印度森林资源管理与消除贫困考察报告

对印度森林资源管理、林产品贸易及加工、联合森林经营和消除贫困等情况进行了考察。联合森林经营是印度最重要的社会林业形式,对于恢复退化林地、增加当地居民收入、消除贫困、保障林产品需求等有较大贡献;印度政府将反贫困作为重要目标之一,制定有不同阶段的具体措施,并积极依靠民间科技力量扶贫,成效显著。印度森林资源管理及消除贫困的经验值得我国借鉴。     

Sowing the seeds of sustainable rural livelihoods? An assessment of Participatory Forest Management through REDD+ in Tanzania

Participatory forest management (PFM) initiatives have emerged worldwide for a range of aims including to improve forest governance, enhance resource conservation and to increase rural people’s access to and benefits from forest resources. Some of these initiatives have also received climate finance support to enhance their impact on mitigation. However, their effects on forest governance and livelihoods are complex and remain poorly studied. In this article, we address this gap by analysing governance and livelihood changes in a PFM initiative in Tanzania that has received funding as a REDD+ pilot site. Based on qualitative governance analysis and quantitative livelihood panel data (2011–2014) that compares villages and households within and outside the project, we find that improvements to forest governance are substantial in project villages compared to control villages, while changes in income have been important but statistically insignificant, and driven by a regional sesame cash crop boom unrelated to enhanced forestry revenues. Focusing on whether PFM had enhanced other wealth indicators including household conditions and durable assets, our analysis shows again no significant differences between participant and control villages, although the participant villages do have, on average, a greater level of durable assets. Overall, our findings are positive regarding forest governance improvements but inconclusive regarding livelihood effects, which at least in the short term seem to benefit more from agricultural intensification than forestry activities, whose benefits might become more apparent over a longer time period. In conclusion we emphasize the need for moving towards longer term monitoring efforts, improving understandings of local dynamics of change, particularly at a regional rather than community level, and defining the most appropriate outcome variables and cost-effective systems of data collection or optimization of existing datasets if we are to better capture the complex impacts of PFM initiatives worldwide.     

林业资源保护问题研究:基于共同代理理论

在总结当前林业资源保护的经验和教训的基础上,借鉴国外关于资源保护的共同代理理论对中国林业资源保护问题进行了分析,提出建立符合中国林业资源保护要求和林权特点的共同代理理论模型。主要政策建议:建立一个廉洁高效的林业资源规制机构;控制林产品出口结构,提升国际竞争力;组建卓有成效的森林保护主义团体,让更多的民众均来关心政府林业保护政策;放开林业所有权,监督林业的使用方向,提升林业监管力度。     

ZonAgri: A modeling environment to explore agricultural activities and water demands on a regional scale

To design integrated water management for a whole region, all agricultural activities need to be taken into account together with their irrigation water requirements and agricultural outputs. The aim of this paper is to present a modeling environment, called ZonAgri, that allows agricultural activities to be represented at regional scale and enables prospective scenarios concerning these activities to be tested. The modeling of agricultural activities is based on typologies of farms and production units (i.e. plant cropping systems) using a simple framework. A region is designated as a set of “sectors” that correspond to geographical spaces; each sector is designated as a weighted (by strength) sum of “farms”. A “farm” is designated as a weighted (by size) sum of “production units” that can be linked with specific geographical “sites” in the region. Each “production unit” consumes inputs and produces outputs that can have prices. This framework allows the aggregated calculation of inputs and outputs, as well as of the incomes of farms, sites or sectors. Scenarios can be built to change the original values or to envisage changes that may occur over a period of several years. The results of multi-year simulations make up the database. The information contained in the database can be requested by area or by sector, and can be mapped and exported to be used in a GIS. Maps of agricultural activities or water demand can then be superimposed on maps of water resources and hydraulic facilities to check if they are consistent.     

关于森林经营问题的探索

森林经营包括森林采伐与更新、森林保护、森林抚育、城市森林的建设等。中国长期以来不重视森林经营,这既与人们对林业的认识有关,也与中国的人事干部制度和法制不健全有关。为促进森林的科学经营,一方面要改革林业管理体制,赋予省级林业主管部门更大的权限,保证林业的民主决策;另一方面,放权让利,在确立经营者自主经营的同时,林业主管部门要加强政策引导和技术指导。     

中国森林经理探讨

讨论了当前森林分类经营、采伐限额和采伐限额调查、多功能经营、林业跨越式发展等热门话题;介绍了我国森林经理发展的历史;分析了目前森林经理发展中存在的问题和学科建设中遇到的困难;探讨了关于森林经理在林业建设中的定位,在宏观规划决策和微观林分调查技术中的发展;提出森林经理技术要面向小班为搞好经营服务以及振兴森林经理学科的途径。     

Forest resource use and perception of farmers on conservation of a usufruct forest (Soppinabetta) of Western Ghats, India

The negative impact of anthropogenic activity on tropical forests is well documented, but the underlying factors, including socioeconomic conditions, government policy, and agricultural practices, that influence forest degradation in developing countries are poorly understood. For centuries, Soppinabetta forests (SBFs) in the Western Ghats of India have provided essential habitat for wildlife and vital organic resources (leaf litter, green foliage) for the cultivation of betel nut palms (Areca catechu) and rice paddy (Oryza sativa). Historically, betel nut farmers carefully managed resource extraction in SBFs, but recent changes in land use policy allow for unmitigated resource extraction by site dwellers, which may imperil the traditional sustainable management of SBFs. Site dwellers live on government allotted sites and primarily derive their income through the sale of forest-based products. We used SBFs as a model system to investigate the factors governing: (i) forest resource extraction, (ii) the effect of changing agricultural practices on the rate of resource extraction, and (iii) farmers’ perception of SBFs conservation in response to changes in governmental land use policy. Results from surveys of 90 households (57 farmers and 33 site-dwellers) and the forest department indicate individual farmers collected an average of 31.09 (range 0-125) metric tons of leaf litter and 19.11 metric tons (range 0-120) of green foliage per year. Organic resource harvesting by farmers was positively correlated with the size of betel nut plantations, size of SBFs, and number of livestock owned per household. Betel nut plantations require six times more compost than food grains cultivated in field paddies. In past one decade, 33% of field paddies have been converted into betel nut plantations, increasing the strain on SBFs for forest resources. Farmers believe that when they lose provisional ownership of SBFs, site dwellers unsustainably harvest resources and severely damage SBFs. We suggest that an inclusive, local-level, farmer-driven protection be implemented to preserve the SBF heritage system of Western Ghats.     

我国流域水管理法律体制的演变与发展

依据水事四法、流域立法、国家政策和改革实践,对我国流域水管理法律体制的演变和发展进行了历史分析和定性评价,指出我国流域水管理从最初的区域管理体制,演变为流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制,目前仍然处于变革之中。近年来的流域管理机构改革强化了流域管理,河长制的实施强化了区域管理与科层协调,环境监管体制改革要求在生态环保部门建立流域管理机构,国务院和地方政府机构改革则优化了多部门区域管理;这些先后实施的政策和措施之间缺乏统筹,使流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制出现了一定程度的割裂,需要通过进一步的改革予以健全和完善。     

建立森林分类经营示范点的雏议——走出森林经理困境

从森林资源面临的严峻形势出发,回顾了中国森林经理发展的历程,并从认识、调查方法、教材与实践相结合的程度、调查的技术手段、经营主体等方面反思了中国森林经理工作陷入低谷的原因。在此基础上,提出了建立森林分类经营示范点的操作方案,以期创建适合国情的森林经营理论体系和森林经理技术体系,发挥森林经营管理的功能。     

现代林业生态系统理论探析

林业生态系统认为林业发展必须遵循生态系统的演化规律,林业经营不能超出林业自身调节能力的阈值。构建现代林业生态系统就是要按照林业的基本属性和内在规律,以林业的多种功能满足社会的多样化需求和林业的可持续发展。指出中国必须从林业生态体系、林业产业体系、林业文化体系3个方面来完善现代林业生态系统。     

关于深化分类经营改革的思考

分类经营改革在林业各项改革中处于基础、先导和核心地位,继续深入推进分类经营改革是林业工作中必须坚持的基本方针。根据林业经营的自然、经济规律和社会分工原理,就分类经营改革的内涵、本质及目标进行了深入研究,提出了新的分类谱系,对分类经营的微观主体,即商品林业经营主体和公益林业经营主体的改组、建立和运行机制等进行了系统设计,对进一步推进林业分类经营改革提出了具体建议。     

支持抵押与保险业务的林权管理系统的设计

为了更好地适应林权抵押、森林保险、"一张图"大数据管理、林地资源信息发布等新业务需求,应用Arc GIS组件开发了新的林权管理系统。业务受理部分设计为C/S架构,对带宽要求低,偏远山区的林业站运行较为流畅。资源发布部分设置为B/S架构,能够支持银行、保险公司、投资人通过互联网查询林地资源信息。系统在将乐县试运行,获得了较好的效果,这说明:在林改后期,林地管理思想正从"以证管地"向"以资源管地"转变,通过资源融资及优化重组等方式,能够把林改成果转化为经济产出。     

关于林改和森林经营问题的认识

集体林经营权仅靠分林到户并不能完全解决问题。因为森林对林农而言,只是一种副业。南方集体林业的发展,要以森林的科学经营为基础,重点是要有利于森林的科学经营。     

中国国有用材林该如何经营——兼议“林木市场成熟论”的缺陷

首先阐述了森林经营理论以及中国国有林区森林经营的实际状况,分析了市场经济与林业宏观调控,然后着重对"林木市场成熟"理论进行质疑分析,指出在理论上的缺陷、采用"林木市场成熟"理论的不可行性、可能造成破坏森林的风险。同时,还对国有林区改革与"林木市场成熟"进行了分析。分析结果表明:慎用"林木市场成熟"理论。     

世界林业经济管理研究的前沿与展望——基于国际林联第25届世界林业大会

国际林业研究组织联盟(IUFRO)第25届世界大会于2019年9月在巴西召开,大会的主题是森林研究与合作促进可持续发展。通过梳理此次大会中林业经济管理相关研究,从森林资源管理中的多部门协同合作,森林可持续经营中的生态功能转型,以及森林公园的生态系统服务三个角度,追踪林业经济管理研究领域的国际最新研究热点与进展,展示全球林业经济管理的研究现状与学科发展方向,并针对我国林业经济与管理的实践领域提供政策参考。     

重点国有林区森林资源垂直管理体制刍议

我国乃至世界各国中央政府普遍采用垂直管理体制。东北内蒙古重点国有林区在我国林业建设中占有极为重要的地位。开展森林资源管理体制改革,是实现重点国有林区森工企业"政事企分开",破除制约林区发展的体制机制障碍的突破口。从垂直管理的角度,提出了建立东北内蒙古重点国有林区森林资源中央垂直管理体系的初步构想。