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1.
Christian Arnsperger 《Journal of economic surveys》1996,10(2):217-223
Abstract. This reply takes up specific points raised by Professor Kolm over which there persists some disagreement between us. It offers a rather broad, philosophically oriented discussion of the issues. I explain why I think Kolm is right in preferring the term 'equity'to that of 'envy-freeness,'but I express moral doubts concerning the interpretation proposed by Kolm of equity as a criterion of equal liberty. On this basis, I then defend my own specific interpretation of equity as a welfarist-egalitarian criterion, and express some reluctance as to the alleged 'moral irrelevance'of individual preferences in the theory of equity. I also briefly discuss the conceptual role played by counterfactuals and try to mitigate somewhat Kolm's critique of the use of axioms involving 'imaginary' situations. 相似文献
2.
Serge-Christophe Kolm 《Journal of economic surveys》1996,10(2):199-215
Abstract. The principle that 'no individual prefers another's allocation to his own'is central in the analysis of Economic Justice mainly because of its identity with the basic case of equality of liberty, rather than for its indirect relation with the sentiment of envy. The various reproaches which have been addressed to this principle, gathered by Arnsperger, either are misconceived, or have been answered by rational (justified) extensions or specifications of the principle. 相似文献
3.
加入WTO以后,中国银行业的竞争日趋激励,各商业银行为了在竞争中立于不败之地,纷纷出台了名目繁多的激励政策。虽然这些激励政策对于银行短期业绩增长的确很有效,但这些激励机制往往过于激进、过于短期化,从长远来看,是不利于银行发展的,因此这样的激励机制必须改革。本文主要分析了银行激进的短期激励机制的表现形式、危害及其改革思路。 相似文献
4.
自《萨班斯--奥克斯利法案》颁布以来,美国上市公司内部控制信息披露方式由自愿性披露转变为强制性披露。而在2008年我国五部委联合发布的《企业内部控制基本规范》标志着我国上市公司内部控制信息也开始向强制性披露方式转变。论文试图用经济学的公平与效率理论分析内部控制信息由自愿性披露方式转变为强制性披露方式背后的原因,经过分析发现披露方式的转变是促进资本市场效率向保障资本市场公平的转变。 相似文献
5.
《Socio》2021
Hospital efficiency and equity in health care delivery are two enduring research topics. Yet little research has been done to examine the relationship between them. This paper studies the impact of hospital efficiency on equity in health care delivery based on a proprietary dataset of hospital characteristics and 630,000 inpatient records from 149 public hospitals in a representative Chinese city. To measure the hospitals' efficiencies, this study takes the hospitals' operational features and case-mix indexes into account, and computes the efficiency levels using data envelopment analysis with bootstrapping. Through regressions that control for a variety of the patients’ personal characteristics (e.g., age, disease, residence, hospital visit frequency), this study shows that the gap between hospitalization expenses of urban and rural inpatients in more efficient hospitals is smaller than those in less efficient hospitals. Thus efficiency enhances equity in expenditure between urban and rural patients. But the dwindling urban-rural gap in expenditure is achieved by raising the spending of rural patients, thereby undermining their access to health care. This pattern is more conspicuous in large and sophisticated high-tier hospitals. Further analysis shows that hospital efficiency impacts equity of health care delivery by inducing different lengths of stay and uncovered parts of total expenditure for urban and rural groups. The findings imply that an efficiency-oriented health care policy may lead to social benefit loss. 相似文献
6.
邹铁钉 《数量经济技术经济研究》2016,(1):38-57
本文构建了一个动态时间一致性模型,并利用中国数据对养老保险体系的动态时间一致性做了经验检验和动态预测。研究发现,按照帕累托效率标准对养老保险体系的参数或结构进行调整只是手段,而提高动态时间一致性才是目的。一项养老改革只有在能够同时增进社会福利和个人投资收益率时,才符合动态时间一致性原则;经验检验表明,1978~2012年间,现收现付制向基金制转轨是不符合动态时间一致性原则的;而1994年之后,将统筹比率控制在06~075之间,则有利于提高养老保险体系的动态时间一致性。预测结果表明,中国政府在2014~2037年和2038~2044年间应将统筹比率分别控制在06~09和025~06之间。 相似文献
7.
冯金华 《数量经济技术经济研究》2006,23(6):106-115
迄今为止,人们对一般情况下的比较优势的效率结构尚缺乏清楚的了解。本文在假定只有两个国家,且每个国家的生产可能性边界均为线性的基础上,从相对简单的三维商品空间开始分析,然后讨论四维商品空间中的比较优势问题,最后通过对所得结果的观察、分析和归纳,建立任意维商品空间中的比较优势的一般理论。 相似文献
8.
生产效率的区域特征与生产率增长的分解——基于主成分分析与随机前沿超越对数生产函数的方法 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
王志平 《数量经济技术经济研究》2010,27(1)
运用随机前沿超越对数生产函数和2001~2006年省际面板数据,本文研究了我国各地区的全要素生产率以及生产效率的区域特征,利用提取主成分法得到的变量,对生产效率进行影响因素分析。实证结果表明,外商投资和基础设施的实际有效利用对各地区生产效率有重要的影响;前沿技术进步是全要素生产率的主导因素;东部地区前沿技术进步率与生产效率都高于中西部;西部前沿技术进步表现为分化的特征,而中部则有趋同的趋势。 相似文献
9.
范庆泉 《数量经济技术经济研究》2017,(11):115-131
研究目标:在劳动力流动程度的不同阶段研究税率结构变化与效率和公平之间的关系。研究方法:构建了征税方式转变与劳动力跨区域流动的两地区一般均衡模型进行理论模拟,采用面板门限模型进行实证检验。研究发现:随着劳动力流动程度的提高,在保持宏观税负不变下由增值税转为消费税的税率结构变化可以提升效率水平和改善公平状况。其中征税方式转变对于效率的正影响越来越大,对于公平的影响也由负转正,劳动力流动存在显著的门限效应。研究创新:结合劳动力流动影响因素进行消费税和增值税的税收扭曲效应差异机制的比较研究。研究价值:统筹协调税制结构改革与户籍制度改革,促进劳动力流动与税率结构优化,实现福利增进的双重红利。 相似文献
10.
依据五省六地的调查经验,本文比较了小农、家庭农场和工商企业的全员生产效率。研究发现,它们的全员生产效率依次降低,其根本原因在于三者劳动力使用方式的差异,即农户不雇工,家庭农场少量雇工,而工商企业则全部雇工。雇工一方面带来了劳动力成本,另一方面产生了劳动监督难题。劳动监督难题在降低单产的同时也进一步提高了劳动力成本。而劳动监督的难题根本上是由农业生产的特殊性决定的,化解的办法是回避雇工,这意味着家庭经营在农业生产上具有天然的合理性。鉴于此,政府应充分尊重小农生产的主体地位,适度发展多种形式的适度规模经营并将其经营规模控制在不雇工或极少雇工的范围内,适当限制工商企业经营大田作物。 相似文献
11.
Christian Arnsperger 《Journal of economic surveys》1994,8(2):155-186
Abstract. The criterion of envy-freeness, according to which no agent should prefer any of his neighbours'allocation to his own, has become a central part of the economic theory of distributive justice. It essentially corresponds to the need to express an ideal of equality in societies where preferences and endowments are heterogeneous. This paper surveys various formulations of the idea of envy-freeness, starting with the simple distribution model, then adding the possibility for agents to have different native talent endowments, and finally moving to models with production. Many classical results are displayed, but emphasis is also put on recent developments, mainly the ideas of 'minimizing envy'and of 'absence of domination'. Five major difficulties facing envyfreeness are identified and listed as directions of future research. 相似文献
12.
本文根据规模报酬可变还是规模报酬不变,分别定义了一般等效益面生产函数和典型等效益面生产函数。由一般等效益面生产函数的离散型分解式可以测算一个生产单元的纯技术进步,以及纯技术效率变化对经济增长的贡献;而由典型等效益面生产函数可以将全要素生产率的变化率分解为典型技术进步率、纯技术效率和规模效率的变化率之和。进而由具有明确几何意义的离散型分解式分别测算典型技术进步和规模效率对经济增长的贡献。等效益面生产函数与分解式的几何意义还说明,全要素生产率的改变最终是由技术创新、制度创新和管理创新共同推动的。 相似文献
13.
本文通过采用两种生产边界方法将中国三大城市经济圈(京津冀、长三角、珠三角)38个城市1990~2005年的劳动平均GDP分解为物质资本积累、效率改善、技术进步和人力资本投入所贡献的经济增长,然后采用绝对收敛方程考察这4个因素的收敛效应。实证结果表明,效率改善是其中唯一使地区间差距缩小的因素,而且其收敛效应随时间的推移呈现出先减后增的趋势,即进入20世纪90年代以来地区间差异有先拉大后缩小的趋势,但是缩小的效果还很不显著。 相似文献
14.
15.
研究目标:评价中国农业生产效率与减贫效率,探索效率的改善空间。研究方法:采用考虑非期望产出共同前沿下的二阶段EBM模型,对2013~2017年中国28个省份的中国农村统计数据进行研究。研究发现:在共同前沿下,东部地区总效率值显著高于中西部地区;第一阶段农业生产效率值明显低于第二阶段减贫效率值,农业生产效率仍然有较大的改善空间;大部分省份政府财政资金利用效率较高;农村贫困人口数量效率值有明显的地区分布差异,东北、西北和西南部分地区效率值较低。研究创新:构建全新的二阶段贫困研究理论分析框架,综合评价农业生产效率和减贫效率,在相关领域进行尝试性的拓展;结合共同前沿下EBM模型和网络DEA模型的优点,将改进的EBM模型应用于农业生产效率和农村减贫效率研究。研究价值:检验中国的减贫效率,总结中国扶贫的经验教训,探索扶贫路径。 相似文献
16.
The effectiveness of contracts is bounded by the institutional environment in which they are designed and enforced. When firms form supply chain partnerships in emerging markets, they may experience contract ineffectiveness, which is defined as a firm's perceived limits of contracts with respect to safeguarding interests and coordinating activities. Specifically, we identify two institutional factors that may give rise to contract ineffectiveness, information transparency and legal enforceability, as they determine how effectively a firm designs and enforces a contract. In addition, we reveal that contract ineffectiveness prompts a firm to seek social ties, including business ties and political ties, to overcome the institutionally induced limits of contracts. These efforts, however, are moderated by the type of predominant pressure a firm bears. While equity pressure strengthens the relationship between contract ineffectiveness and a firm's pursuit of social ties, efficiency pressure weakens this relationship, because seeking social ties imposes an extra burden of efficiency. Tested by data collected from 187 distributors in China, our study reveals the institutional causes and the consequences of contract ineffectiveness, which is a common problem encountered by firms when forming supply chain partnerships in emerging markets. 相似文献
17.
In this paper we intend to establish relations between the way efficiency is measured in the literature on efficiency analysis, and the notion of distance in topology. In particular we study the Holder norms and their relationship to the shortage function (Luenberger (1995) and the directional distance function (Chambers, Chung and Färe (1995–96)). Along this line, we provide mathematical programs to compute the Holder distance function. However, this has a perverse property that undermines its attractiveness: it fails the commensurability condition suggested by Russell (1988). Thus, we introduce a commensurable Holder distance function invariant with respect to a change in the units of measurement. Among other things we obtain some continuity result and we prove that the well known Debreu-Farrell measure is a special case of the Holder distance function. 相似文献
18.
农户家庭经营技术效率与全要素生产率增长分解(1999~2003年)——基于随机前沿生产函数与来自湖北省农户的微观证据 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文基于超越对数(Trans-log)函数形式的随机前沿生产函数模型,以湖北省农户的微观面板数据作为实证,对农户家庭经营的全要素生产率、技术效率做了系统分析。实证分析结论如下:从全要素生产率增长来看,农户的微观经济行为与农村的宏观经济表现是一致的,其中资源配置效率对全要素生产率的变化起了决定性作用,技术进步则一直是全要素生产率增长的直接动力,然而规模经济的作用并不明显,农户相对于生产前沿(最佳实践者)的技术效率差距扩大与分化则严重阻碍了其全要素生产率的增长。 相似文献
19.
上市公司股权再融资失效问题分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
我国上市公司对股权再融资有强烈的偏好,但股权再融资的扩张没有带来上市公司经营业绩同步增长,即股权再融资失效。本文从公司治理、中介机构、证券市场本身等方面,阐述了我国上市公司股权再融资失效的现状及原因,并提出了相关建议。 相似文献
20.
《Socio》2015
Using a three-stage data envelopment analysis approach, this paper explores efficiency in the provision of social care for older people in 148 English Councils in 2009/10. Departing from D'Amico and Fernández (2012) [31] our measure of efficiency is inscribed within the production of welfare framework and based on self-reported quality of life of recipients of the services. Our results indicate a high level of efficiency, but once we control for the effects of a number of environmental variables, we found that more stringent eligibility criteria and higher assessment costs are negatively associated with the efficiency in the provision of social services. 相似文献