Core and supplemental elements of hospitality in the sharing economy: Insights from semantic and tonal cues in Airbnb property listings

Advances in peer-to-peer sharing, made popular by platforms like Airbnb, have altered previous conceptualizations of the lodging hospitality product. This study performs semantic and tonal analyses on a large-scale dataset collected from Airbnb. Our results support a concept of lodging hospitality that comprises core products and services, supplemental customer care, and a third factor we term ‘host sharing.’ Furthermore, the study offers insight into the topics and rhetorical tactics currently defining lodging hospitality marketing on the Airbnb platform. These findings can be used to provide guidance for Airbnb hosts to provide suitable information in their listings.     

Measuring perceived risk in sharing economy: A classical test theory and item response theory approach

Sharing economy is considered as a disruptive innovation in the Internet age and inevitably brings huge concerns and risks for tourists. This study aims to develop a multidimensional scale to understanding the tourist risk perception in the sharing economy (TPRSE). First, focus group interviews, and online text analysis were conducted to elicit the initial items. Second, pilot survey involving a sample size of 218 was conducted, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response theory (IRT) were applied to refine this preliminary item pool. Third, the TPRSE scale was further validated using the CFA and IRT (n = 745). The TPRSE scale was successfully developed and validated, which including five dimensions of financial risk, social risk, privacy risk, performance risk and physical risk. This study advances the theories of risk perception in the context of sharing economy and provides management strategies to reduce perceived risks in Airbnb accommodations.     

Recontextualising gender in entrepreneurial leadership

Drawing on the literature examining the nexus between gender, entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial performance, this article critically explores a framework for analysing the role of gender in shaping entrepreneurial performance and leadership in tourism firms in a non-western context. Utilising a poststructural feminist lens that challenges normative accounts of entrepreneurial leadership practices, a qualitative analysis of interview data from tourism entrepreneurs in Ghana and Nigeria provides evidence of how entrepreneurial performances and leadership are gendered, fluid and constantly being negotiated. The article extends current discussions within tourism entrepreneurship to engage more meaningfully with gender, thereby assisting in deconstructing homogenous, fixed conceptualisation of entrepreneurial leadership - often evident within the broader leadership and entrepreneurship literature dominated by Anglo-Western approaches.     

Appreciative and consumptive lodging attributes: Conceptualization and measurement

This study uses an appreciative-consumptive (A-C) approach in the conceptualization and measurement of lodging attributes. While the A-C framework has been effectively utilized in related fields like recreation and tourism, it remains undeveloped in the context of lodging. The purpose of this study is to elucidate a conceptual application of the A-C framework to the lodging sector, develop a scale that can be used to measure A-C constructs in the context of lodging for leisure travelers, and demonstrate the research and practical utility of this scale via use in a structural model and cluster analysis. The instrument developed in this study is dubbed the Appreciative-Consumptive Lodging Attribute Scale (A-CLAS). The A-CLAS is envisaged to represent a means for novel research into the study of lodging attributes, and a compelling new platform from which to envision the design, management, and maintenance of the lodging experience.     

From entrepreneurial orientation to sustainability orientation: The role of cognitive proximity in companies in tourist destinations

This study straddles the entrepreneurship and sustainability literatures by analysing the existence of a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between a company's entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and sustainability orientation (SO) and the effect of cognitive proximity (CP) on this relationship in cultural tourist destinations (CTDs). The empirical analysis was carried out on a sample of 238 companies belonging to World Heritage Cities in Peru. The results show a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between EO and SO. Thus, only when companies in CTDs have consolidated their strategic commitment to economic interests do they tend to enhance their strategic commitment to social and environmental matters. Additionally, the curvilinear shape of the relationship is attenuated, approaching a linear relationship for elevated levels of CP. This is because CP can make it easier for tourism companies to detect and take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities to configure superior service experiences linked to sustainability. Companies located in CTDs in developing countries should strengthen their proactivity, innovativeness and risk-taking so as to bolster their SO. These companies should also develop networks with agents that share their values, goals and language to boost the connection between their strategic commitments to entrepreneurship and sustainability.     

The interface between hospitality and tourism entrepreneurship,integration and well-being: A study of refugee entrepreneurs

Previous hospitality and tourism entrepreneurship research has emphasized the economic and financial outcomes of entrepreneurship whilst paying less attention to social outcomes. Specifically, minimal academic attention, both in mainstream entrepreneurship research and hospitality and tourism scholarship, has been paid to entrepreneurship as a means to facilitate the integration of refugees and enhance their well-being. To address this gap, this study aims to showcase how entrepreneurial activities in the hospitality and tourism industry contribute to the integration and subjective well-being of entrepreneurs. Drawing on data collected through 38 semi-structured interviews with Syrian refugee entrepreneurs in Turkey and the UK, the findings reveal that several factors influence the contribution of entrepreneurial activities to the integration of entrepreneurs and their families within the host society. Entrepreneurial activities also appear to have positive spillover effects on subjective well-being. This paper offers new insights into the social outcomes of hospitality and tourism entrepreneurship by conceptualizing and empirically supporting the relationship between hospitality entrepreneurship, integration and well-being.     

Sharing versus collaborative economy: how to align ICT developments and the SDGs in tourism?

Great hopes have been placed in the sharing economy to provide a new business model based on peer-to-peer (P2P) exchanges of underutilized assets. As a model, the sharing economy has been expected to make significant contributions to sustainability, providing new opportunities for entrepreneurship, more sustainable use of resources, and consumer co-operation in tight economic networks. However, in recent years, digital platforms have turned into the most important actors in the global sharing economy, turning global corporations, such as AirBnB, Booking, or TripAdvisor into intermediaries controlling and profiting from most transactions. Focused on accommodation, this paper conceptualizes the sharing economy in comparison to the wider collaborative economy, and discusses its social, economic, environmental, and political impacts in comparison to the sustainable development goals. It concludes that the sharing economy has great potential to make very significant contributions to sustainability, though the model is increasingly being replaced by the collaborative economy, which performs as an extension and acceleration of neoliberal economic practices.     

The intention to quit entrepreneurship in tourism SMEs: The effect of work addiction

Entrepreneurship is one of the fundamental tools in the generation of economic activity and labor in the tourism industry, with Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) playing a relevant role in the sector. Academic studies on entrepreneurship have focused more on the keys to entrepreneurial success, rather than on the factors leading to its abandonment. In the tourism sector, the lack of research on this matter is even more significant. In response to this gap in literature, this article aims to be a first approach to the study of work addiction as an antecedent of entrepreneurial abandonment. The main contribution of this study confirms the relationship between the different constructs that relate work addiction to entrepreneurship withdrawal. Thus, hypotheses relating driveness and lack of work enjoyment to the intention to quit entrepreneurship are supported. The hypothesis relating work involvement with the intention to quit is not supported, however. A number of important implications derive from this study. Among them, our results demonstrate that the relationship between workaholism and the intention to quit entrepreneurship in the tourist SME sector is supported, and that work enjoyment can act as a mediator strengthening the effect of the driveness to work on the intention to quit.     

The nature of ethical entrepreneurship in tourism

This article examines ethical entrepreneurship in tourism by developing a Weberian Ideal-Type Construct for an ethical tourism entrepreneur, and thereby deeper understanding of ethical tourism entrepreneurship. This research contributes to the extremely scarce literature at the academic juncture of ethics, tourism and entrepreneurship, which is significant as tourism is characterised by entrepreneurial idiosyncrasies with ethical challenges. The study is methodologically rooted in Personal Construct Theory. The qualitative findings from 15 semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs, who have been commended for their ethical business conduct, show that ethical entrepreneurship in tourism is based on intuitionism, care and relationships, future-orientation, humility and benevolence as key virtues. These findings challenge the more traditional views of entrepreneurial attributes, such as egoism, risk-taking and opportunism.     

Exit Planning of Lifestyle and Profit-Oriented Entrepreneurs in Bed and Breakfasts

ABSTRACT

With approximately 17,000 bed and breakfasts (B&Bs) currently in operation in the United States and the majority owned and managed by an entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial process becomes a focus of this sector of the lodging industry. This research examined the engagement in the entrepreneurial process, specifically exit planning among B&B owner/operators according to their entrepreneurial type (lifestyle or profit oriented). In addition, research questions evaluated motivational factors of job satisfaction, work–life balance, and family involvement related to exit planning. This study used a cross-sectional design comprised of B&B owner/operators, innkeepers, and entrepreneurs with geographic representation of the United States. This study concluded that B&B entrepreneurs are aware of and engaged in exit planning and the majority of B&B entrepreneurs are lifestyle entrepreneurs.     

生计资本视角下大都市近郊区农民旅游创业的影响因素——以北京市怀柔区莲花池村为例

十九大报告明确指出,促进农村一二三产业融合发展,支持和鼓励农民就业创业,拓宽增收渠道。乡村旅游是农民创业的热点行业,也是乡村振兴的重要举措。本研究以北京市怀柔区旅游山村莲花池村为例,利用半结构式访谈及田野调研资料,基于扎根理论分析了农民旅游创业的行动逻辑及影响因素,建立了创业者特征、创业条件以及创业环境3个主范畴下农民旅游创业的影响因素理论模型,采用二元logistic回归分析方法,从是否旅游创业、是否存续的角度,讨论了农民旅游创业因素作用的动态变化。研究发现：（1）农民旅游创业决策模型分为创业者与创业条件两个维度。其中,创业条件包括家庭人力资本、物质资本和社会资本;（2）农民旅游创业存在女性化、年轻化趋向,家庭劳动能力、道路便捷性是进行创业的先决条件,家庭社交支出、创业者周围人群以及区域大环境是创业存续的促进条件;（3）农民旅游创业主导因素由个体因素转为外部社会化因素。     

中国旅游与酒店创业研究回顾与展望--一个基于文献和实践调查的理论框架

自20世纪末大众旅游兴起,一批旅游与酒店创业企业开始出现,如今已发展成为当前旅游企业中的领跑者。在“大众创业万众创新”的政策出台与国内外旅游需求出现新变化的环境下,更加多元化的、庞大的旅游与酒店创业企业群体正在成长。与如此蓬勃发展的旅游创业实践相比,国内外旅游创业学术研究还没有深入展开。文章在对国内外旅游与酒店创业文献回顾的基础上,发现旅游创业研究在对创业理论中的几个基础维度,包括创业环境、创业主体、创业企业、创业过程和创业绩效以及这些维度间的关系方面需要进一步深入研究。进而,在一般创业理论框架基础上,提出了一个旅游与酒店创业研究的理论框架,并结合自2007年以来对70多家旅游与酒店企业实地调研所发现的管理实践问题,提出了一个研究问题清单,为后续学者拓展旅游与酒店创业研究提供借鉴参考。     

Innovation,entrepreneurship, and restaurant performance: A higher-order structural model

Drawing on theories from hospitality, innovation, and entrepreneurship, this study examines a higher-order structural model investigating business innovation, the owners' entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), and human capital as drivers of restaurant performance. The theoretically derived model was tested on data from 198 café and restaurant owners in Australia. The PLS-SEM analysis found restaurant innovation activities and the owner's ESE to positively influence restaurant performance. Furthermore, the six ESE dimensions had varying effects on restaurant performance, with ‘Developing new product and market opportunities’ having the strongest effect. In contrast, the entrepreneur's ‘human capital’, representing their levels of business ownership experience and entrepreneurship/industry education, did not significantly affect restaurant performance. However, human capital indirectly affected performance through innovation and ESE. The findings of this study advance theories in restaurant entrepreneurship and performance and present important implications for industry authorities to develop a successful and sustainable restaurant sector.     

The Place Identity - Performance relationship among tourism entrepreneurs: A structural equation modelling analysis

Drawing on the literature on tourism, entrepreneurship, environmental psychology, and corporate philanthropy, this research examines how place identity, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and support for community influence the entrepreneurial performance of small and medium tourism enterprise (SMTE) owners. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling are used to analyse the responses from 301 tourism entrepreneurs operating in regional South Australia. The data supports a model suggesting that the place identity of tourism entrepreneurs has a significant, positive effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and support for the community. Findings also suggest that the place identity of tourism entrepreneurs has a positive, indirect effect on entrepreneurial performance: a tourism entrepreneur’s sense of identity with the place in which his/her business operates contributes toward entrepreneurial success.     

Gender,tourism & entrepreneurship: A critical review

Dominant accounts of tourism entrepreneurship position successful entrepreneurial performance as masculine and economically informed; undervaluing gendered difference in approaches to entrepreneurship. When varying approaches are held in focus, women are positioned as ‘less than’, and in need of training and support. In reviewing the gender, tourism and entrepreneurship literature this paper draws attention to the marginal, yet decisive contributions of feminist postcolonial, political economy and poststructuralist approaches. Such approaches assist in questioning the implicit economic and masculine bias in the literature. Dominant definitions and evaluations of entrepreneurship need to be questioned, so as to challenge Global North conceptualizations of empowerment and success. Scholars ought to diversify the locations of research on entrepreneurship and gender, and engage more with policy critiques.     

琴瑟和鸣抑或相互掣肘?旅游业中家庭配偶的就业与创业--基于CGSS 2010--2015数据的实证研究

家庭是社会的基本单位,家庭中配偶的经济行为如何相互影响一直为西方经济社会学所关注。我国文化背景不同于西方,家庭经济行为也存在不同。本文利用中国综合社会调查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)2010年至2015年的数据,以旅游业为例实证分析了我国家庭中配偶的不同就业形式对彼此创业的影响。本文以就业状态、类型、就业企业的所有制性质以及是否为全职就业对配偶就业进行了区分,结果发现,夫妻中一方在体制内就业会降低配偶生存型创业和机会型创业的概率;而在我国港澳台地区企业、外资企业和私营/民营企业的就业经历会提高配偶生存型创业的概率,但对机会型创业没有影响。在进一步将就业状态、创业划分为受雇就业、非正规就业、生存型创业和机会型创业后,结果发现,夫妻中一方的生存型创业会降低配偶机会型创业的概率,提高生存型创业的概率;而受雇就业和非正规就业会同时降低两种创业的概率。     

强关系网络移动社交平台旅游分享行为研究——基于微信与QQ用户的资料分析

在移动社交媒体时代,旅游分享已成为当下旅游者的行为偏好,越来越多的旅游者选择微信、QQ这类强关系移动社交平台进行分享。国内学界对移动社交平台旅游分享行为的研究随之日增,但少有文章从理论上系统地揭示旅游分享行为的过程与动因。文章采用扎根理论研究方法,构建反映强关系网络移动社交平台的旅游分享动态过程理论模型。将旅游分享行为动态过程划分为分享前因、分享实现与分享结果3个阶段,总结每个阶段的行为特征、表现方式及阶段之间的演替规律,并探讨这类旅游分享行为的特点与动因。研究发现,在旅游分享动机上,强关系移动社交平台强调情感联结与互动,从而旅游者受到与个体相关动机的影响更为显著;分享内容上,平台的强关系特性与熟人社交促使旅游者尽量避免分享负面信息;分享结果上,强关系移动社交平台的旅游分享能调节旅游者行中、行后的体验水平,并形成兼具网络时空拓展性与熟人圈规模局限性的口碑传播。     

Veza: An informal network of tourism entrepreneurs

This longitudinal research positioned at the juncture of tourism, entrepreneurship and transition economies studies investigates the specific informal personal network veza of tourism entrepreneurs. The study discusses the triggers of network formation and their role and utilisation through the entire business lifecycle. Findings demonstrate that veza ties have a dual role in the lifecycle both as main facilitator of entrepreneurial activity and as driver of success of entrepreneurial ventures by providing necessary resources and overcoming barriers in a turbulent institutional environment. This study contributes to tourism social sciences by providing an integrative framework to study the emergence, formation and utilisation of entrepreneurial informal networks in tourism in transition economies.     

The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism

The purpose of this study is to review entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism (H&T), draw a map of the evolving domain, and propose a framework for future research. The entrepreneurship literature is categorized by identifying the antecedents and consequences in the context of H&T. The study findings suggest that entrepreneurship research subjects in H&T are extended from developed countries to emerging economies. The research level begins at the meso level (firms) and gradually develops to the micro level (individual entrepreneurs) and macro level (environment). Entrepreneurship in H&T is currently rich in practice but poor in theoretical development. This study is one of the few to critically review entrepreneurship research in H&T. This paper identifies a range of research issues in H&T entrepreneurship.     

Effect of crowd wisdom on pricing in the asset-based sharing platform: An attribute substitution perspective

Technological advancement has led to the emergence of online platforms fueled by the sharing economy across various industries. This study focuses on Airbnb - a specific asset-based sharing platform in the hospitality industry. Applying the theory of attribute substitution, we explore the wisdom of the crowd manifested in online reviews, in impacting pricing. We found that online review valence and volume have a positive association with room price. Depending on the crowdedness of the location this association is stronger or weaker. Customers care more about room popularity (volume) in a certain area when the fast system of decision-making is triggered. When, however, the slow system is triggered, customers consider the crime rate of a location (valence). Findings show how environmental stimuli and customer reviews decide room price - a variable that was decided traditionally by companies (e.g., hotels). The research furthers our understanding on asset-based platforms in the sharing economy.