Moving from vision to action- integrating ecosystem services in the Swedish local planning context

Policies and planning processes related to land use play an important role in maintaining and developing ecosystem services. The incorporation of ecosystem services into local plans is considered an indicator of the plan’s capacity to implement strategic action. This study provides a national overview of the incorporation of the ecosystem service concept in current municipal comprehensive plans in Sweden and explores the actions taken by three municipalities in Stockholm County to implement the ecosystem service concept in practice. A multi-method design was employed including a qualitative content analysis of 231 municipal comprehensive plans, a statistical analysis analyzing temporal changes from 2005 – 2017, and dialogue meetings with municipal practitioners from the three municipalities. We divided the level of integration to four categories, A (Advanced) - D (Not included). Overall, the integration of the ecosystem service concept has significantly increased in municipal comprehensive plans during the last decade. At national level, 23% of municipalities have explicitly mentioned ecosystem services, and within Stockholm County, 42%. The dialogue meetings with municipal practitioners revealed that the municipalities were at different stages of implementing the ecosystem service concept, with diverse actions being implemented for advancing practice. These included capacity building, participatory processes and development of thematic plans and operational documents. To support the future implementation of the ecosystem service concept from vision to action, both local and national initiatives are needed.     

Is Passive Farming A Problem for Agriculture in the EU?

We address a new agricultural policy concern following the decoupling of CAP direct payments in 2005: passive farming, whereby landowners maintain their agricultural area to collect payments without producing commodities. It is claimed that passive farming is hindering agricultural development by ‘blocking’ access to farmland for expanding farmers. We evaluate the links between the EU's Single Payment Scheme (SPS), passive farming, land use and agricultural development. Following identification of the rational landowners’ optimal land‐use choice, we evaluate the effects of the SPS using a spatial, agent‐based model that simulates farmers’ competition for land in a case‐study region of Sweden. We show that passive farming does not constrain land from being used in production; on the contrary more land is used than would be the case without the SPS. We conclude that passive farming is not a problem for agriculture, but provides public goods that would otherwise be under provided: preservation of marginal farmland and future food security. However SPS payments on highly productive land inflate land values (capitalisation) and slow structural change, which hinder agricultural development. Consequently CAP goals could be better served by targeting payments on marginal land and phasing out payments to highly productive land.     

京津冀粮食安全与农业用水安全耦合协调研究

[目的]粮食安全与农业用水安全协调发展是实现农业可持续发展的前提与保障。[方法]文章通过构建粮食安全与农业用水安全评价指标体系,基于耦合协调模型、空间自相关、GWR模型,分析1985—2018年京津冀粮食安全与农业用水安全耦合协调度时空格局及驱动力。[结果]（1）粮食安全与农业用水安全评价指数及二者综合评价指数均呈波动上升趋势;（2）时间上,两者始终处于高耦合水平,耦合协调度呈波动上升趋势,协调程度整体较低,没有达到高度协调;空间上,各县域基本都为高耦合水平,耦合协调度冀中南功能拓展区高、冀西北生态涵养区低,整体处于濒临失调和基本协调之间;（3）耦合协调度空间集聚特征显著,中南部高―高集聚,西北部低―低集聚;（4）耦合协调度驱动力中,农业人口占比、高程和坡度主要为负向作用,农业产值占比、人均耕地面积、粮食单产、有效灌溉率及节水灌溉率主要起正向作用;高程、坡度、农业人口占比及粮食单产的影响较小,人均耕地面积、有效灌溉率、节水灌溉率及农业产值占比的影响程度大,其中人均耕地面积影响更显著。[结论]该文表明京津冀粮食安全与农业用水安全耦合协调关系有待进一步提升,各功能区内耦合协调关系发展差距较...     

Land for housing in the Netherlands: The role of municipalities

This article looks at the role of municipalities in planning, developing and providing land for housing in the Netherlands. Specific reference is made to the role of the municipality as a planning authority (its autonomy and limitations), municipal land use plans (the legal obligation to make such plans and their content) and the role of municipalities in developing and providing land (the legal base of such development, involvement by the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, and the balanced cost-benefit accounts of land use plans).     

Multifunctionality of agriculture: an inquiry into the complementarity between landscape preservation and food security

Without support, the levels of agricultural public goods suchas food security and landscape preservation would fall shortof demand in high-cost countries. However, as demonstrated byNorway as a case study, the current level of support is disproportionatefrom a public goods perspective, and the policy instrumentsare badly targeted at the public goods in question. Becauseagricultural land is a major component of both food securityand landscape preservation, giving rise to a high degree ofcost complementarity between the public goods, it would be moreefficient to support land-extensive production techniques thanproduction per se.     

Urban crops and livestock: The experiences,challenges, and opportunities of planning for urban agriculture in two Canadian provinces

While many municipalities globally are currently undertaking initiatives to support urban agriculture, policies and zoning regulations can act as barriers, with the former usually not integrated with planning. Extensive research has been conducted on urban agriculture policies in the global South, but much less is known about associated practices and policies in the global North. This is especially true for the Canadian context and therefore the present study aims at improving our overall understanding of the urban agriculture situation in two Canadian provinces. Relevant policies, such as official plans or official community plans, alternate policy documents and guidelines, zoning by-laws, and animal-related by-laws were reviewed for 10 municipalities in Ontario and in British Columbia, all varying in socio-economic and climatological characteristics. Additional key informant interviews were conducted with municipal planners, community garden coordinators, and other municipal staff familiar with urban agriculture policies from six of the selected municipalities.In line with global trends, our results suggest that urban agriculture is becoming more widespread in the two provinces. However, even though all studied municipalities consistently support urban agriculture, they vary significantly in their approach, with some municipalities focusing much more narrowly on certain types of activities than others. Overall, community advocacy and municipal council support are the most important drivers in the policy process. Key informants expressed a need to bridge existing gaps between policy adoption and implementation of tools, emphasize public education and public awareness, create inventories of land available for urban agriculture, incorporate urban agriculture in the development review process, and focus on the commercial potential of the practice. Encouragingly, despite the many challenges that need to be addressed, we found that many opportunities exist that municipalities could consider when creating improved local urban agriculture policies and tools to enhance the urban food system.     

Land administration for food security: A research synthesis

Food security remains an ongoing global concern: the challenge of ensuring food availability, access, and utility for all, at all times, is yet to be met. The body of literature relating to food security is growing immensely. Land administrators are part of the discourse. Their arguments are spread disparately across academic and professional publications. The distinction between scientific work and political rhetoric is increasingly blurry: the role of land administration needs to be more concisely articulated. This paper provides a new synthesis on the relationships between land administration and food security. It undertakes a review of land administration literature relating to food security. It aims at crystallizing understandings of how land administration supports, or fails to support, food security at a conceptual level, and also the strategic and operational levels of land administration systems. The relationship between land administration and food security appears to be conceptually agreed upon; however, at operational levels the link is less evident. Conceptually, land administration is argued to deliver (and sometimes not deliver) secure land tenure, support for implementation of agricultural policies, access to credit, less litigation, easier land dealings, land taxation, land inventories, and land transaction controls. This enables (or undermines) subsistence farming, development of local agricultural sectors and markets, credit to access to non-local food markets, farm subsidization, more efficient land utilization, fairer international investments, and national food planning strategies. In general, the examined literature tends to focus on problem identification rather than system design. Additionally, the large amount of positive viewpoints need better validation in many cases. Future work needs to concentrate on examining the utility of land information and geospatial tools for food security, extracting lessons from the land administration systems of developed contexts, and improving the links at an operational level.     

Is spatial planning a collaborative learning process? A case study from a rural–urban gradient in Sweden

International and national policies stress the importance of spatial planning for the long-term sustainability of regions. This paper identifies the extent to which the spatial planning in a Swedish region can be characterised as a collaborative learning process. By combining qualitative interviews and systems thinking methods we analysed the main attributes of public-led spatial (i.e. comprehensive) planning in nine municipalities representing a steep urban–rural gradient in the Bergslagen region of Central Sweden. We show that the attributes of strategic spatial planning needed for collaborative learning were absent or undeveloped. All studied municipalities experienced challenges in coordinating complex issues regarding long-term planning to steer territorial development and help to solve conflicts among competing interests. Stakeholder participation was identified as a basic condition for social learning in planning. Together with stakeholders we identified the causal structure behind stakeholder participation in municipal planning processes, including main drivers and feedback loops. We conclude that there is a need for arenas allowing and promoting stakeholder activity, participation and inclusion that combines both bottom-up and top-down approaches, and where evidence-based collaborative learning can occur.     

山东省农用地数量变化及生态安全评价

[目的]文章针对山东省的农用地数量进行统计并通过生态安全指数来评价农用地的生态安全性,以期为山东省的农用地保护和利用提供借鉴。[方法]采用统计分析法研究2007~2016年山东省农用地数量变化。采用层次分析法(AHP)构建由17项指标构成的农用地生态安全评价体系,并采用土地生态安全模型计算单项和综合安全指数来评价农用地的生态安全性。[结果]2007~2016年,10年间山东省农用地的面积未出现较大变动,一直保持在1 150万hm~2以上。经计算,山东省2010年和2015年的农用地生态安全值分别为0.597 2和0.636 6,按照山东省农用地生态安全综合评价标准可以看出,2010年和2015年的农用地生态安全等级均为"敏感级",但2015年比2010年的安全值略有提升。[结论]山东省农用地数量在2007~2016年的10年间未出现较大变动,一直保持在1 000万hm~2以上。2010年和2015年山东省农用地生态安全状态处于敏感级。虽然5年间生态安全值略有上升,但仍有很多生态安全问题需要注意,尤其是农药化肥的施用量,需要及时进行调整和治理,以避免发生更加严重的农用地生态安全问题,切实保障全省农用地生态安全和粮食安全。     

粮食安全视角下的农业资源与环境要素的效用分析

[目的]通过分析农业资源与环境要素的效用,探讨保障我国粮食安全举措。[方法]在我国粮食安全现状的基础上,采用分析法分别对农业资源与环境要素的利用展开研究,提出针对性建议。[结果](1)农业资源要素:耕地资源利用率较低、农业资源浪费严重、农村劳动力大量转移;(2)农业环境要素:自然环境要素利用效率不高、农业投资不合理。[结论]由农业资源与环境要素两大因素导致的粮食安全问题日益突出。基于此应发展"紧凑型"城市化模式、坚持内涵式耕地开发,在减少农业资源浪费的同时提高现有耕地的整体质量;应通过改善基础设施、优化市场准入制度、提升流通效率,以提高粮食市场竞争力;应综合考虑农业资源与环境要素两大因素,从制度层面建立健全粮食安全保障体系。     

基于ARIMA模型的我国人口、耕地与粮食预测分析

本文利用我国人口、耕地与粮食单产数据,运用ARIMA模型,对我国人口、耕地与粮食单产发展进行定量预测分析,为制定未来粮食安全政策提供参考。研究结果:按现阶段中国人口、耕地与粮食单产发展形势至2020年用于种粮的耕地面积10.74亿亩,粮食单产5518.60公斤/公顷。人均粮食占有量441.56公斤。用于种粮的耕地面积比《全国粮食安全发展纲要》11亿亩的指标少0.26亿亩,人均粮食占有量较2020年人均粮食消费量395公斤的粮食安全指标高46.56公斤。建议通过坚持计划生育政策、制定严格的土地审批制度,实现人口、耕地、粮食的协调发展。     

中国耕地供需变化规律研究

研究目的：探讨中国城市化 — 工业化用地需求和满足粮食安全的耕地供给之间的消长关系及变化规律,以期为国家土地利用政策提供科学依据。研究方法：首先提出关于最小人均耕地面积（即满足粮食安全的人均耕地需求）和耕地非农化逻辑斯蒂的假设。然后对历年中国耕地的统计数据进行订正,重建1980 — 2006年耕地数据序列。据此计算了同期的最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数（反映耕地需求和供给的对比关系）,并验证耕地非农化逻辑斯蒂假设。研究结果：保障粮食安全的人均耕地需求数量逐渐降低,耕地压力指数虽先降后升但总体呈下降趋势。中国在基本满足城市化 — 工业化用地需求和生态退耕,因而满足粮食安全需求的耕地供给不断减少,同时人口又不断增加的情况下,粮食安全状况非但没有恶化,反而有所改善;耕地压力指数非但没有加重,反而有所减轻,根本原因在于土地生产率的不断提高。耕地非农化逻辑斯蒂增长过程的推导和证明,显示了两个拐点分别出现在1980年和2050年,前者是从缓慢到加速的转折点;后者是从增长到停滞的转折点,保证粮食安全的耕地供给将趋于稳定。其间还有一个由加速到减缓的拐点将出现在2015年。研究结论：城市化 — 工业化用地需求和粮食安全用地需求可以兼顾。     

The top 100 questions of importance to the future of global agriculture

Despite a significant growth in food production over the past half-century, one of the most important challenges facing society today is how to feed an expected population of some nine billion by the middle of the 20th century. To meet the expected demand for food without significant increases in prices, it has been estimated that we need to produce 70–100 per cent more food, in light of the growing impacts of climate change, concerns over energy security, regional dietary shifts and the Millennium Development target of halving world poverty and hunger by 2015. The goal for the agricultural sector is no longer simply to maximize productivity, but to optimize across a far more complex landscape of production, rural development, environmental, social justice and food consumption outcomes. However, there remain significant challenges to developing national and international policies that support the wide emergence of more sustainable forms of land use and efficient agricultural production. The lack of information flow between scientists, practitioners and policy makers is known to exacerbate the difficulties, despite increased emphasis upon evidence-based policy. In this paper, we seek to improve dialogue and understanding between agricultural research and policy by identifying the 100 most important questions for global agriculture. These have been compiled using a horizon-scanning approach with leading experts and representatives of major agricultural organizations worldwide. The aim is to use sound scientific evidence to inform decision making and guide policy makers in the future direction of agricultural research priorities and policy support. If addressed, we anticipate that these questions will have a significant impact on global agricultural practices worldwide, while improving the synergy between agricultural policy, practice and research. This research forms part of the UK Government's Foresight Global Food and Farming Futures project.     

基于耕地发展权价值的东北粮食主产区耕地保护补偿机制研究

研究目的：通过建立耕地保护补偿机制,促进区域耕地保护与经济发展相协调,为合理确定国家征地补偿标准提供科学依据。研究方法：基于假设法、比较研究法和文献法,通过建立耕地发展权价值测算模型,测算耕地发展权价值大小,进而建立耕地保护补偿机制。研究结果：（1）巴彦县耕地总面积约1/5可以满足该区域的自身粮食需求,其余约4/5为耕地盈余面积,耕地发展权总价值最高为303.72亿元;（2）为保障国家粮食安全而限制区域耕地转为他用,国家应给予失去发展权的权利主体相应补偿;（3）对无法完成耕地“占一补一”,委托区域代为落实耕地占补平衡任务的地区,应购买区域耕地发展权;（4）对确需满足国家建设需要占用区域耕地,国家或用地单位应给予失去发展权的权利主体相应补偿。研究结论：耕地保护补偿实质是向农民或农村集体经济组织购买耕地发展权权力的价值。在满足区域自身粮食需求、保障国家粮食安全前提下,以耕地发展权价值为载体,应建立集粮食安全补偿、区域性差别补偿以及因建设占用耕地等补偿为一体的耕地保护补偿机制。     

云南省粮食产能安全主要影响因素的定量分析

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对云南省1999-2008年粮食产量主要影响因素(耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食单产、有效灌溉面积、化肥使用量、受灾面积、成灾面积、农业机械总动力、农村用电量和烟叶产量)进行分析,结果表明:耕地面积和粮食单产对粮食产量的影响居第一位和第二位,对粮食产能安全影响最为突出.其余影响因子的关联度排序依次...     

Food Sovereignty and Fome Zero: Connecting Public Food Procurement Programmes to Sustainable Rural Development in Brazil

The global discourse on food sovereignty suggests several mechanisms for improving food security and agricultural livelihoods, including redistributive land reform and restructuring of markets to improve food distribution and access. In Brazil, the Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) social welfare programme has created innovative links between public nutrition and food security programmes and rural development initiatives through mediated market support for the family farm sector. We report on a participatory assessment of the experience of land reform beneficiaries in seven municipalities in Mato Grosso, Brazil, who were contracted to produce food for the Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (Food Procurement Programme, PAA) and the Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (National School Feeding Programme, PNAE) under the umbrella of Fome Zero. This analysis offers insight into the opportunities and challenges related to participation in mediated ‘farm‐to‐institution’ food procurement programmes, and assesses their influence on key food sovereignty principles, including agro‐ecological transition, increased market stability and farmer autonomy.     

美国农地保护方法及其借鉴

研究目的：探讨美国农地保护方法及其对中国的借鉴。研究方法：逻辑分析,对比分析。研究结果：中国现行农地保护政策存在不足。美国农地保护的启示：（1）农地保护目标应包括保证粮食安全、农业产业发展、环境、城乡土地的合理利用,实现数量、质量、生态的综合保护;（2）发挥中央政府、地方政府、农地保护组织和农民的主体作用,促进农地的保护和保持;（3）完善法规调控体系,改革政府参与方式,减少土地套利,完善市场配套设施、引入市场激励机制,根据地区资源和经济发展情况实行差异化方法。研究结论：美国农地保护目标、管理体系及具体方法等对中国有借鉴作用。     

提高耕地质量对保障粮食安全更为重要

研究目的:探讨提高耕地质量和粮食生产能力的重要性和措施。研究方法:比较分析法和数据统计法。研究结果:耕地质量对社会经济发展和粮食安全的保障具有重要的促进作用;由土地退化、土壤污染等原因造成的农用地质量下降和农业生产能力低下,已对国家粮食安全构成严重威胁。研究结论:现阶段应多管齐下,大力提升耕地质量和粮食生产能力,不仅要高度重视土地污染问题,转变传统粮食供给观念,而且要加大工业反哺农业政策的力度,改变强调数量为主的占补平衡观念,代以新补耕地数量、产量不低于被占用耕地数量、产量的双向衡量标准,保障社会经济的全面发展。     

Patterns of development and conservation in agricultural lands—The case of the Tel Aviv metropolitan region 1990–2000

Until the 1990s Israel was implementing a strict agricultural land preservation policy program, rooted in Zionist ideology. This was changed when shifts in Israeli planning and land policy towards the end of the 20th century brought about accelerated growth and sprawling development in agricultural lands at the urban–rural fringe, particularly in the Tel Aviv metropolitan region (TMR). In this article we describe the background for policy shifts and the resulting impact on metropolitan growth, and then proceed to identify patterns of development in former agricultural lands and their impact on conservation, based on a study of statutory land use plans converting agricultural land to built-up uses within the TMR. It was found that most of the plans were converting large tracts of agricultural land to residential uses, characterized by low-density suburban-type family housing, thus reducing considerably the spatial conservation potential. In addition, only relative small portions of land were conserved as public open space within plans’ boundaries, and even then only about half of that was actually effective for active open space uses.     

郑州市土地生态安全评价及障碍因素研究 ——基于DPSIR模型

本研究基于DPSIR模型构建郑州市土地生态安全评价指标体系,并利用熵值法对指标进行客观赋权,计算得出2010～2018年郑州市土地生态安全的综合评价值和五个子系统的安全评价值.最后引入障碍度模型,探究影响郑州市土地生态安全的障碍因素.研究结果表明,(1)2010～2018年郑州市土地生态安全水平呈现先下降后上升的趋势,...