Estimating the mediating effect of privately-supplied green space on the relationship between urban public green space and property value: Evidence from Shanghai,China

Much of the housing in China’s cities built since the opening up of housing markets in the 1990s is organized in residential clubs, with neighbourhood civic goods and services constructed by private developers, financed by residents’ fees, managed by property-management companies and governed by resident associations. This means that there are now three important types of green space in Chinese cities: public green space (open-access parks), private green space (gardens, exclusive to a private home) and club green space (greenery exclusive to fee-paying estate residents). We ask a simple but profound question: how does this three-fold green space morphology and economy influence housing prices and, by implication, locational preferences in the city? More specifically, we test the hypothesis that the privately supplied green spaces withing club-communities substitute for publicly supplied green spaces in the public realm. We find evidence in support of this hypothesis, showing for example, that unlike other kinds of green space, public district parks have no measurable use value to Shanghai home-buyers, using a hedonic valuation model. If urban planners in China understood that their cities have become ‘cities of clubs’, then they would plan open space differently and scarce public funds could be redirected to other public goods and services with measurable demand.     

Urban parks: Visitors’ perceptions versus spatial indicators

Urban green spaces and their role in the quality of life of residents have been studied across multiple disciplines, based on empirical measurements or qualitative studies – however, the relation, and its strength, between spatial indicators of urban green spaces and visitors’ perceptions of green spaces are less known. Addressing this knowledge deficit, the present research uses a Geographical Information System (GIS) to link subjective evaluations of the physical environment and objective spatial indicators, to examine the correlation between the perceived and objective characteristics of five urban parks in the city of Szeged, Hungary. A questionnaire survey was used to collect residents’ subjective perceptions of the parks, while objective – which is to say measurable and mappable – spatially explicit indicators of the respective green spaces were calculated using GIS. The subjective evaluations of the parks were matched to the objective indicators using a multiple regression analysis. The statistical analysis yielded two moderate and two minor correlations between the human perceptions of the investigated green spaces and the nine objective environmental indicators examined. These results showed that subjective evaluations and objective data reveal different aspects of the same reality. Therefore, the recommendations from this study are to collectively use human perceptions and objective environmental indicators, both of which are fundamental for adequately capturing the role of urban green spaces in quality of life.     

Urban greening: A new paradox of economic or social sustainability?

Cities globally have incorporated sustainable development into their planning, and led the way in responding to the world’s ecological crisis by “going green”. Urban green space accessibility is considered as the key to urban sustainability progress, not only environmentally, but also economically and socially. However, previous research rarely considers the latter two dimensions together. This study therefore joins the sustainability discussion from a new perspective, in particular the debate concerning the value of urban green spaces and whether and how they contribute to the variegated sustainability agenda? Based on data for 76,595 residential housing units in New York City, measuring the economic gains and equity losses from current urban green space accessibility reveals a paradox in sustainable development where the economic and social benefits of urban green space accessibility are seldom compatible, tending to involve a trade-off of some kind. In response, it is proposed that the spatial patterns of land use can represent a step towards multifaceted aspects of sustainability, with the provision of numerous small green areas that are “affordable and accessible” throughout the city being a more appropriate policy agenda than a few vast parks. Such a policy approach, it is argued, will provide a ‘win-win’ situation in terms of simultaneously contributing to both economic prosperity and the social justice of sustainability. This research also provided evidence for the institutional-driven countries such as China on how to learn from western experiences on planning land use patterns that are sustainable for individuals.     

‘Sustainable City’ requires ‘recognition’—The example of environmental education under pressure from the compact city

The compact city is advocated as a key strategy to establish sustainable cities. Compact city policy implies urban densification, sometimes with elimination of green space. Citizen’s valuable arguments in urban densification developments in green space are easily ignored, as is explored in a case study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Place making decisions are more often legitimized with sustainability claims, and arguments from less convinced residents are denied or remain unexamined. About green space these also concern environmental qualities significant for long term sustainability of cities. This is illustrated by presenting empirical evidence about environmental education, an argument emerging from the explorative study. Environmental education should be seen as an important element in longterm sustainability, but the educational relevance of proximity of green space to schools had remained unknown. Empirical evidence of the negative effect of larger distances to green space on environmental education is presented in a geographical survey. The results suggest that close proximity to urban green space also reinforces fieldwork activities further away. As the validity of this argument was denied in the case study, this illustrates the need to establish frameworks that foster recognition and learning in open processes in urban densification.     

Agriculture and the city: A method for sustainable planning of new forms of agriculture in urban contexts

Contemporary cities are threatened by urban development decreasing the overall environmental quality and fragmenting natural and agricultural landscapes. As a result of this fragmentation the number of Non Urbanized Areas (NUAs) present in urban contexts is dramatically decreasing. These areas include cultivated land, Abandoned Farmlands, Grassland, Woods and Shrubs that are often located at the peri-urban cities’ fringes. Among NUAs, farmlands and other forms of urban and peri-urban agriculture provide all three major categories of ecosystem services, provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Recently, New Forms of Urban Agriculture (NFUA) have gained increasing attention from researchers for their promising multifunctionality. Incorporating NFUA into the urban environment will thus improve the sustainability of cities, taking advantage of the multiple benefits and services they can provide.This paper presents a method for the characterisation of NUAs in terms of their physical, ecological and social features. These areas are analysed with different criteria and related indicators structured according to a GIS-based Multi Criteria Suitability Model. The proposed model checks the suitability of transformation of the NUAs toward NFUA, thereby enhancing their ecological and social function as well as accessibility and overall connectivity. Different scenarios of spatial configurations for NFUA have been explored with a sensitivity analysis on the values of used indicators. The method was tested for the municipality of Catania, south Italy, an urban context characterised by a relevant shortage of public green spaces and services.     

Society's attitudes to and preferences for land and landscape

The relationship between society, land and landscape is deeply complex. Attitudes are reflected in behaviour, notably patterns of consumption through recreational activity, as well as in expressed preferences. Society attaches great importance to land. A large proportion of the population engages directly with it, through gardening and involvement in the management of allotments, community gardens and other public spaces. There is increasing evidence of the benefits of such engagement for individuals and communities. Society's attitudes and preferences have traditionally been dominated by expert or professional views, which have evolved over time and now place emphasis on everyday as well as special landscapes, and on urban greenspace and green infrastructure as much as on rural landscapes. The general public also seems to value the countryside as well as parks and green spaces nearer to home. Public attitudes are shaped by a number of different factors. Age, social and economic status, ethnic origin, familiarity, place of upbringing and residence, particularly whether urban or rural, are especially significant. Perhaps most important are environmental value orientations. At present, society seems to be polarised. At one extreme are older, more affluent, better educated, more environmentally aware people, often in social grades AB, who are often the most active users of the countryside and greenspaces. At the other extreme are younger age groups, ethnic minorities, and those who are in the DE social grades, who are often much less engaged. These groups have very different values and attitudes. But most people need to access and enjoy different types of landscape at different times and for different purposes, accessing what has been called a ‘portfolio of places’ that is particular to each person. It is by no means clear how the various factors that influence people's attitudes and preferences will play out in the future. Society may continue to become more detached from nature and landscape, and less caring about its future. Or there could be a rekindling of society's need to engage with the land and an increased desire to ensure that all sectors of society can benefit from green spaces and rural landscapes. This is likely to require interventions through education and campaigns to change attitudes and behaviour. Whether such initiatives can be effective in the face of competing drivers of attitudinal and behavioural change and over what timescale, may well determine how society's relationships with land and landscape evolve over the next 50 years.     

城市公园绿地可达性及其提升策略研究

以东南沿海高密度典型城市福建省厦门市为例,运用网络分析法分析城市公园绿地的可达性,探讨影响城市绿地可达性的主要因素及提升策略。结果显示:第一,城市公园绿地服务面积和可达性与城市发展建设较为一致;第二,城市公园绿地不同出行交通方式可达性差异较大;第三,不同类型城市公园绿地可达性存在较大差异;第四,城市公园绿地可达性有赖于城市道路网的完善。因此,为了提升城市公共服务水平,增强城市生态、社会服务功能,提高城市各类型绿地的服务效率,进一步优化城市人居环境,提高居民生活的幸福质量,应增加城市小型公园绿地密度并均匀分布,以便提升城市公园绿地整体的可达性,重点是提升城市公园绿地步行和骑行的可达性。     

城市滨江绿地景观设计的生态产品价值实现研究——以信安湖设计区域为例

城市滨江绿地景观设计是生态产品价值实现的重要途径,传统的城市滨江绿地景观地域性特征不足导致生态产品同质化严重、生态产品市场缺乏吸引力。从城市滨江绿地景观工程设计出发,以衢州市信安湖鸡鸣湿地和青龙码头为例,探讨城市滨江景观设计与地域性特征的结合对提升生态产品价值实现的重要性,并从城市交通网络完善、配套设施建设和滨江绿地景观生态产品价值核算3个方面提出城市滨江绿地景观设计相关的保障措施,旨在为城市滨江绿地景观生态产品价值实现机制提供参考价值。     

Assessing the synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services provided by urban floodplains: The case of the Warta River Valley in Poznań, Poland

While ecosystem services (ES) provided by green areas receive increased recognition, there is a shortage of knowledge on the role of blue spaces to contribute to the delivery of ES. The aim of this paper is to investigate ES provided by the urban floodplain of the Warta River in Poznań, Poland. To achieve this, we used a set of methods, including a field survey, spatial analysis, and analysis of source materials. The paper documents both the services of public interest, as well as ones that can be overlooked by the public due to their “hidden nature”. The results strengthen the idea that assessment of social and ecological benefits from urban floodplains should be conducted jointly to account for the different categories of ES. A complex exploration of the ES delivery may help to better weight the synergies and trade-offs between different management options and to tie the local needs with preservation the integrity and ecological stability of the whole river corridor.     

基于多群组结构方程模型的市民城市林业支付意愿及行为研究

基于计划行为理论框架,采用2015年北京市五环路范围以内的3 000位市民实地调研问卷数据,利用多群组结构方程模型(SEM),从小区绿地、公园以及古树名木3个典型区域出发,研究了北京市民对城市林业的支付意愿及行为。研究结果表明:市民的主观规范、行为态度和知觉行为控制均会对其支付意愿产生正向影响,其中知觉行为控制发挥的作用更大;市民的支付意愿会对其支付行为产生促进作用,但总体幅度较小。基于研究结论提出以下政策建议:加强对公众参与城市林业的宣传和引导,深化市民感知,营造全民支持城市林业的社会氛围,充分发挥公众作用;完善城市林业发展政策的制定和实施环节,提升政策的稳定性和可持续性;夯实发展城市林业的基础,完善城市林业的各项功能。     

Water in the city: Green open spaces,land use planning and flood management – An Australian case study

With increasing worldwide recognition of the influence of urban development on the hydrological functions of water, there is growing pressure for urban planning to play a greater role in water resources management. Planning for green open spaces in particular can play an important role, as they support important ecosystem services, including those that assist in flood management. It has been argued that interconnected and strategically planned networks of green open spaces should be planned for early in land use planning and design processes, with consideration of water-related ecosystem values and landscape functions in concert with land development, growth management and physical infrastructure planning. Although there is growing recognition of the importance of green open space planning for water sensitive cities and supportive planning measures, there are few analyses of the actual inclusion of this recognition in plans and strategies, or the presence of related actions and planning mechanisms. This paper addresses this gap by comparatively analysing the approaches taken to regional green open space planning in three Australian capital city-regions. Findings indicate the acknowledgement of relationships between flood regulation and green open space planning and various associated planning mechanisms. However, there is limited explicit integration of flood management and green open spaces planning, and significant on-ground barriers to enabling this integration to occur given the legacy of past planning decisions and the lack of information to support implementation. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research to assist planning for green open spaces as an ally to ecosystem services relating to flood management.     

Space matters: the importance of amenity in planning metropolitan growth

Most Australian capital cities require many 100,000s of additional dwellings to accommodate demographic change and population pressures in the next two or three decades. Urban growth will come in the form of infill, consolidation and urban expansion. Plans to redevelop environmental amenities such as parks and open green spaces are regularly being put forward to local councils and State governments. Maintaining parks and reserves represents one of the largest costs to local councils. To aid in the evaluation of some of the different propositions, we report the results of a spatial hedonic pricing model with fixed effects for Adelaide, South Australia. The results indicate that the private benefits of a close proximity to golf courses, green space sporting facilities, or the coast, are in the order $0.54, $1.58, and $4.99 per metre closer (when evaluated at the median respectively). The historic Adelaide Parklands add $1.55 to a property’s value for each additional metre closer. We demonstrate how the estimated model could be used to calculate how local private benefits capitalized in property values change with changes in the configuration of a park.     

Valuing the benefits of an urban park project: A contingent valuation study in Thessaloniki,Greece

This paper aims to estimate the non-market benefits derived from the potential development of a new urban park in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece). The city of Thessaloniki has up to now a very low rate of proportional green space per capita. On this context a large metropolitan park was announced, as part of a large-scale redevelopment project, but the final decision has not been made yet. In order to help policy makers to their final decision, an ex-ante valuation of the potential benefits of the park is carried out in this study. A contingent valuation survey was designed and implemented aiming to estimate the willingness to pay of local residents for the provision of this park, as well as to determine the spatial scale at which these values are assessed. The main finding of this study is that people living within 20 min from the reference site are willing to contribute a significant amount of money to support this project. Another interesting outcome is that the willingness to pay for this project was not considerably modified during a period of economic recession (2010–2013), which is mainly due to the growing public awareness of the importance of green spaces, as well as of the benefits of the planned park.     

生鲜电商平台“每日优鲜”消费者满意度的影响因素研究

对每日优鲜消费者满意度的影响因素进行调查。根据消费者理论模型结合每日优鲜概况,选取平台质量、配送质量、产品质量、产品价格、售后服务和感知价值这六个为可能的影响因素,通过问卷调查、建立结构方程模型进行验证分析。结果表明,每日优鲜平台质量、配送质量、消费者感知消费价值对消费者满意度有着显著的正向影响;产品质量对消费者感知消费价值有显著的正向影响;产品价格对消费者感知消费价值有显著的逆向影响;售后服务对消费者感知价值没有显著影响。     

Consumer Perception of Food Safety Related Risk

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine what factors cause consumer risk perception during periods of food safety concern. A survey of 195 respondents was carried out to explore the nature of consumer perception of food safety related risk using multi-dimensional analysis and how this perception was affected. Multiple regression analysis was adopted to assess the effect of risk characteristics on consumer risk perception in terms of perceived health, psychological, financial, time and taste risks. All five regression models were highly significant. Characteristics of risk, such as severity of consequences, concern about safety, involuntary exposure to risk, harmful to the environment, information, exaggerated report and adequate regulations were found to be important for predicting consumer perception of microbiological risk in chicken. Implications for future research are discussed.     

公众参与城市绿地建设初探

阐明了城市绿地建设中的"公众参与"的基本概念,以及公众参与城市绿地建设的社会基础和理论基础,归纳总结了日本与中国公众参与绿地建设的经验,指出公众参与是实施城市绿地建设民主及发展生态文明的重要举措。     

村落生产生活生态空间重构的共生路径研究——基于农户间共生界面的分析

[目的]村落三生空间重构是强化"山水林田湖草"生命共生体,实现美丽乡村建设的重要抓手。在三生空间农户共生界面特征及其存在的关键问题辨析的基础上,通过村落三生空间重构的共生路径设计,为统筹城乡发展、"以人为本"的美丽乡村建设提供可靠的理论支撑和决策参考。[方法]研究采用实地调研和农户访谈的方法获取第一手资料,并结合共生界面的属性特征建立指标体系,采用共生界面系数公式量化分析共生界面特征,总结提炼三生空间重构的共生路径。[结果]共生界面分配特性:生产空间不同类型农户间共生界面分配系数差异较大,共生关系相对不稳定;生活空间不同类型农户间共生界面分配系数差异明显,共生关系相对稳定;生态空间不同类型农户的共生界面分配系数接近,共生关系极不稳定。共生界面阻尼特性:生产空间共生界面(如劳动力、资金、技术管理等)投入、使用成本最高;生活空间共生界面(如公共空间、社区服务设施等)修复、管理成本高;生态空间共生界面(如绿化树、花坛、卫生与景观维护设施等)投入、管护、更新阻力大,成本高。[结论]三生空间重构共生路径呈现差异化特征,生产空间重构应积极培养新型职业农民队伍,加强基建配套及其管护力度,创新人地共生机制;生活空间重构应规范引导农户适度集中,完善公共服务和环境保护设施配套,改善农村社区人居环境质量;生态空间重构应统筹三生空间整体性,构建生态安全格局,提升生态景观服务功能。     

城市扩张对大城市周边基本农田的影响——以西安市长安区为例

[目的]随着城市化与工业化进程的加快,城市扩张与基本农田保护之间的矛盾日益突出。研究快速城市化下基本农田的变化,能够为相关规划的编制和保护政策的制定提供科学支撑。[方法]文章以西安市长安区为例,以2009年二调基本农田和2012年规划基本农田为基础数据,基于Arc GIS技术与景观格局分析方法,对比长安区基本农田的数量、质量差异及空间分布特征,探讨城市建设用地扩张与土地增值收益对基本农田变化的影响。[结果](1)基本农田数量有所增加,质量有所下降;(2)基本农田空间分布呈现出由中心向外围扩散趋势,破碎化程度提高;(3)城市扩张的土地来源主要是增量土地,新增建设用地主要由农地转化而来,基本农田被侵占明显,且沿主要道路和乡镇边界被侵占严重;(4)基本农田转变用途后的巨大增值空间是城市扩张的主要动机。[结论]城市扩张会导致大城市周边基本农田质量的下降,同时既要保基本农田数量又要保经济发展的矛盾迫使基本农田破碎化程度提高。     

The value of green walls to urban biodiversity

Despite increased interest in the implementation of green walls in urban areas and the recognised benefits of monetary valuation of ecosystem services, no studies have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of biodiversity they provide. The valuation of natural resources allows policy makers to justify resource allocation. Using the Southampton, UK, as a case study, this paper estimates the public’s perceived value of green walls to urban biodiversity, in the form of their willingness to pay (WTP). Estimates were derived using a random parameter model that accounted for socio-economic and attitudinal determinants of choice, using choice experiment data. Three green infrastructure policies were tested; two green wall designs (‘living wall’ and ‘green façade’) and an ‘alternative green policy’; and compared against ‘no green policy’. Results indicated a WTP associated with green infrastructure that increases biodiversity. Attitudinal characteristics such as knowledge of biodiversity and aesthetic opinion were significant, providing an indication of identifiable preferences between green policies and green wall designs. A higher level of utility was associated with the living wall, followed by the green façade. In both cases, the value of the green wall policies exceeds the estimated investment cost; so our results suggest that implementation would provide net economic benefits.     

森林公园游憩者恢复性知觉对休闲满意度的影响

基于福州国家森林公园实地调研与问卷调查的数据,采用因素分析法和回归分析法对森林公园游憩者恢复性知觉和休闲满意度之间的关系进行研究,揭示两者之间的影响机制。结果表明:森林公园游憩者的恢复性知觉对休闲满意度具有显著的正向影响,其中魅力性对休闲满意度的影响相对较弱;在恢复性知觉与休闲满意度之间的关系中,性别和访问频率没有表现出显著的调节作用。因此,在森林公园的改造更新和森林旅游产品的开发中,要注重营造空间的远离感、提升环境的延展性、提高空间的魅力性和增强环境与游憩者的兼容性,以提高游憩者的休闲满意度。