Is Oregon's land use planning program conserving forest and farm land? A review of the evidence

Planners have long been interested in understanding ways in which land use planning approaches play out on the ground and planning scholars have approached the task of evaluating such effects using a variety of methods. Oregon, in particular, has been the focus of numerous studies owing to its early-adopted and widely recognized statewide approach to farm and forest land protection and recent experiment with relaxation of that approach in 2004 with the passage of ballot Measure 37. In this paper we review research-based evidence regarding the forest and farm land conservation effects of Oregon land use planning. We document the evolution of methods used in evaluating state land use planning program performance, including trend analysis, indicator analysis, empirical models, and analysis of indirect effects on the economic viability of forestry and farming. We also draw on data documenting Measure 37 claims to consider the degree to which Measure 37 might have altered land use and development trends had its impacts not been tempered by a subsequent ballot measure – Measure 49. Finally, we provide a synthesis of the current state of knowledge and suggest opportunities for future research. Common to nearly all of the studies we reviewed was an acknowledgement of the difficulty in establishing causal relationships between land use planning and land use change given the many exogenous and endogenous factors involved. Despite these difficulties, we conclude that sufficient evidence does exist to suggest that Oregon's land use planning program is contributing a measurable degree of protection to forest and farm land in the state.     

集体土地所有权研究路径评析

研究目的：对法律效果差异显著的三条集体土地所有权研究路径进行比较分析,明确集体土地所有权的理论路径,助益农村土地产权制度完善。研究方法：规范研究、历史研究和比较法研究。研究结果：集体土地所有权已经具备所有权的核心要素,单独所有权路径契合其实践制度的发展;总有权路径对集体土地所有权的解释力有限、法律技术层面更加复杂,并且能够被单独所有权路径替代;做虚所有权路径欠缺正当性。研究结论：应当沿循单独所有权研究路径,巩固集体土地所有权基础理论,完善农民集体组织的法律制度,继续推进集体土地所有权主客体制度改革。     

土地利用战略研究再认识

从土地利用战略研究的涵义、理念与我国现行土地利用战略研究的范式出发,分析了当前我国土地利用战略研究的不足与存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了一些完善我国土地利用战略研究的建议。     

浅析土地发展权与土地利用规划

我国正处于工业化和城市化的加速时期，土地需求急剧增加。为了进一步控制土地利用，国家采取一系列的有力措施，但在土地管理中存在土地配置效率低下、大量农用地非法转为建设用地等的问题。在市场经济条件下，土地的经济价值日益显化，农民围绕土地权益而发生大量纷争，为了解决其中的一些尖锐矛盾，我国应积极地创设土地发展权制度，显化土地发展极，建立基于国有土地发展权的土地利用规划思路。     

基于产权与利用视角的台中市土地变化分析

[目的]以我国台湾省台中市为研究对象,利用多源统计数据,对其2011—2015年土地产权变化及土地利用变化进行分析,以揭示台中市几年来土地产权变化和土地利用变化的主要特征。[方法]文章主要采用描述性分析和统计分析方法。[结果](1)2011—2014年台中市共计增加登记土地产权面积621 hm2,公私共有产权土地面积先减少后增加,至2014年达到643hm2。(2)已登记非都市土地总面积,从2011年起处于先减少、后增加的趋势,特别是2014年已登记非都市土地总面积增加较多,相对于2013年增加了1.4196万hm2。(3)都市发展区中的住宅用地、商业用地、文教用地、特定专用区的面积皆有增长,而工业用地、公共设施用地、其他区的面积有所下降;非都市发展区中的保护区面积比较稳定,而农业区、风景区和河川区的面积处在调整的状态。[结论](1)台中市私有土地面积占比处于下降趋势,但整体不是非常明显;土地所有制包括公有、私有和公私共有等多种形式完全可以共存;东南亚人取得的土地所有权数量在总体上增减变化不大;(2)台中市都市发展区用地虽有增长但增幅较小,而都市区土地、非都市区土地内部的用途竞争导致了各类用地功能区的面积此消彼长;土地所有制对城市用地扩展没有构成制约,即土地所有制不是城市发展的分歧所在;(3)非都市土地转换为都市土地,不仅取决于各类土地竞租能力的差异,还取决于都市发展计划与土地使用分区管制,土地用途转换应以经济高质量发展与居民社会福利增进为目标。最后,提出完善土地权利结构体系,增加公有土地面积占比来保障社会公共福利等政策建议。     

论区分建设用地使用权

研究目的:依据《物权法》对地上、地下空间权利区分设立,以明晰权属、准确登记。研究方法:借鉴建筑物区分所有权的理念,通过楼面地价充分体现土地价值,建立专有部分使用权与成员权的复合型法律关系,用建筑面积与高程的组合,构建区分建设用地使用权。研究结果:通过分析与建筑物区分所有权、建筑用地使用权的关系,明析区分建设用地使用权的地位。通过对地籍调查方法的细化,解决区分建设用地使用权实际操作中的问题并举例说明。研究结论:区分建设用地使用权的提出对地上、地下空间权利的设立填补了实际操作中的空白,与现在的法律法规、国家标准紧密衔接,对研究土地空间利用的不动产管理问题具有积极探索的意义。     

农地发展权及其在土地管理实践中的实施途径与管理方式

农地发展权是国家土地权利的一种,过去很长一段时间里淹没在土地所有权中,这一权利,在农业社会时不太明显,随着社会经济发展对土地需求压力的增加,国家对土地利用的控制也进一步增强,这一权利的社会实现和价值体现才逐步增强,逐步为各利益主体和社会所认识和争夺。本文介绍了农地发展权的起源、概念与内涵,对其在土地管理实践中可能的实施途径进行了分析,最后分别探讨了其在土地管理实践中的几种可能的管理方式。     

Soil-specific agro-ecological strategies for sustainable land use – A case study by using MicroLEIS DSS in Sevilla Province (Spain)

To reverse the negative environmental impacts of agriculture, a land evaluation decision support system (DSS) known as MicroLEIS-DSS was used to design the most sustainable land use and management practices for selected Mediterranean benchmark sites in Sevilla Province, Southern Spain. This DSS is based on the multifunctional evaluation of soil quality, using input data collected in standard soil surveys, and with particular reference to the peculiarities of the Mediterranean region. Specific agro-ecological strategies to prevent soil degradation in the benchmark sites were designed within two major topics: (i) strategies related to land use planning at a regional level: segregation of agricultural lands, restoration of marginal areas, diversification of crop rotation, and identification of vulnerability areas; and (ii) those related to land management planning at a farm level: organic matter restoration, formulation of tillage practices and workability timing, optimum machinery use, and input rationalization. The predicted results of applying the 12 agro-ecological land evaluation model constituents of MicroLEIS DSS are presented and discussed for each application site. The main conclusion of this paper is that using soil type information in decision-making is at the heart for sustainable use and management of agricultural land. This agro-ecological approach can be especially useful when formulating soil-specific agricultural practices to reverse environmental degradation, based on the spatial variability of soils and related resources.     

村镇规划:盘活农村闲置宅基地的途径选择

研究目的：探讨我国农村闲置宅基地的成因及解决措施。研究方法：文献资料法和调查研究法。研究结果：（1）农村宅基地闲置的原因比较复杂,表面上是农村闲置宅基地供过于求,实质上是村镇规划滞后、城乡二元土地管理制度和社会保障制度等共同作用的结果。（2）在现有法律框架内,通过制定村镇规划和实行土地置换等措施能够逐步盘活农村闲置宅基地。研究结论：村镇规划是解决农村闲置宅基地的一种较好途径。     

生计资本对农户耕地保护意愿的影响分析——以江西省587份问卷为例

研究目的:针对农户生计日益分化的社会现象,探究生计资本对农户耕地保护意愿影响的规律性,以期为提升农户耕地保护积极性的政策制定提供参考依据。研究方法:实证研究法,Ordered probit回归模型分析法。研究结果:生计资本与农户耕地保护意愿存在较强的关联性,其中承包耕地中水田的比重、家庭中是否有村干部表现出显著的正向影响,劳动力占家庭人口比重、耕地的破碎度、家离县城的距离、家庭是否拥有农机具则为显著的负向影响。研究结论:要进一步加大高标准农田建设力度,特别是推进\"旱改水\"工程;鼓励承包地经营权的流转,有效地降低耕地的破碎度;充分尊重城郊地区农户的耕地保护积极性,强化城郊耕地的保护。     

The evolving concepts of land administration in China: Cultivated land protection perspective

This paper presents a holistic method by integrating three concepts (land resources management, assets supervision and political governance for sustainability) for investigation of land administration in China, taking into consideration of cultivated land protection for a testimony with econometric method. Theoretically, in this self-organizing integrated method, land resources management focuses on the productivity of land; land assets supervision centralizes on the realization of land usufruct rights in land transference; land political governance for sustainability concentrates on harmonious linkage of economic efficiency, social stability and environmental safety of land use. Their interrelations are complex. Methodologically, the results indicate that the theoretical model is feasible to explain variations of cultivated land protection with these three concepts. Cultivated land decreases with increasing land value increment multiples, and is positive with political governance concept, but not in a linear fashion. Finally the results suggest that roles of government in land administration need to be changed and strengthened, supporting complete compensation for land expropriation and modification to policies of cultivated land.