Amazon forest on the edge of collapse in the Maranhão State,Brazil

The year 2019 in Brazil was marked by environmental setbacks, which catalyzed the increase of illegal deforestation and fire rates in the Brazilian Amazon. In the Amazon region of Maranhão state, original forest cover diminished from 25 % (24,700 km²) in 2016 to 24 % (23,967 km²) in 2019, and 6,038 km² of remaining forests were degraded by fires and/or illegal logging – processes related to high levels of violence against indigenous and rural communities. Almost half of all deforested areas in the region (36,060 km²) are considered a global restoration hotspot, however secondary vegetation remains unprotected and 8,294 km² were cleared between 2014 and 2018. Due to uncontrolled deforestation and fragmentation, Maranhão has no more forest core areas (outside protected areas) with the minimum size to ensure sustainable forest management practices for timber production. New policies at the state level must promote old-growth and secondary forest conservation and restoration. However, the trends point to the opposite direction: the Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEE) allows the reduction of forest protection and the State Forest Policy reinforces federal legislation setbacks. The Amazon region of Maranhão state has forest aptitude, and forest and agroforestry product chains would bring social and environmental benefits, making them the best opportunity for sustainable economic development in the region. Therefore, the forest must be re-planted for the benefit of people and nature.     

苇河林区企业产权改革和制度建设情况的调查

通过对苇河林区国有企业产权制度改革实践及运行现状的调研,剖析现状,分析问题,讨论产权结构对企业经济效率的影响,依据国家相关法规政策,参照先进经验,规范职工持有企业股权的基本思路,提出自己对完善苇河林区中小企业产权制度改革制度建议,更好更快地推动林区经济发展和经济转型升级。     

Forest management plan as a policy instrument: Carrot, stick or sermon?

Technical aspects of forest management planning as decision-support have been addressed in numerous scientific studies. However, forest management plans (FMPs) also play a significant, but largely neglected, role as forest policy instruments. We have examined the policy context and planning practices in two contrasting case countries, revealing striking differences in policy instrumentation. In Sweden, FMPs mainly serve for informational steering, with under-utilised potential for providing individualised advice. In Lithuania, the plans are primarily regulatory, serving for effective control but with several deficiencies, notably excessive costs and institutionalised corruption. The study demonstrates that policy analyses can be fruitfully grounded in the empirics of planning practices.     

Using a Delphi approach to identify the most efficacious interventions to improve Indonesia’s forest and land governance

Improvements to forest and land governance are key to addressing deforestation and degradation of peatlands in Indonesia. While this is a priority area, the steps to achieving good forest and land governance have been under-researched. There is a need for better links between theoretically informed academic analysis and work in the field. This study drew together a panel of experts on forest and land governance using a Delphi method to discuss the underlying drivers of deforestation and peatland degradation, and correspondingly, to identify interventions to improve land and forest governance in Indonesia. Seventeen panelists with an average of more than 12 years’ experience reached agreement over four governance interventions: increasing the capacity of local communities to manage and monitor forests and natural resources (65% of panelist’s votes); identify strengths and weaknesses of community organisations and institutions, and develop strategies to improve their performance (65% of panelist’s votes); gazetting forests to clarify land boundaries and determine which areas should be village, community and state forest zone (59% of panelist’s votes); and, integrating participatory community maps into spatial plans to protect local communities and indigenous peoples’ development needs (53% of panelist’s votes). They also supported action research involving the government, private sector and communities, and political economy approaches to researching forest and land governance issues. Panelists indicated that community level approaches such as securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning had an important role in sustainable forest management.     

Why David sometimes defeats Goliath: The power of actors in disprivileged land-use policy networks

Since the 19th century, Danish policies regarding land use in the wider countryside have been strongly influenced by two competing policy networks. In the period 1866–1970, a strong ‘land reclamation network’ was privileged at the expense of a weak ‘nature protection network’. In contrast, during the last couple of decades, the situation has been turned on its head. Here, a strong nature protection network has been privileged at the expense of a weaker ‘land reclamation network’. In each of the above stable periods, however, a detailed case study of decision-making regarding a rejected project shows that sometimes the weaker network is able to defeat a stronger network in relation to concrete project decisions regarding the use of water bodies. Why is it that even very strong policy communities cannot expect to have all projects they support implemented? Adding the concepts of policy venue and policy image [Baumgartner, F.R., Jones, B.D., 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London] to the rather static policy network approach provides an explanation—a theoretical framework which, for example, can be applied to decisions/non-decisions regarding nature restoration projects in those countries who during recent years have been trying to move beyond water body protection to restoration of water bodies to their natural state.     

空间治理现代化下中国国土空间规划面临的挑战与改革导向——基于国土空间治理重点问题系列研讨的思考

研究目的:梳理中国规划体系存在问题及原因,分析空间治理体系现代化下国土空间规划面临的转型挑战与改革导向,提出国土空间规划体系重构需解决的核心问题。研究方法:文献梳理法与综合分析法。研究结果:(1)国土空间规划是当前中国空间规划体系的整合重塑,是社会经济发展阶段的需求,更是当前空间治理现代化的时代要求。(2)中国空间规划体系存在的问题具有体制、制度和认知根源。(3)当前中国国土空间规划体系重构面临的转型挑战为:规划理念向\"以人为本\"与\"生态文明\"转变、战略地位向\"宏观指导\"与\"战略引领\"转变、结构体系向\"整体布局\"与\"分级管理\"转变。研究结论:空间治理体系现代化下国土空间规划应具备战略性和管控性、权威性与法律性、系统性与科学性等特征;国土空间规划体系重构亟需妥善解决法律法规体系完善、规程标准体系制定、学科建设和理论方法体系支撑等核心问题。     

国土空间生态修复：概念思辨与理论认知

研究目的:通过对国土空间生态修复的概念进行辨析,探讨国土空间生态修复的内涵、理论基础及相关重要研究内容,以期阐明从生态修复到国土空间生态修复的认知转变。研究方法:文献综述与综合分析法。研究结果:(1)国土空间生态修复是以不同空间尺度范围内受损或缺乏稳定与安全性的生态系统为对象,通过国土要素的空间结构调整与优化和生态功能修整与重建以及辅以中宏观尺度上的生态工程等系统性措施,以修复生态系统过程和提升生态系统服务的治理活动,最终实现生态系统健康、景观生态安全和区域可持续发展;(2)根据人类活动对于生态系统的不同干扰和影响程度,国土空间生态修复可划分为国土空间生态恢复、国土空间生态整治和国土空间生态重建三大类型的研究内容;(3)区域背景、景观异质性、人类活动、社会经济等都与生态系统相互交融,将这些要素与生态修复有机结合的过程对国土空间生态修复提出了更高的要求。研究结论:面对中国的区域性生态问题,退化生态系统的\"整体保护、系统修复、综合治理\"的实现,需以国土空间生态修复作为重要抓手。     

全生命周期视角下流域国土空间生态保护修复研究

研究目的：基于全生命周期理念,结合流域生态系统典型特征,提出流域国土空间生态保护修复基本体系、重点任务、实施难点、解决途径及亟待研究方向,为流域国土综合治理提供参考。研究方法：文献综述法,逻辑推理法。研究结果：(1)流域国土空间生态保护修复应以水为核心开展,全生命周期视角下可分为“识水—治水—管水”三个修复阶段。(2)流域国土空间生态保护修复重点任务在于以水梯度为基础开展流域生态系统特征与胁迫识别,以水连通为主线开展“山水林田湖草沙”系统修复以及以水健康为重点实施修复成效评估及可持续监管。(3)生态胁迫的复杂性、修复模式的精准性以及跨区域协同管理的困难性为流域生态修复实施带来了困难。(4)提升流域生态系统监测的精度和广度,注重多要素、多层级协同的修复目标与模式制定,构建生态修复跨区域全周期协同机制等举措可为解决生态修复难点提供可行路径。研究结论：从“识水—治水—管水”全生命周期视角实施流域国土空间生态保护修复,可为流域国土综合治理提供科学借鉴。     

How to build multifunctional agricultural landscapes in the U.S. Corn Belt: Add perennials and partnerships

Conservation of ecosystem services in agricultural regions worldwide is foundational to, but often perceived to be in competition with, other societal outcomes, including food and energy production and thriving rural communities. To address this tension, we engaged regional leaders in agriculture, conservation, and policy from the state of Iowa (USA) in a participatory workshop and follow-up interviews. Our goal was to determine constraints to, and leverage points for, broad-scale implementation of practices that use perennial vegetation to bolster ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. Qualitative analysis of workshop and interview data highlighted the complexity involved in achieving multi-objective societal outcomes across privately owned, working landscapes—especially as the Corn Belt region enters a period of rapid reorganization driven by the demand for bioenergy crops. These leaders indicated that initiatives focusing on perennials have the potential to span differences between conservation and agricultural interests by blurring the distinction between working lands and protected areas. Landscape change that transcends private property boundaries to accomplish this goal is dependent upon: (1) facilitation of vertical and horizontal forms of social capital between social actors from different scales and perspectives, and (2) scale appropriate mechanisms that increase the value of perennial practices for farm owners and operators. Our data highlight the adaptive capacity of regional actors to act as intermediaries to shape macro-scale markets, technologies, and policies in ways that are compatible with the needs, the capabilities, and the conservation of local human and natural resources.     

黑龙江海林佛手山森林公园风景资源质量评价

通过对黑龙江海林佛手山森林公园旅游资源进行调查,利用我国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定方法,对佛手山森林公园风景资源质量进行定量评价。结果表明,佛手山森林公园的风景资源质量等级评定分值为41.82,综合质量为国家一级,具有很高的资源价值和旅游开发价值。     

北京八达岭国家森林公园景观评价

近年来,旅游业成为促进城乡融合、推动居民就业的重要举措.许多内陆城市将投资的重心转向了辖区内有着独特地理优势的大面积林区,因此对森林公园景观进行评价对推动旅游业具有重要意义.本文以北京八达岭国家森林公园为研究对象,依据《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定》,基于层次分析法对森林公园风景资源建立评价体系,并提出相应意见.主...     

Absent neighbours and passive shareholders – The issue of residency and involvement in the management of a forest common

The Swedish forest commons can be regarded as self-organized community groups which jointly manage a forest resource. However, previous studies point out the diminishing role and engagement of shareholders in terms of governance, thereby challenging some vital design principles of robust common-pool resource institutions. We assume that major reasons for this is associated with socio-demographic changes meaning a large proportion of shareholders do not live in the area. Therefore this study compares resident and non-resident shareholder participation in and perceptions about their common, as well as assesses their engagement in the management of one major forest common in Northern Sweden. To this end a questionnaire survey was conducted together with regular consultations with the common's board and staff to discuss shareholder participation and other major issues concerning the common.The study shows that the common has a low shareholder engagement and a high proportion of non-resident shareholders. Even though a large proportion of resident shareholders acknowledged benefits from the common, they were also less satisfied with the cooperation among shareholders and less optimistic about the possibilities to influence management decisions. In contrast, the majority of non-resident shareholders saw ‘no disadvantages’ of the common. Although most of the shareholders regularly visit the common, hardly any participate in the general meetings. While residency outside the municipality certainly seems to have an impact on the engagement of non-resident shareholders, our study suggests that simple strategies from the board including accessible information and better timing and/or location of meetings might even increase the participation among all shareholders.     

重庆市林业灾后重建的若干问题与建议

这次雨雪冰冻天气给重庆市林业造成巨大损失。天保工程公益林损失4.7万hm2,退耕还林受损面积12万hm2,受灾林业职工3607人,基础设施毁损严重。林业直接经济损失8.3亿元。灾后重建工作面临进一步核灾林业灾情、受灾林木清理、林业基础设施恢复重建等问题,并提出相应建议。