农民合作社技术扶贫的福利效应研究——基于江西省调研数据的实证

农民合作社技术扶贫是提升贫困户可持续发展能力与体现合作社益贫性的重要途径。本文基于江西省贫困地区的实地调研数据,运用内生转换回归模型分析了农民合作社技术扶贫的福利效应。研究结果表明,参加合作社技术扶贫会显著改善贫困户福利水平,贫困户家庭总收入提高了33.6%;贫困户是否参加合作社技术扶贫存在异质性;种植年限、了解合作社、与贫困户交流、参加合作社培训与观摩、政府推广技术对贫困户参加合作社技术扶贫有促进作用,户主性别、与村委会距离则呈负向影响。     

乡村内生型农机服务市场形成机理及其运行机制研究

大国小农是我国的基本农情.未来相当一段时间,小规模兼业农户仍将是我国农业经营的主要微观主体.内生型农机服务市场能够有效连接小农户与农机服务提供者,有助于解决因土地细碎化而产生的高交易成本问题,为此,本文重点揭示了内生型农机服务市场的形成机理,设计了其运行机制.研究发现,小农户分散且多元的农机服务需求是内生型农机服务市场...     

The tilling of land in a changing climate: Empirical evidence from the Nile Basin of Ethiopia

Empirical studies point to reduced tillage as a means to increase yields and reverse land degradation. A relatively neglected avenue of research concerns why farmers increase tillage frequencies. Using household-plot level panel data from the Nile Basin of Ethiopia, this article applies a random effects ordered probit endogenous switching regression model to empirically investigate the impact of weather events and other conditioning factors on farmers’ choice of tillage intensity and the effect of changing tillage frequencies on differences in farm returns. Results indicate that, while low frequency tillage is more likely in drier areas, plot-level shocks (such as pests and diseases) are key variables in the choice of high-frequency tillage. Adoption of a low-till approach leads to increasing farm returns in low-moisture areas but high-frequency tillage provides higher returns in high-rainfall areas. Understanding how farmers’ tillage options correlate with climatic conditions and farm economies is salient for developing effective adaptation and mitigation plans.     

The incidence of agricultural policy on the land market in Poland: Two-dimensional and multilevel analysis

Research has shown that the reform of the CAP which broke the link between subsidies and production (the decoupling reform) has had little effect on farmers’ demand for land under the SPS (Single Payment Scheme) system. For this reason, in the conditions of the SPS, there is petrifaction of the structure of agricultural land, and an upward trend in prices on the market for agricultural land should not be expected to continue in the long term. Under the conditions of the SAPS (Single Area Payment Scheme), which applies in the EU-12 new Member States, the position in the market for agricultural land is different. However, most research carried out in Europe relates to the SPS system, where marginal changes in the value of land are identified as a result of the incidence of agricultural policy, as well as quantitative and qualitative attributes of particular properties. Under SAPS, these issues have not been sufficiently investigated. The authors have attempted to fill that gap, constructing a two-dimensional and multilevel econometric model for land prices in a leading agricultural region of Poland based on a sample of 653 transactions in the years 2010–2013. The aim is to determine how policy, as well as various quantitative and qualitative features, including location factors, affect the prices of land under SAPS. The results indicate, among other things, the key importance of the functional type of rural areas – properties in agrotouristic areas gained 43% higher prices on average than those in agricultural areas. Another finding of interest is that LFA and agro-environmental payments decapitalise the value of land.     

Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation: evidence from Uganda

This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions regarding income strategies, participation in programs and organisations, crop choices, land management, and labour use, and their implications for agricultural production and soil erosion; based upon a survey of over 450 households and their farm plots in Uganda. Many factors have context-specific impacts and involve trade-offs between increasing production and reducing land degradation. Government agricultural extension and training programs contribute to higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion in the highlands. By contrast, non-governmental organization (NGO) programs focusing on agriculture and environment help to reduce erosion, but have less favourable impacts on production in the lowlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production in the lowlands. Poverty has mixed impacts on agricultural production, depending on the nature of poverty: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households with fewer livestock have lower crop production. Population pressure contributes to agricultural intensification, but also to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Several household income strategies contribute to increased value of crop production, without significant impacts on soil erosion. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit, land tenure or title on agricultural intensification and crop production and land degradation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural production and reduce land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few 'win-win' opportunities to simultaneously increase production and reduce land degradation.     

我国农村土地承包权退出的地方探索与基本判断——基于四川省内江市的改革实践

四川省内江市大胆推进农村土地经营权退出改革,为破解工业化进程中的"二兼滞留"问题提供了重要经验。内江实践证明了农村土地承包权退出是在新型城镇化和农业现代化进程不可逆转的背景下重构农村人地关系的必然趋势,是破解农村土地资源稀缺与闲置并存矛盾、加快农业现代化进程的客观要求,但城市就业预期的不稳定性、土地的保障性和增值性预期决定着退出土地承包权将是一个长期过程。     

负责任的农地投资理念：兴起、实践与启示

研究目的:追溯负责任的农地投资理念在全球范围的兴起过程,以代表性案例为基础梳理负责任的农地投资实践,揭示其对中国推进新型农地流转的启示意义。研究方法:文献梳理、案例研究、比较分析。研究结果:工商和金融资本的介入使得中国的农地流转愈发具有农地投资色彩,防范农地资本化的负面社会效应需要引入负责任的农地投资理念;负责任的农地投资实践旨在实现可持续的经济回报和社会回报,其要点体现为全周期实践、突出重点实践和循证实践。研究结论:中国应当结合国情实际,以负责任的农地投资理念为导向,着力构建\"政府监管、行业自律、机构负责、社区参与\"的农地投资模式。     

农地流转的化肥减量效应——基于地权流动性与稳定性的分析

研究目的:基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2015年数据,探究不同规模和契约下农地流转对农户化肥减量使用的影响机理,为协调农地流转与化肥减量政策提供参考。研究方法:内生转换模型(ESRM)。研究结果:(1)全样本农户的计量模型结果表明农地转入对农户化肥使用强度影响并不显著,种植产业结构变化会引起化肥使用量的巨大变化,机耕道路的完善、农户人均收入的提高有利于化肥减量,有灌溉设施反而会增加化肥使用强度,东中部化肥使用强度也高于西部地区。(2)针对不同规模和契约的分析表明,规模流转有利于发挥地权流动性效应,流转期限延长则可以稳定转入土地的经营权,从而显著降低农户化肥使用强度,同时,规模流转农户化肥使用强度主要受土地质量影响,而小农户化肥使用主要受种植产业结构、机耕道路、灌溉设施、人均收入等因素影响,相较于长期流转,短期流转农户更受限于家庭收入、农业劳动力、年龄等因素而过量使用化肥。(3)异质性分析结果表明,规模扩张对经济作物种植化肥减量作用更明显,而长期流转对粮食作物种植化肥减量影响更显著。研究结论:农地流转对农户化肥使用行为的影响因不同规模与契约而异,政府应协调推进农地流转和化肥减量运动,改善地权流动性以提高要素使用效率,保障地权稳定性以优化农地投资决策,还应针对不同区域、不同类型农户采取差异化政策。     

Natural Areas, the whole countryside approach and sustainable agriculture

Natural Areas are biogeographical zones which reflect the geological foundation, the natural systems and processes, and the wildlife in different parts of England, and provide a framework for setting objectives for nature conservation. This paper argues, with particular reference to agro-ecosystems, that there is a need for an integrated, whole countryside approach to Natural Areas based on the principles of ‘strong’ sustainable development. In practice, this means the delineation of conservation objectives for the whole of each Natural Area and the application of policy instruments designed to address the causes of environmental loss and deterioration. The latter requires, it is argued, a structural analysis of generic environmental issues. A generic issues approach is required in order to avoid the pitfalls of environmental ‘symptom management’ (environmental managerialism), an approach which dominates current environmental and agri-environmental policy. Necessary as such discrete action programmes and measures may be as short-term ‘fire-fighting’ responses to immediate threats, environmental managerialism as a policy framework epitomises a non-holistic and ‘disintegrated’ approach to nature conservation. The paper goes on to discuss the configuration of agri-environmental policy that will be required to address generic agricultural impacts on biodiversity and the constraints and opportunities for its implementation that are likely to arise within the context of further CAP reform and the forthcoming round of WTO negotiations.     

Valuing diversity for sustainable futures: A response to Wood and Lenné

The paper addresses the claim made recently in this journal [Wood, D., Lenné, J.M., 2005. ‘Received Wisdom’ in agricultural land use policy: 10 years on from Rio. Land Use Policy 22, 75–93] that in situ agrobiodiversity conservation is anti-development. In particular, I argue that Wood and Lenné appear to have misinterpreted the human ecology paradigm. My proposition is that opportunities are emerging that effectively support local diversity for multiple conservation and development outcomes within marginal agricultural systems.     

中国粮食与农业环境双向安全战略思考

分析了中国粮食安全的3种基本观点,揭示了中国农业环境的严重态势,提出并论证了中国粮食安全的出路在于构建“以我为主”的粮食安全体系和实施“增粮于田”战略,阐述了“农田生态保育”环境战略的必要性与基本内涵。     

How does off-farm work affect chemical fertilizer application? Evidence from China’s mountainous and plain areas

There is a rising concern that the ongoing wave of off-farm employment will have profound effects on agriculture-based environment problems-measured by the intensity of chemical fertilizer (CF) usage. Yet, our understanding of the regional heterogeneities of this effect remains scant. This research gap is addressed by using panel data of selected cities in Sichuan and Henan provinces in China, which are representative mountainous and plain regions respectively, to empirically examine the impact of off-farm employment on CF use. Our findings indicated that there exists an inverted “U” shaped relationship between off-farm employment and CF use in the mountainous region, whereas CF use is positively correlated with off-farm employment in the plain area. The increased CF inputs, which resulted from the substitution effect and remittance effect, can compensate for the negative effect of labor loss, while land marginalization is the main reason for the decrease in CF consumption at the later stage of urbanization in the mountainous region. Meanwhile, the deagriculturalization of farmers’ employment patterns decreases the intensity of CF usage, which resulted from the scale effect produced by land transfer and large-scale management in the plain region. Besides, the evolution pattern of this effect may present a similar trend in these provinces, but the turning point of plain regions would appear later than that of mountainous areas due to the inherently unique physical conditions and socio-ecological contexts. Based on the empirical results of this paper, some policy recommendations are provided.     

农地发展权的设立和细化研究

本文试图从农地保护的角度分析农地发展权的内涵、归属,确定农地发展权的设定方案及其收益分配。研究结论是农地发展权应该由国家和农地所有者共享,具体来说可以分为由国家所有的基本发展权和由农地所有人拥有的实体发展权。并且通过对农地发展权的细化和量化研究,最终实现在保护农地的基础上也能够维护农民权益,从而达到社会效益最优。