Associating land use/cover information with land parcels represented in LADM

LADM design requires the association of external land use/cover information with cadastral land parcels. In addition to model design, related specifications are to be defined in the implementation. Yet, there are many severe obstacles against defining such specifications that are applicable to all cases. In this context, there are many different types of land use/cover classification systems for different purposes in different data quality, scale and content, which are either designed internationally or nationally. FAO Land Cover Classification System (LCCS), CORINE land cover, INSPIRE land use/cover themes, land use capability classification and Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) are common international examples.In this study, management of spatial land use/cover data in association with cadastral land parcels represented by LADM was studied in a pilot study area in Turkey. In this context, association of spatial information as sub-divisions of land parcels (sub-parcels) was studied. Different land use/cover data sets (four types) were specifically produced for this study with an LPIS like digitization method. For the association, special overlay operations with and without predefined XY tolerances were carried out. Effects of similar yet different data sets, spatial data consistency between the produced sub-parcel data sets and land parcels, and also errors were analyzed based on the results. It is found (1) that the level of detail (base production scale) of external land use/cover data set increases spatial association errors, (2) that using XY tolerances to reduce these errors causes data inconsistency and (3) that direct spatial harmonization of two data set may be a robust solution when it is possible. In this context, in order to contribute to the implementation of LADM in terms of spatial association of land parcels and external land use/cover data, together with these data processing and analysis work, LADM modelling abstraction, availability and data quality issues of external land use/cover data, updating and maintenance issues were also discussed.     

Agricultural landscape dynamics in response to economic transition: Comparisons between different spatial planning zones in Ningbo region,China

Many major agricultural regions worldwide are experiencing drastic landscape transformations. Examining the complex links among agricultural landscape dynamics (ALD), land use and land cover (LULC) change, socioeconomic development and government planning is pivotal to enhance the efficiency of agricultural landscape management. With a case of the Ningbo region (China), this paper employs the structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify and compare the relationships between ALD and economic transition as well as the mediating LULC factors in different spatial planning zones. ALD are quantified by time series remotely sensed imageries and a set of landscape metrics; and economic transition is described by a set of indicators from three aspects (globalization, decentralization and marketization). Results show that ALD present similar trend in the two spatial planning zones between 1979 and 2013. However, the magnitude of ALD is larger in the non-urban planning zone. In particular, agricultural landscapes change into the fragmented, irregular, decreased, and isolated patterns at a more rapid pace. Economic transition drivers and LULC mediators differ remarkably between the two spatial planning zones. For the urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through construction land morphological changes and water body spatial density increases. For the non-urban planning zone, economic transition influences ALD through forest morphological changes and construction land spatial density increases. In addition, the relative importance of ALD determinants differs between the two spatial planning zones. Marketization plays a more critical role in driving ALD in the urban planning zone, while decentralization has a stronger impact on ALD in the non-urban planning zone. It is argued that land use master plan for agricultural landscape protection should be implemented in the non-urban planning zones and land use plan in the two spatial planning zones should be integrated. This study contributes to the understanding of the complex mechanism of ALD in response to economic transition.     

Urban land administration and planning in China: Opportunities and constraints of spatial data models

China's economic reforms over the past decades have given rise to the development of a rudimentary urban land market. Although one cannot speak of a land “market” in the strict sense of the word, there is an urban land allocation system in which land lease rights can be acquired through the payment of a land-use fee. If the urban land market is to develop in a sustainable manner, new credible institutions need to be established that can safeguard greater legal security and transparency. For these purposes, it is necessary to establish a management system that can support the legal (tenure security), economic (leases, taxes) and broader aspects (spatial and environmental land use policies) of land administration. To make an urban land administration system socially credible and functional, land-related information should be registered and structured at a detailed spatial level, such as parcels. There is no parcel-based information system in China, but the country has developed a population registration system at a detailed spatial level that could be a starting point to develop integrated information systems, or a so-called “local spatial data infrastructure”. This paper reviews China's population registration system and their spatial units and presents a proposal for an information system that can be expanded or adapted to meet the requirements of an effective land administration system.     

保护资源和保障发展双重目标下土地利用规划实现研究

土地利用规划是一项多目标规划,又是信息不完全的灰色系统。编制规划具有许多不确定性。在保护资源和保障发展双目标约束下,土地利用规划实现必须解决规划理念、规划目标、规划基础、规划思路、规划方法和用地配置等方面的难点,在科学的规划理念引领下,规划目标指导规划思路,规划思路制约规划方法,规划基础直接影响规划的科学性和可行性。     

科学发展观下的土地利用规划方法 ——北京市东三乡之“反规划”案例

研究目的：探讨基于“反规划”思想的土地利用规划方法和将生态基础设施与土地利用规划相结合的具体途径,以促进土地资源的可持续利用。研究方法：景观安全格局分析方法、GIS空间分析方法。研究结果：（1）以北京市东三乡为例,提出了运用“反规划”理论和景观安全格局方法,通过建立不同安全水平的生态基础设施,进行土地控制分区,并制定相应的土地管理导则;（2）依据不同生态过程的景观安全格局和土地控制分区,调整各土地利用类型的空间布局,提高土地利用效率。研究结论：基于“反规划”思想的土地利用规划方法符合土地生命系统的内在机制,能够充分发挥土地资源的综合效益,可以为新一轮土地利用规划提供理念和方法上的借鉴,也是实现精明保护与精明发展的有效工具。     

国土空间规划中弹性空间的作用与划分

［目的］为应对快速城市化给规划带来的冲击与挑战，“弹性空间”成为国土空间规划研究的热点。资源的空间特性，其优化过程中的不确定性最终会传递到空间上形成弹性空间，因此，探索不确定条件下土地资源优化的弹性空间划定具有重要理论与现实意义。［方法］研究梳理了“弹性”与“弹性空间”的理论发展与基本内涵，确定了“刚柔并济，弹性优化”的原则。针对国土空间规划，从“现状地表”和“适宜性评价”两条数据线，构建“弹性空间”的划分路径，并以四川省国土空间规划为例在规划中进行了实践。［结果］(1)在四川省国土空间规划中，划分的刚性区域包括：由基本农田和优质耕地形成的农业空间，由生态红线和资源环境承载力低的区域形成的生态空间、由现状城镇及其扩展区域形成的城镇空间，可保证1—2年内的用地指标都在刚性区域内。(2)划分的弹性区域包括：未来可优先开发的农业/城镇区和后备开发的生态/城镇区，也有未来农业和生态的相互转换区生态/农业、农业/生态。［结论］研究表明弹性空间是资源优化配置不确定性在空间上的表现，弹性空间划定可提前感知并应对不确定性的影响，有利于提高规划政策有效性。研究为空间规划中弹性空间划定提供了理论依据与技术支持。     

国土规划的定位、基础及相关问题研究

国土规划是以国土资源禀赋及其地域空间为基础来统筹和调控经济社会发展的规划,具有保护资源与保障发展的双重功能,应置于规划体系的上位。国土规划编制应以人地协调可持续发展为宗旨、以资源环境承载力和经济社会发展需求为基础,依据资源环境承载力自然分区确定国土资源开发格局,通过完善资源配置体系和设立资源开发与产业的准入门槛促进经济结构调整,采取差别化开发、区域内优化、区域间互补的方式实现全面协调发展。     

The role of spatial planning in coastal management—A case study of Tuticorin coast (India)

The focus of coastal management in recent years has shifted from a sectoral plan to a holistic and integrated one. A key component of this integrated plan is spatial planning. This paper serves to highlight the role of spatial planning in coastal management by making use of a study done for the Tuticorin coast in India. A quantification of the land use/land cover changes in this region was studied along with the existing laws and policies governing the Indian coast with particular reference to Tuticorin, to determine their influence/impact on coastal land use/land cover. The results of the study show the disparity that exists between current land use practices and the laws that have been enforced to safeguard the coast. This can be overcome by means of implementing a more stable management plan that incorporates the spatial aspects of this coast, which has been presented.     

土地利用规划与管理模式改革创新路径——基于国家“互联网+”行动计划

我国多年的土地利用规划和管理实践,对我国建设用地总量的控制和耕地的保起到了一定作用。但实践过程中,我国现行平面指令型的土地利用规划与管理模式仍然暴露出许多问题,亟待调整。"互联网+"大数据时代催生土地利用规划与管理在技术、理念、职能与体制等方面创新,并将助力土地用途管控与用地审批制度的优化、城乡土地资源再配置机制的创新、土地规划与相关规划衔接协调的强化和土地利用"五位一体"的发展治理模式的探索。     

A review of spatial planning in Ghana's socio-economic development trajectory: A sustainable development perspective

This study provides a review of spatial planning in the context of Ghana's socio-economic development trajectory. Spatial planning has been integral to the economic policies of the country since colonial rule. Yet, its role has been overshadowed by the domain of socio-economic planning. Drawing from published literature, policy documents, legislative frameworks and interviews, this study reveals the different context and scope within which spatial planning has been implemented in Ghana, and the successes and failures thereof. While the colonial governments employed spatial planning on limited scale and for exploitative purposes, post-colonial governments have implemented broad-based planning grounded in the ‘genuine’ aspiration to promote a spatially balanced development. This study argues that post-independence planning has not been successfully implemented compared to pre-independence planning due to a myriad of factors including rapid urban growth, inadequate staffing, low capacity, lack of institutional coordination, political interference in planning, complex land tenure and evolving land markets among others. Consequently, urban centres in Ghana are beset with problems such as poor environmental conditions, poor infrastructure and service delivery, and uncontrolled growth; and these are inimical to sustainable urban development. The study lauds renewed efforts to transform planning in the spirit of sustainable development through the national urban policy framework and a proposed land use and spatial planning bill; the latter proposes planning based on spatial development framework, and a repeal of an obsolete 1945 planning ordinance that has underlain planning since. It is argued that if supported and harmonised the two initiatives present the best planning framework in the 21st century Ghana.     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展，展望2019年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）土地经济领域重点关注城乡土地价格与农地流转影响因素、土地市场化改革与政府行为、土地产权制度变迁与征地冲突等；（2）土地管理领域研究热点主要围绕自然资源管理体制改革、农村土地制度改革与土地法律完善、土地权籍与耕地保护管理等实践问题；（3）土地资源、利用与规划领域研究以探索土地资源资产负债表编制、重视土地生态状况评估、深化土地利用视角下的碳排放研究、创新土地利用模式、探讨国土空间规划体系构建及村级规划为热点；（4）土地工程与技术领域在农地综合整治、复垦技术革新、土地污染修复方法等方面研究逐渐深入，土地信息采集、处理技术不断完善。研究结论：2019年，《中国土地科学》将重点关注国家战略实施下的土地制度改革与土地利用转型、自然资源统一管理下的空间治理体系构建、生态文明建设背景下的土地资源系统科学、信息通讯技术驱动下的土地资源智能管控等研究问题及相关选题方向。     

LADM-based modeling of the unified registration of immovable property in China

In China, the types of immovable property objects cover not only land (a typical immovable property object) but also buildings, sea areas, forests, etc., and the general idea of unified registration of immovables (as the newest development and hottest topic in field of land administration in China) proposed by Property Law of the People’s Republic of China (2007) is not detailed until 2014 when “Interim Regulations on Real Estate Registration” was enacted and would come into force in 2015. This paper focuses on modeling of unified registration of immovables in China whose cores rely on “4 unifications” (i.e., unification of registering basis, unification of registering authorities, unification of information management platform, unification of registering books) using the world-wide advanced standard LADM (Land Administration Domain Model). In detail, the typical 8 immovable property rights (right to use construction land/forest land/sea area, ownership of houses/forests/marine structures, right to contractual management of arable land/grass land) are firstly introduced; then change of register types before and after unified registration (as one important component of “unification of registering basis”) is described; later, comparison of register procedures reflecting “unification of authorities”, “unification of information management platform” and “unification of registering books” is modeled using LADM where parties, 3R, spatial units package are greatly referenced which is followed by elaboration of a newly proposed URDMIPO (Unified Registration Data Model for Immovable Property Object). However, the complete implementation of unified registration in China will still take a long time.     

Planning consistency and implementation in urbanizing China: Comparing urban and land use plans in suburban Beijing

The evaluation of the extent to which urban and land use planning have achieved their objectives is crucial to better management of urban land development. China’s urban and land use plans have the common purpose of controlling urban sprawl. This research aimed at comparatively assessing the consistency and implementation of these plans, considering the Changping District in suburban Beijing as a case study. Three main findings were obtained: (1) each plan used different strategies to control new developments, and there were several quantitative and spatial conflicts between the two plans; (2) neither plan has been well implemented or effective in controlling urban sprawl, despite the slightly better performance of the land use plan; (3) core-periphery decreasing trends were revealed in land quota allocation and effectiveness of planning implementation. Remote regular towns received the least land resources from the top-down planning system but also developed fast, mainly through informal and illegal approaches. Further investigation into the double failure of China’s current spatial planning system in quantitative and spatial control over urban land development requires a deeper integration of various spatial management systems, a fundamental transformation of planning philosophy, and a higher respect for peripheral areas in urban-rural integration. The planning assessment approach and reform recommendations developed on the basis of the Chinese practice are probably referable for other developing countries facing similar processes of rapid urbanization and imperfect spatial management.     

Understanding value changes in the urban development process and the impact of municipal planning

An urban development process causes spatial changes and changes of associated property rights, and, as a consequence, the value of the property will change as well. This linkage between spatial changes, changes of associated property rights and property values represents an important element in understanding how property values change during the urban development process and the role of municipal planning as a value changing factor in the urban development process. The objective of this paper is to analyse how property values change throughout the urban development process, and further, to discuss the explanations for these changes by comprising the impact of municipal land-use planning. This paper presents a conceptual model showing how property values in urban development areas change during the urban development process and information about the extent to which value increases. The model is directed towards countries with a regulated land use, exemplified by Denmark.     

Application of LADM for disaster prone areas and communities

Disaster prevention, response and recovery require information about land tenure. Though, in many high-risk contexts, such records are non-existent or not up to date. As a result, vulnerable groups are often passed over by the government during risk management activities. At present there exists no dedicated tool for supporting land tenure recordation of all people-to-land relationships for the purposes of disaster risk management. More specifically, the required supportive data models and standards that could enable integration of concepts from the respective domains of land administration and disaster risk management are also lacking. Standardized data models could support software and service designs. This paper introduces a model linking the domains of land administration and disaster risk management – with the goal of supporting resilience against natural disasters and providing an approach for collecting data once, and using it multiple times. A design approach was used to develop the model – with adaption of the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard acting as a basis. Key features of the model include the support of interoperability through standardisation, the inclusion of all people-to-land relationships including those specific to disaster contexts, and the potential of the model to contribute to each of the disaster phases. The model is suggested to be highly applicable in natural disaster contexts where no land tenure information exists or the national mapping authority already uses a land administration system compatible with LADM. Overall, the model is considered as a step toward an implementable strategy for applying responsible land administration in the context of disaster risk management.     

2022年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2023年展望 ——土地资源利用与空间规划分报告

研究目的：综述2022年国内外土地资源利用与空间规划方面的研究进展，展望2023年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2022年国内研究主要集中在土地资源错配、节约集约用地政策与方法、土地绿色利用与低碳发展、土地利用生态环境效应、国土空间格局优化、土地发展权配置等方面；国外研究侧重基于水—能源—食物系统的土地优化配置、土地利用模拟与评价、土地利用低碳化转型、可持续发展下空间规划内容和方法等方面。研究结论：2022年土地资源利用与空间规划在土地资源配置、土地绿色低碳利用转型、土地利用生态环境效应、双碳目标下国土空间格局优化、土地发展权的配置和转移、空间规划理论和方法等研究方面取得了一定进展。2023年将重点关注土地资源配置的障碍因素与解决路径、节约集约用地技术模式创新、土地绿色利用实现机制、土地利用低碳化转型、土地多功能价值与生态评价、土地发展权的配置和转移、空间规划理论和方法创新、空间规划标准体系和立法体系完善等研究方向。     

土地利用总体规划的改革

研究目的:探索市场经济体制下土地利用总体规划的方法.研究方法:实证分析和因果分析.研究结果:指出以分配指令性控制指标为特征的<1997～2010土地利用总体规划>计划失灵的原因;提出土地管理制度和土地利用总体规划改革的必要性和改革的思路.研究结论:土地利用总体规划改革的内容是:把耕地保护放到"五个统筹"的发展观中来,确定符合全面、协调、可持续发展战略的规划目标;改指令性控制指标为预测性、指导性规划指标;以纠正市场失灵作为规划的主要内容;改目标规划为行动规划;强调全过程的公众参与.     

Generic land registry and cadastre data model supporting interoperability based on international standards for Turkey

Managing land information effectively is a key factor in achieving successful land administration and sustainable land development. To manage land, each government has a land policy and administration system. A land administration system (LAS) enables identification, registration and sharing of information about land in compliance with land policies by using information technologies effectively. In this context, land information systems (LISs) are designed to fulfill the requirements related to land, to provide tenure assurance and to manage natural resources sustainably. In Turkey, the necessity of information technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) was recognised by public institutions in the early 1990s. The Land Registry and Cadastre Information System Project (TAKBIS in Turkish) started to manage land registry and cadastre data and processes throughout Turkey. By using a standard framework, the project aimed to digitise land registry and cadastre data and to perform all activities and queries in a digital environment. However, the project did not reach the expected level of success because the data infrastructure was not standardised and did not meet the data requirements of other stakeholders at the national and international level.On the other hand, studies of a new e-government project called Turkish National GIS (TUCBS in Turkish) was initiated to establish a national geographic data infrastructure (GDI) which allows efficient management of geographic data and corresponds to national-level user requirements and Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) specifications. In this study, to provide data interoperability among different institutions and meet stakeholder needs, the data model of the Land Registry and Cadastre Data Theme is examined and improved. Within the design process, the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and INSPIRE Cadastral Parcels are examined and applied as the baseline international standards. In addition, main land and land group parcel types in the Turkish cadastral system, the main rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land in the Turkish registration system, mortgages established over rights, cadastral maps, standard subdivision of two-dimensional (2D) space with special names, surveyed point and monumentation types were explained briefly within the revised land registry and cadastre data model. As a case study, data sets from different sources were transformed to open data sets compatible with the model. This model enables data interoperability in land-related applications. However, models should be kept as simple as possible for effective data transformation and management.