武汉城市用地结构演变模式研究

研究目的：揭示武汉城市化快速发展过程中主要用地类型数量变化、时空变化特征以及城市用地结构演变模式。研究方法：遥感影像融合;遥感影像分类;土地利用变化转移矩阵。研究结果：（1）受地形地貌等因素的制约,武汉城市建设用地扩张主要沿横贯主城东西向的山体、纵穿南北的长江构成的“十”字形不断向外扩张;（2）过去30年中,武汉市的发展占用了大量的水域资源;未来需要制定更严格的法律法规措施保护湖泊、坑塘等水域资源。研究结论:多时相遥感影像融合分析是理解城市用地结构演变模式的有效方法。     

2000—2015年武汉市生态用地时空变化分析

[目的]生态用地是生态文明城市建设、创造美好人居环境的关键。在城市化进程加快的背景下,分析城市生态用地的数量和空间格局变化过程及其生态效应具有重要意义。[方法]文章选用分辨率为30m的2000—2015年3期土地利用覆被数据,采用土地利用动态度、扩展综合指数、土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用转入和转出率、土地利用信息熵等地理计量模型、指标,开展武汉市生态用地时空变化分析。[结果]武汉市生态用地总面积减少,生态用地利用动态度较大,生态用地变化剧烈,其中森林、水体是转为非生态用地最多的地类,耕地是生态用地增加的主要来源。生态用地转出多,转入少,空间分布广且零散。生态用地减少整体上围绕江岸、江汉、武昌等中心城区向城郊呈现"多→少"的扩散形态。黄陂区、江夏区是森林减少的主要地区,蔡甸、新洲、武昌是主要水体转出区。生态用地增加以新洲区、东西湖区的水体和黄陂区的森林为主。生态用地信息熵整体下降,生态用地多样性降低。[结论]武汉市生态用地的变化反映了城市扩张的进程,一定程度上加剧了生态景观格局的破碎度、城市内涝问题,破坏了生态系统的稳定性和多样性。     

Land market,land development and urban spatial structure in Beijing

The paper first examines urban spatial patterns of the gradients of housing and land prices and land development intensity, and then tests the relationship between the land price gradient and housing price gradient. Urban theory predicts the former is steeper than the latter based on the notion of derived demand for land from the provision of housing services. Finally the paper examines the impact of the property of housing production function on urban spatial structure. For the property of housing production function, we are particularly interested in the elasticity of capital-land substitution. The paper concludes (1) market influences over spatial structure, (2) the derived demand for land, and (3) it is the actual (or expected) housing price increases that cause skyrocketing land prices, not the other way around.     

The impact of urban expansion on agricultural land use intensity in China

China's urbanization has resulted in significant changes in both agricultural land and agricultural land use. However, there is limited understanding about the relationship between the two primary changes occurring to China's agricultural land – the urban expansion on agricultural land and agricultural land use intensity. The goal of this paper is to understand this relationship in China using panel econometric methods. Our results show that urban expansion is associated with a decline in agricultural land use intensity. The area of cultivated land per capita, a measurement about land scarcity, is negatively correlated with agricultural land use intensity. We also find that GDP in the industrial sector negatively affects agricultural land use intensity. GDP per capita and agricultural investments both positively contribute to the intensification of agricultural land use. Our results, together with the links between urbanization, agricultural land, and agricultural production imply that agricultural land expansion is highly likely with continued urban expansion and that pressures on the country's natural land resources will remain high in the future.     

城市更新过程中的土地集约利用研究——以武汉市为例

城市的发展不仅是城市人口的增长，产业的聚集，经济的增长过程，而且还是城市空间的拓展和用地结构的调整过程。目前，我国正处于城市化加速发展的阶段，城市经济结构发生了明显变化，社会进行着全方位的深刻变革。本文以城市化发展较快的武汉市为例，运用土地区位理论、地租地价理论和聚集效益理论分析了城市更新与土地利用变化的互动过程，探讨武汉市土地利用中存在的问题，并研究土地低效利用的原因，最后提出在城市更新过程中实现土地集约利用的措施。     

Administrative restructuring and land-use intensity—A spatial explicit perspective

BackgroundThe rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population explosion have ushered forth the era focusing on the efficient use of land resources to achieve sustainable development. “Intensive Land-Use Plan” was therefore proposed in the context of shifting the focus from “incremental planning” to “inventory planning” in rapidly developing countries, particularly China.MethodsWe develop our framework based on the hypothesis that administrative status has a spatial effect on intensive land use and explore this effect dynamically. In the first step, we summarized the different degrees of land-use intensity based on different administrative status (i.e., urban district, suburban district, county, county-level city, and district) and make categorizations. We also devised spatial models in multiple strategies embedded with different spatial weight matrices to the underlying driving forces using Wuhan agglomeration as the case.ResultsResults show that 1) urbanization, industrial structure, and retail sales of consumer goods are highly correlated with land-use intensity change, with all factors being positive; 2) the influences of different administrative status exist and strengthened in the past decade; the spatial interaction is greater when urban district is adjacent to district in the prefecture city in 2005 and 2015. In turn, this finding affirms the phenomenon that the administrative power has gradually strengthened, and the city centers are the most vibrant areas to compete for higher land-use efficiency.RecommendationThe emergence of diversified types of counties, such as urban districts and county-level cities, has further pressed the necessity to embed administrative influence in spatial regression. These findings provide theoretical basis for understanding the administrative dimension in new urbanization and have important policy implications on administrative adjustment and intensive land use.     

Prices,policies, and place: What drives greenfield development?

While the recent global financial crisis heightened awareness of the linkages between global financial capital and urban spatial pattern, the timing of urban development – largely thought to be market driven – is not fully understood. Parcel-level studies of urban land-use change, which often use hazard models to investigate if and when development occurs, offer an opportunity to juxtapose the extent to which decisions to develop individual plots of farmland into housing are driven by market forces, the unique characteristics of the land and its intraurban location, or policies such as transportation infrastructure and municipal annexation. Using residential completion data in the Phoenix, Arizona region from 1992 to 2014, a period of dramatic commodity, fuel, and home price swings, and land cover imagery, we develop a parcel-level hazard model to gauge the relative impacts of market, policy, and place-based drivers of land change. We find limited evidence of induced development associated with freeway planning, that annexation and development are closely linked and moreso during economic booms, high fuel prices spur development in the region's core, and agricultural and urban land rents affect the timing of development. This study advances our understanding of development decision- making, policy impacts, and urban land-use change modeling and provides an empirical connection between local and global drivers of Greenfield development.     

山东省土地利用变化的基本特征与区域差异

本文基于1990、2000、2010和2015年山东省的四期Landsat TM遥感影像,采用目视解译方法,对山东省的土地利用类型进行人工解译得到四个时期的土地利用数据库,运用单一土地利用动态度来描述土地类型的变化强度,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能计算各土地利用类型之间的转移矩阵,从而分析山东省土地利用类型的转移特征与区域差异。结果显示,(1)1990-2015年,山东省耕地面积不断减少,主要向建设用地、水域、林地转变;城镇建设用地面积不断上升且呈“东中集中,西北西南相对少”的趋势;农村居民点用地面积增长较快的主要特点是“西北西南增幅大,自东向西蔓延”,面积增长较快;天然湖泊等水域面积向人工水域面积转变,变化最大为南四湖;(2)土地利用动态度变化较大,整体来看,建设用地变化最大,其次是水域、耕地和未利用地;(3)土地利用变化原因主要在于经济驱动、市场导向和政策调控。其中,经济驱动因素主要在耕地—建设用地转换中最为明显,市场导向更多地影响了土地利用类型内部的相互转换,而政策调控直接影响了耕地—林地的相互变化。     

城市土地利用碳排放系统动力学仿真研究——以武汉市为例

研究目的:从系统角度分析土地、人口、社会、经济、能源对碳排放的影响作用,并对武汉市2017—2030年不同政策情景下的土地利用碳排放进行模拟,为其低碳发展战略和低碳土地利用规划提供决策依据。研究方法:系统动力学方法。研究结果:(1)建立的城市土地利用碳排放系统动力学模型是有效的;(2)按照目前的发展趋势,武汉市的碳排放总量将保持逐年攀升的趋势;(3)经济的快速发展对武汉市土地利用碳排放量的增加具有显著的影响作用;(4)调整土地利用结构、调整产业结构以及提高能源利用效率都能够有效的减少武汉市土地利用碳排放量,其中调整土地利用结构和调整产业结构的作用效果相对来说更加明显。研究结论:转变经济增长方式、升级产业结构、调整土地利用结构和积极研发先进的低碳科学技术是武汉市低碳发展的重要途径。     

Land use policy in China: Introduction

This themed issue of Land Use Policy builds mainly on papers presented at an international conference on ‘Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation’, convened by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China, in October 2012. The conference set out to share and promote new scientific findings from a range of disciplines that advance research on land use policy in China. The contributions to this themed issue provide conceptual–theoretical and empirical takes on the topic, around four main areas of interest to both researchers and policymakers: nation-wide land use issues, the Sloping Land Conversion Program, land engineering and land use, and land use transitions. Various land use issues have been associated with rapid urban–rural transformations in China, giving rise to formulation of new policies directly affecting land use. However, these have contributed to new land use problems due to the nature of the policies and the difficulties in policy implementation constrained by the special ‘dual-track’ structure of urban–rural development in China. In view of this, this themed edition makes a compelling call for more systematic research into the making and implementation of China's land use policy. It also emphasizes the challenges for further research on land use policy in China.     

Urban proximity,demand for land and land shadow prices in Malawi

We assess the spatial and intertemporal variation in farmland prices using per hectare minimum willingness to accept (WTA) sales and rental (shadow) prices in Malawi. We use three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), collected in 2010, 2013 and 2016. The sample is split in quintiles based on distance from the nearest major city, building on the land valuation and transaction cost theory, and agrarian political economy perspectives on global and national land transactions. Generally, farmland shadow prices decrease with distance from urban areas. However, farmland shadow sales prices increased more sharply between 2010 and 2013 in rural areas (+100 % vs +30 % in urban proximity). The results indicate that the sharp increase in demand for large-scale land transfers following the sharp increase in energy and food prices also affected rural smallholders’ land valuation, even in remote rural areas of Malawi. Conversely, by 2016 land shadow sales prices were again, like in 2010, about three times as high in areas near urban centres compared to remote rural areas. Even though sales prices declined in remote rural areas from 2013 to 2016, rental prices remained high. Using farm household-level population pressure variable, we show that local population pressure is a driver of farmland shadow prices, indicating land scarcity challenges, growing demand for land, and poorly developed land markets. With increasing land scarcity, land markets are becoming more important and need to be factored in when formulating development policies that aim to improve access to land in both peri-urban and rural areas.     

The value of views and open space: Estimates from a hedonic pricing model for Ramsey County,Minnesota, USA

We examined how environmental amenities, particularly views and open space access, impact residential home sales prices in Ramsey County, MN using a hedonic pricing model. Home sale prices increase with closer proximity to parks, trails, lakes, and streams. Proximity to lakes produced the greatest impact on home sale value of these distance variables, followed by parks, trails, and streams. Increasing view areal extents as well as increasing the amount of water and grassy land covers in views also resulted in increased sale prices. Increased view richness in terms of the number of different land cover types in a view reduced home sale prices. These results illustrate the importance of these environmental amenities to single-family homeowners and can be used to inform land use planning and policy decisions aimed at their preservation.     

Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis on land use: The case of Romania

The aim of the present study is to test empirically the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 42 Romanian counties over the 2000-2014 period. Specifically, we investigate the existence of an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between residential built-up land and economic development in a low-income EU country undergoing rapid and profound transition. We do so by making innovative use of spatial panel econometric techniques. Contrary to our expectations, the results indicate an inverted EKC, implying that higher levels of residential built-up area occur for higher levels of wealth. Moreover, we find that the built-up land in Romania mainly reflects processes of urban expansion, such as sprawl or suburbanization, that may have harmful environmental and social consequences. Spatial spill-overs in terms of built-up land arise and spread, albeit to a limited extent, to neighbouring locations. These findings are of potential significance for policy makers, because they highlight the need for coordination among neighbours. Furthermore, strengthening the institutional framework and local tax management, and planning urban regeneration better could curb and even reverse the extensive built-up land expansion and real estate speculation.     

大城市郊县改区土地利用空间格局演化与驱动因素研究——以山东省济南市长清区为例

土地利用空间格局演化研究对于实现土地资源最佳综合效益以及保障城市可持续发展意义重大。利用2000年、2007年和2015年这3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用现状数据,对济南市长清区2001年从郊县改为市区之后的土地利用空间格局演化进行深入分析。结果显示:长清区土地利用变化具有明显的时空分异特征。从时间维度看,各种土地利用类型的动态度在这期间也相对较大,其中,水域、林地、建设用地呈现较为明显的增长趋势,其他用地、草地和耕地呈现递减趋势。从空间维度看,土地利用结构变动明显,呈现明显的非农化趋势,耕地面积减少,城镇用地、交通用地等用地规模快速增长。另外受期内生态退耕政策影响,林地面积也持续增长。从土地利用类型转换角度来看,耕地是其他用地类型最主要的补给来源。最后主要从经济因素、社会因素、制度因素和自然因素四方面进行土地利用空间格局演化驱动力分析。     

构建城乡土地自由流动的政策工具——以换地权益书保障土地要素返流的探索

研究目的:探索如何以换地权益书作为土地要素返流的保障手段,以期构建城乡土地自由流动的政策工具.研究方法:政策分析法和规范分析法.研究结果:当前统筹城乡发展中的土地要素流动存在诸多困境,不仅包括土地多重负担造成流动困难,还包括土地单向流动为主、缺乏双向流动的保障,以及土地规模化经营和流动中面临的空间和位置障碍.研究结论:要大胆创设新的政策工具,采用"换地权益书"的形式来构建土地要素自由流动的保障,这在当前既是必要的,也是可行的.     

长三角一体化发展下城市地价时空格局及影响机制研究

研究目的：基于2008—2019年长三角城市地价数据,实证分析地价增长及空间分异格局、机制。研究方法：计量经济和社会网络分析方法。研究结果：（1）长三角城市地价历经复苏增长、相对企稳、快速增长和平稳增长4个阶段;（2）城市间地价差异整体缩小,并且呈现出一定的空间依赖性;（3）不同层级城市地价受到核心城市地价变化影响而呈现出相似变动和关联特征;（4）长三角区域地价空间关联格局成因主要是要素流动聚集效应与市场联动。研究结论：当前一体化发展背景下,长三角城市地价一体化效应还不强,应进一步出台区域协调发展政策,促进土地要素流动、土地市场整合与地价协同发展。     

城市土地集约利用与生态效率耦合协调分析——以东北地区为例

运用全局主成分分析法、熵权TOPSIS法,并通过耦合协调度模型及探索性空间数据分析,对东北地区2006—2017年城市土地集约利用程度与生态效率水平进行评价,进而对两系统耦合协调度的时空演变及空间集聚特征展开探究。结果表明:(1)区域土地利用效率和生态效率总体均呈上升态势,但没有城市实现理想上的同步发展,土地集约利用滞后是限制协调度的主要因素。(2)城市土地集约利用与生态效率间的耦合度较高,协调关系逐步优化,协调类型从中度失调过渡到初级协调,年均指数为0.543。省域协调度值由北向南逐渐递增,哈尔滨—大连交通经济带城市协调度水平整体较好,北方边缘城市带协调度有待提高。(3)耦合协调度相近的城市彼此邻近,表现出“北冷南热”的空间集聚分布规律,总体格局相对稳定。     

基于DPSIR模型的城市土地集约利用时空差异的实证研究 ——以湖北省为例

研究目的：探索城市土地集约利用评价的方法,研究湖北省12个城市2002 — 2006年城市土地集约利用时空差异及其影响因素。研究方法：DPSIR模型和主成份分析法。研究结果：湖北省土地集约利用空间差异明显,沿长江城市的土地集约利用程度较高,是城市土地集约利用的聚集带,而鄂西北、鄂东南城市的土地集约利用程度偏低;2002 — 2006年间,各城市的土地集约利用程度均有所提高,但差异明显。研究结论：基于DPSIR模型评价城市土地集约利用可以减少主观性影响,解释各指标体系之间的相关性与城市土地集约利用程度的关系,揭示出各城市土地集约利用的时间、空间差异。     

基于土地利用类型的武汉城市圈绿色空间格局演变研究

通过阐述城市绿色空间的概念和内涵,从土地利用类型的角度,对武汉城市圈1997-2007年的土地变更数据进行分类汇总,并通过计算土地利用动态度和洛伦茨系数、绘制洛伦茨曲线,揭示城市圈绿色空间数量变化和空间结构变化的特征。结果显示,绿色空间的主要用地类型的空间分布具有不均衡性,其中,耕地、园地、牧草地、荒草地逐年减少,牧草地变化幅度最大,分布最不均衡。最后提出了武汉城市圈绿色空间的调控对策,为武汉城市圈建设生态城市群、构建"两型社会"提供科学依据。     

中国城市工业用地配置的空间错位研究

研究目的：本文以中国345个地级以上城市为空间分析单元,构建了工业用地配置与工业经济发展的空间错位指数,探索2000—2018年中国城市工业用地配置空间错位的时空格局变化及影响因素。研究方法：空间自相关、地理探测器。研究结果：（1）全国城市工业用地配置空间错位指数呈波动下降趋势。（2）各城市工业用地配置空间错位指数贡献度的差异减小,总体呈现从沿海城市向内陆递减的特征;正向错位区域增加,分布从东部沿海扩张到中西部地区;负向错位区域减少,零星分布在西部和东北地区。（3）城市工业用地配置空间错位呈现集聚格局,且集聚格局变化较大;高值集聚区在长三角和环渤海区域加强,低值集聚区由四川周边城市集聚转变为以四川为中心的周边省市集聚的格局。（4）土地利用政策、市场规模以及区域经济发展水平对城市工业用地配置空间错位的影响变强,而劳动力规模、交通条件、技术创新对城市工业用地配置空间错位影响变弱。研究结论：城市工业用地配置与工业经济发展存在空间错位现象,土地利用政策、市场规模以及区域经济发展水平对城市工业用地配置空间错位存在较强影响。