Modeling of ecosystem services informs spatial planning in lands adjacent to the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht protected area in northern Iran

Dynamic models of ecosystem services supply and scenario analysis of changes in multiple services are being increasingly used to support land use planning and decision making. This approach reduces potential and real conflicts among various stakeholders potentially creating win–win solutions for all. It is particularly applicable in areas where insufficient land for agriculture and settlements is resulting in high rates of conversion of natural forest and grasslands. We quantified and mapped multiple ecosystem services, including habitat provision as a proxy for biodiversity, carbon storage and sequestration, and water balance and supply in the Sarvelat and Javaherdasht region of the globally-significant Hyrcanian (Caspian) forests in northern Iran using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs tool. This region is experiencing a rapidly increasing rate of forest conversion and as a result, the protected area located within the study landscape is threatened by human encroachment. Plausible future landscapes were modeled under three scenarios: (i) business as usual; (ii) protection-based zoning which reflects an expansion of the protected area boundary to prevent land use changes; and (iii) collaborative zoning through redefining the protection boundary simultaneously with an adjustment to meet local stakeholders’ objective of expansion of anthropogenic cover. The results showed that the collaborative zoning scenario would best contribute to effective policy because it presents a more rational spatial configuration of the landscape maintaining the provision of ecosystem services. This scenario may lead to reduced environmental impacts while achieving less conflict between the government and local communities. These results will help to inform and shape natural resource management policies in Iran and is applicable elsewhere in the world.     

Assessing,mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level

Numerous studies underline the importance of immaterial benefits provided by ecosystems and especially by cultural landscapes, which are shaped by intimate human–nature interactions. However, due to methodological challenges, cultural ecosystem services are rarely fully considered in ecosystem services assessments. This study performs a spatially explicit participatory mapping of the complete range of cultural ecosystem services and several disservices perceived by people living in a cultural landscape in Eastern Germany. The results stem from a combination of mapping exercises and structured interviews with 93 persons that were analyzed with statistical and GIS-based techniques. The results show that respondents relate diverse cultural services and multiple local-level sites to their individual well-being. Most importantly, aesthetic values, social relations and educational values were reported. Underlining the holistic nature of cultural ecosystem services, the results reveal bundles of services as well as particular patterns in the perception of these bundles for respondent groups with different socio-demographic backgrounds. Cultural services are not scattered randomly across a landscape, but rather follow specific patterns in terms of the intensity, richness and diversity of their provision. Resulting hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services provision are related to landscape features and land cover forms. We conclude that, despite remaining methodological challenges, cultural services mapping assessments should be pushed ahead as indispensable elements in the management and protection of cultural landscapes. Spatially explicit information on cultural ecosystem services that incorporates the differentiated perceptions of local populations provides a rich basis for the development of sustainable land management strategies. These could realign the agendas of biodiversity conservation and cultural heritage preservation, thereby fostering multifunctionality.     

国土空间规划视角下生态空间管制分区的理论思考

研究目的:揭示生态空间的概念内涵与认知局限,探讨面向国土空间规划的生态空间管制分区优化逻辑。研究方法:文献资料法和归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)生态空间具有实体、功能、管理等多维属性,蕴含了生态系统服务的多样性、生态空间功能的复合性、生态服务价值的人本性三重内涵;(2)生态空间管制分区的认知存在三方面的局限,即价值取向上难以统筹要素、功能与格局,操作模式上忽略社会文化功能的权衡,实施路径上未能建构分级分类体系;(3)国土空间规划对生态空间管制分区提出了底线保障、精细治理、人本服务三个层次需求;(4)生态空间管制分区可遵循以生态功能为研判依据、生态要素为空间载体、分级分类高效管理为落脚点的理论逻辑,建构以功能权衡、要素统筹、分级分类为次序的实施路径。研究结论:深化生态空间的理论认知,厘清国土空间规划对生态空间管制分区的核心需求,优化生态空间管制分区的理论逻辑与实施路径,才能有效地支撑生态文明新时代的空间治理现代化目标。     

农业区生态系统服务的影响因素及空间优化分析——以北京市为例

[目的]探索北京市农业区生态系统服务的主要影响因素,并提出空间优化策略,促进农业区生态系统可持续性。[方法]文章利用InVEST、ROS等模型定量评估北京市多种生态系统服务,在此基础上采用K-means聚类方法识别生态系统服务簇,从而划分出北京市农业功能区。采用地理探测器分析其生态系统服务主要影响因素,并基于影响因素进行多情景优化,提出改善农业区生态系统服务的土地利用组成比例和空间配置方案。[结果]（1）北京市农业区主要分布在东部、南部地区,占全市面积的26%;(2)农业区的气候调节服务主要受坡度影响,生境质量服务主要受植被指数影响,粮食生产服务受景观多样性、地区生产总值、农用化肥施用量等因素的综合影响;（3）耕地保护情景下的粮食生产服务提升更为显著;综合优化情景下的生境质量、休闲娱乐以及综合生态系统服务提升更为显著。[结论]探讨了北京市农业区生态系统服务时空演变、驱动机制及多种空间优化方案,为北京市及其他特大型城市的生态系统服务提升与农业区景观可持续规划提供参考依据。     

Prospective evaluation of the impact of land use change on ecosystem services in the Ourika watershed,Morocco

Land use change at the local stage affects the flow of ecosystem services at all levels. Analyzing the causes of land use change such as anthropogenic activities in the case of the Ourika watershed will facilitate sustainable policies. A decision-making tool, InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade Offs) was used to quantify three ecosystem services and to generate three spatially explicit land use scenarios (trend, development and conservation) with expert stakeholders and the local population. The results indicate that forest expansion under the conservation scenario increased carbon sequestration and sediment retention by 34.29 % and 7.17 % but decreased water yield by 0.75 %. Comparably, a combination of forest and cropland expansion under the trend scenario generated a moderate increase by 8.4 % and 0.98 % but a negligible decrease of 0.09 %. A decline in the forests under the development scenario caused an improvement in the water yield by 0.12 % but a decrease in carbon sequestration and sediment retention by 6.06 % and 0.88 % respectively. A combination of forests and croplands through agroforestry systems enhances the provision of all the three ecosystem services. Community-based ecosystem and land management is the best way to improve ecosystem services at the local level.     

三江平原湿地生态功能区划分区方案及分区特征

三江平原是我国最大的淡水湿地分布区,而湿地生态功能区划是进行湿地生态系统管理的重要途径。本文按照生态功能区划的原则,结合三江平原湿地生态系统服务功能特点和生态环境现状,将三江平原湿地生态系统服务功能区划分为3个一级区,14个二级区,并对其分区特征进行分析。为科学、合理地保护和利用湿地,创造可持续发展条件奠定基础。     

Spatial Complementarity of Forests and Farms: Accounting for Ecosystem Services

Our article considers the economic contributions of forest ecosystem services, using a case study from Flores, Indonesia, in which forest protection in upstream watersheds stabilize soil and hydrological flows in downstream farms. We focus on the demand for a weak complement to the ecosystem services—farm labor—and account for spatial dependence due to economic interactions, ecosystem processes, and data integration. The estimated models have theoretically expected properties across eight different specifications. We find strong evidence that forest ecosystem services provide economically substantive benefits to local people and that these services would be substantially undervalued if spatial dependence is ignored.     

Mapping hotspots and bundles of forest ecosystem services across the European Union

Forests cover about 40 % of the European Union (EU), providing a wide spectrum of invaluable ecosystem services to more than half a billion people. In order to protect and harness this crucial asset, EU policies are advancing multifunctional management. This study lays a basis for such an effort by mapping the supply of key forest ecosystem services (FES) across the entire EU: wood, water supply, erosion control, pollination, habitat protection, soil formation, climate regulation and recreation. To further support the operationalization of multifunctionality and targeting of policies, our analysis delineates hotspots, assesses synergies and tradeoffs, and identifies spatial bundles.We generated maps at 1-km resolution starting from existing datasets through simple modelling (Tier 1). Out of these maps, we denoted the highest supplying pixels (i.e. top 20 %) as hotspots, and performed correlation analysis to detect synergies and tradeoffs. Finally, we used cluster analysis to identify FES bundles. Our analysis shows that hotspots of single FES are spread across the entire EU and that forests of mountain regions and Central Europe (particularly France, Germany, Slovakia) supply significant amounts of multiple FES. The cluster analysis resulted in four bundles: “balanced” in the northeast, “wood & water” in the center, “soil carbon” in the north and “rural-recreational” in the south. While a purely quantitative analysis of the produced maps may be misleading because of the strong links between FES supply and climatic and socio-economic conditions, overlaying hotspots and bundles with administrative layers can be a first step to inform about the role of different countries and regions in securing the sustainable supply of European FES.     

土地整治功能分区及其整治方向研究

[目的]土地整治的目标开始由注重"新增耕地"向注重"区域功能"转变,土地整治内涵由此得到延伸。同时,也迫切需要推进以提升区域功能为导向的土地整治分区研究。[方法]文章针对我国土地整治分区管理的需求,基于我国地理环境的背景差异及地域功能的定位、土地整治内涵的演变,运用要素加权叠加法、空间聚类分析法和专家经验判断法与区划对比分析法等开展土地整治功能分区。[结果]该文构建并提出了以功能导向为核心的土地整治分区体系和方案,将我国土地整治按地域功能划分为:(1)以生态修复、保护和建设为主的生态功能保育区,(2)以基本农田建设、农地开发整理、提高区域耕地的生产能力为主的粮食安全保障功能区,(3)以城乡用地统筹整治、城市用地内部挖掘为主的经济发展支持功能区,(4)以划定保护区、保护性建设为主的景观文化维护功能区等4种类型区,进一步结合东北平原区、华北平原区、黄土高原区等12个地理空间单元,组合为61个土地整治功能一级分区。在此基础上,评价一级功能区内各县域单元土地整治功能,识别出景观文化维护功能、粮食安全保障功能、生态建设功能、生态保护功能、城镇发展优化功能和城镇发展集聚功能,续分土地整治功能二级分区即各县域的土地整治功能。[结论]基于功能导向的土地整治分区反映了区域功能及其关系对土地整治分区的引导作用,为分区管控和引导提供了科学依据,这对提升区域功能和加强土地利用功能的联系和互动起到重要的作用。     

Monitoring cropland transition and its impact on ecosystem services value in developed regions of China: A case study of Jiangsu Province

Cropland use is experiencing an intense transition in both depth and breadth with rapid development of the Chinese economy. Unwarranted land use transitions can affect the ecosystem services value (ESV) and ecosystem functions significantly. This paper reports the dynamic patterns of cropland transition (CLT) and its impact on ESV in Jiangsu Province based on land-use data from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2013, crop yield data, empirical data related to ESV, some revisions adapted to the situation of Jiangsu, and Geo-information Tupu methods. Jiangsu has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization, which can be seen as a microcosm of China's development. Results showed that the total area of cropland decreased markedly from 1990 to 2013. This loss of cropland took place mainly through the expansion of construction land and water area, accounting for 83.78% and 13.71%, respectively. The gain in cropland came mainly from construction land, water area, grassland, and woodland, accounting for 58.92%, 19.92%, 11.46%, and 10.22%. The transitions from 2000 to 2010 were much more significant than during 1990–2000 and 2010–2013. CLTs were accompanied by relatively concentrated distributions near towns and cities and the distributions in southern and central Jiangsu were more than in northern Jiangsu. Between 1990 and 2013, CLTs gave rise to a decrease of 6.78 million US$ ESV that was mostly caused by the transition from cropland to construction land and water area to cropland. Based on this information, some of the major implications for improving the land use policy and ecological protection policy in China were discussed. These include increased emphasis on land quality and ecological environment in balance between cropland addition and conversion, introducing ESV measures to evaluate the ecological effect of land-use planning, and establish an all-around ecological compensation mechanism.     

Evaluating the coupling effects of climate variability and vegetation restoration on ecosystems of the Loess Plateau,China

Restoring disturbed and over-exploited ecosystems is an important part of mitigating human pressures on natural ecosystems. An ambitious ecological restoration program, the Grain for Green Program (GFGP), was launched in 1999 in China. We selected the Loess Plateau (LP) as a case study, and evaluated ecosystem changes between 2000 and 2012 using biophysical models, observation records, and literature data. It was observed that both the warming and wetting of climate and the ecological program promoted vegetation growth and biomass production (i.e., carbon sequestration). Overall ecosystem patterns were relatively stable; grassland, residential land, and forest increased in area, while farmland area decreased slightly. Increasing precipitation throughout the study period was related to fluctuations in soil retention and hydrological regulation. Vegetation restoration induced by climate variability and the ecological program played a significant role in soil retention enhancement, which also substantially reduced sediment load. The land-use conversion in ecological restoration program promoted soil carbon sequestration, but featured differences in conversion types and rainfall zones. The ecosystem changes recorded in the LP, which resulted from both the ecological program and climate variability, might be temporary improvements rather than fundamental ecosystem shifts. The success of this ecological restoration in the LP exemplifies the positive effects of environmental policies and the necessity of adopting an adaptive management approach. However, the current assessment was not comprehensive, as it involved only three dominant regulating services, and there were still trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions and trade-offs among ecosystem services is required to explore in the context of emerging climate change, so as to support environmental management that maximizes ecosystem benefits to human well-being.     

近10年长江经济带多尺度耕地利用变化特征

[目的]研究长江经济带耕地利用特征及其变化规律,辅助跨区域耕地保护与管理、促进农业可持续发展。[方法]基于合作博弈赋权法的多指标综合评价法,利用耕地规模、投入和产出指数,分析长江经济带近10年多空间尺度变化特征。[结果](1)2005~2015年期间长江经济带耕地规模指数、投入强度、产出能力均呈现增长态势,增长比例分别为8.98%、124.27%、18.81%。(2)长江经济带不同尺度耕地利用变化特征存在显著差异。上游耕地规模指数增长20.26%,中游地区耕地投入强度增长明显,下游地区耕地规模指数下降3.86%,但耕地产出能力提升显著。从省域尺度上来看,"云南—贵州—湖南—湖北"一带耕地规模指数增加明显,云南、安徽、贵州和四川4省耕地投入强度的涨幅超20%,四川、安徽、江西、江苏省耕地产出能力增长明显。地级及以上城市尺度耕地规模指数、投入强度和产出能力呈"大范围增长,局部小幅降低"格局。(3)地级及以上尺度耕地规模指数、投入强度和产出能力变动关系错位明显。[结论]大区域多尺度耕地利用变化特征对比分析,有助于进一步理解区域耕地利用变化的深层次动力机制,是有效推进跨区域耕地利用与保护、统筹安排农业发展布局和助力流域乡村振兴的重要参考。     

经济发达区土地利用变化与生态服务价值损益研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

研究目的:以浙江省慈溪市1999—2005年的土地利用详查及更新调查数据,研究该地区土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究方法:土地利用类型动态度法、土地利用程度综合指数法、生态系统服务价值当量计算法。研究结果:研究区1999—2005年园地、林地、建设用地呈增加趋势,耕地基本不变,水利设施用地和未利用地呈减少趋势;土地利用程度指数逐年上升;生态系统服务价值却随当地经济的发展逐渐下降。研究结论:今后的土地利用规划一定要严格控制建设用地扩张,提高用地效率,保证经济稳步增长和生态环境质量不断提高。     

县级土壤环境功能区划研究与示范——以登封市为例

土壤是人类赖以生存与发展的物质基础,土壤环境功能区划是合理开发利用与有效保护管理的重要基础性工作。土壤环境功能区划工作亟须详细展开,且区划方案因尺度不同而异。县级土壤环境功能区划结果要求更具体、可操作性更强。文章深入分析了县级土壤环境功能区划的区划思路、区划原则、区划方法、区划依据与指标体系等区划方案,并以河南省登封市为例进行县级土壤环境功能区划示范研究。登封市土壤环境功能区划分为4级:一级区划分为生产功能区、生活功能区、生态功能区等3类;二级区划分为基本农田种植区、一般农业发展区、商品林生产种植区、农村居民区、城镇建设区、独立工矿区、港口与交通用地区、生态公益林种植区、生态安全控制区、自然景观与文化遗产保护区、湿地保护区、草地保护区等12类;三、四级区划分别根据土壤环境质量现状、潜在风险等进行空间100m格网大小评价并各划分为5个等级。该研究关于县级土壤环境功能区划方案与示范应用,为土壤环境保护与可持续利用提供科学参考,也可为其他地区县级土壤环境功能区划提供科学借鉴。     

晋江市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

以晋江市为研究区,依据2005年,2010年和2015年3期土地利用数据,从生态系统服务功能角度,运用Costanza的方法,结合谢高地修正的我国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了晋江市土地利用变化与生态服务价值的响应关系。结果表明:2005-2015年,晋江市的城镇用地显著扩张,而耕地和林地却急剧减少,土地利用的生态系统服务价值总体呈逐年下降趋势。通过分析晋江市土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响可以为科学合理利用土地,保障人口、资源、环境的可持续发展提供决策支持。敏感性分析表明,生态服务价值对生态服务价值系数的变化是缺乏弹性的,因此结果是可信的。在编制土地利用规划时应将生态服务价值考虑其中,尤其是应注重保护湿地、水域、林地等生态服务价值系数高的土地利用类型,以期实现晋江市的可持续发展。     

土地利用功能分区与用途分区的差异比较研究——以山东省泰安市为例

土地利用功能分区有其产生的必然性;通过对因内外土地利用分区的相关研究,从分区内涵、目的、依据、类型等方面比较分析了土地利用功能分区与上一轮规划普遍采用的用途分区的差异,并对功能分区的内涵、特点及分区方法进行了研究;以山东省泰安市为例,进行了土地利用功能分区,将泰安分为中心城镇区、重点开发建设区、风景名胜旅游区、生态环境保护区、基本农田保护区等5个土地利用功能区,并指出了功能分区相比于用途分区在土地利用管理方面具有的优越性.     

时间序列植被指数重构方法比对研究

时间序列植被指数在植被遥感监测中发挥着重要的作用,但其往往存在大量噪声影响,在应用之前需要进行时序植被指数重构。耕地植被指数是进行农作物长势监测与估产以及农业生态系统对气候变化响应等研究的重要工具,本研究借助MODIS植被指数产品,以东北三省耕地为研究区域,针对非对称高斯函数拟合（AG）、双Logistic函数拟合（DL）和Savitzky-Golay滤波（SG）三种常见的时序植被指数重构方法,从原始数据质量对时间序列植被指数重构的影响、不同重构方法对原始数据的保真性和基于不同重构方法的耕地生长季长度空间格局等方面进行了对比分析。首先对NDVI及其质量控制数据进行分析,探讨原始数据质量对时序植被指数重构的影响;然后选择若干随机抽样点,从定性和定量两个角度来评价不同方法对时序植被指数的重构效果;最后借助研究区的耕地物候特征,间接对不同的时序植被指数重构方法进行对比。结果表明,在东北三省利用这三种方法进行耕地时序植被指数重构时需要引入质量控制数据,AG拟合和DL拟合在该地区耕地时序植被指数重构时表现相似且比SG滤波更加适宜。     

Cropland expansion and grassland loss in the eastern Dakotas: New insights from a farm-level survey

The western Corn Belt region of the United States has become a hotspot for agricultural extensification and consequent land use and land cover changes. The goals of this research were to characterize geographic patterns of grassland loss resulting from cropland expansion in the eastern Dakotas, and to understand how these changes were associated with characteristics of individual farms and farm operators. We collected data on grassland conversion and other land use decisions through a mail survey of farm operators in North and South Dakota. Overall, 40% of respondents converted at least some grassland to cropland between 2004 and 2014, and the total acreage of converted grassland was equivalent to 5.1% of the surveyed farm acreage. Although most converted grassland acres (3.2% of farm acreage) were from land enrolled in the conservation reserve program (CRP), there were also substantial amounts of native grassland conversion (1.0%) and tame grassland conversion (0.9%). The total acreage of grassland conversion was more than four times larger than the acreage enrolled in CRP and other conservation programs. Different types of grassland conversion (e.g., native grassland versus CRP) were concentrated in different parts of the study region, and were spatially disjunct from the areas of highest conservation program enrollment. Larger farms were more likely than smaller farms to expand their cropland acreage and accounted for a disproportionate share of grassland conversion. Younger farm operators, higher levels of farm income, higher proportions of rented croplands, and marginal yields were also associated with cropland expansion and grassland conversion. Although CRP and other land retirement programs will remain important policy mechanisms for conservation in this region, they are not sufficient to maintain current levels of grassland cover and do not provide protection for native grasslands. Alternative conservation strategies and new agricultural policies are thus critically needed to maintain the ecosystem services provided by grasslands.     

近十年陕北耕地资源变化与粮食安全分析

该文以包括榆林市和延安市的陕北地区为研究对象,对陕北地区1996～2006年耕地动态变化与粮食生产情况进行分析研究。选择最小人均耕地面积和压力指数模型法,在分析陕北地区1996～2006年间耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,总结了该区域最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力的变化特点:陕北地区最小人均耕地面积的平均值是0.219hm2,耕地压力指数的平均值K是1.389。K值远大于1,因此耕地压力较大。在以上基础上提出了保障陕北地区耕地动态平衡与粮食安全生产的一些建议。