical ecosystem services (food supply, carbon sequestration, hydrological regulation, soil fertility and recreation potential) delivered by croplands and their correlations were quantitatively assessed. The results demonstrated a heterogeneous spatial pattern of multiple ecosystem services and diverse interactions between them, which depended on regional specific conditions and agricultural activities. Further, we adopted the framework of ecosystem services bundles as a planning tool to support the spatial strategy of cropland management. Cropland protection priority and functional zoning were determined by hotspot analysis and clustering algorithms, respectively. The croplands in Cixi were classified into three protection grades and a zoning scheme comprising four functional types with policy guidelines was proposed based on the spatial cluster results. The integrative approach used in this study is applicable to supplement the current cropland management actions by incorporating the perspective of ecosystem services tradeoff and bundles.     

中国的灌溉发展及其作用

分析中国发展灌溉的必要性,回顾农业灌溉的发展状况,从提高作物产量、保障供水安全、粮食安全、增加农民收入、创造就业机会和改善生态环境等6个方面论述了中国灌溉及农村水利事业的巨大成就,并提出提高灌溉用水利用率和效益、改善农业生产条件、解放农村劳动力、促进农业结构调整以及增加生态系统用水、改善农村地区生态环境等建议。