Reconstructing production efficiency,land use and trade for livestock systems in historical perspective. The case of France, 1961–2010

This paper provides an original accounting of changes in livestock production efficiency per livestock category in historical perspective and connects livestock consumption with land requirements and virtual land trade. We use France as a demonstration study and account for productivity changes in terms of energy. Feed rations composition are reconstructed per livestock production and feed crop group over time to account for changes in land use in relation to dietary changes. Land requirements for consumption in France dropped by 28% over the study period besides an increase by 35% of the human population and by 53% of the livestock consumption. The two-fold increase in agricultural productivity is due, for half, to energy conversion efficiency improvements and for half to agricultural yields. Overall, the livestock energy conversion efficiency increased by 45% from 1961 to 2010, poultry gained 84%, pork 17%, sheep&goat 67% and cattle 27%. The feed share of oilcrops and cereals in animal rations doubled against a drop by 35% of feed from pastures. Virtual land imports for oilcrops in relation to livestock consumption in France today amount to 0.9 million ha against a maximum of 1.9 million ha in 1979. Besides its dependence on oilcrops imports, the French livestock sector displays net virtual land exports ranging from about 2.5–5.3 million ha per year over the study period. Gross virtual land trade is today five times higher than the net virtual trade. The difference highlights the share of circular product loops in increasingly integrated agricultural markets at the international scale.     

水资源安全视角下我国粮油虚拟水贸易实证研究

[目的]通过测算我国粮油虚拟水进出口量,估算粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率,以期为我国实施农产品虚拟水贸易战略缓解农业用水短缺问题提供有益借鉴。[方法]文章利用标准彭曼公式估算2001—2017年我国粮油单位质量虚拟水含量,进而计算出2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水进出口量,进一步计算我国粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率。[结果](1)我国粮油单位质量虚拟水平均含量由高到低依次为棉籽、大豆、油菜籽、花生、大米、小麦和玉米;(2) 2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水贸易一直处于净进口状态,并且净进口量整体呈增长趋势,2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水净进口量累计达2.216万亿m3,相当于节约了同等数量粮油生产用水量;(3)我国油料虚拟水净进口量远远高于粮食虚拟水净进口量,大豆和油菜籽是虚拟水净进口最多的油料,并且其进口市场集中度很高;(4) 2001—2017年我国粮油虚拟水贸易对农业用水的贡献率不断提高,由8%增至40%。[结论]虚拟水贸易大大节约了我国农业用水量,在一定程度上缓解了我国农业用水短缺问题,为我国节约水资源和实施水资源可持续发展战略提供了新的发展思路。     

Distortions to World Trade: Impacts on Agricultural Markets and Farm Incomes

The latest versions of the Global Trade Analysis Project database and the Linkage model of the global economy (projected to 2015) are used to estimate the impact of removing all merchandise trade distortions (including agricultural subsidies). Results suggest that a move to free merchandise trade would increase farm employment, the real value of agricultural output and exports, real returns to farm land and unskilled labor, and real net farm incomes in developing countries. This would occur despite the decline in international terms of trade for some developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries.     

中国与RCEP国家农产品进口贸易效率及潜力研究

目的 文章基于2010—2019年中国与区域全面经济伙伴关系协定国家（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 以下简称RCEP国家）农产品进口贸易的面板数据,从贸易规模、贸易结构和贸易国别数据切入,研究中国同RCEP国家的农产品进口贸易效率及潜力,为中国与RCEP国家农产品进口贸易的深入发展提出相关政策建议。方法 采用随机前沿引力模型进行实证分析。结果 中国自RCEP国家进口农产品的平均效率为0.54;中国与RCEP国家经济规模、班轮运输连通性指数和货币自由度等因素提升了进口贸易效率,人口规模和贸易自由度等因素阻碍了进口贸易效率的提升;从国别差异看,中国自澳大利亚和新西兰农产品进口贸易潜力和可拓展空间较大;从农产品分类看,4类农产品的进口贸易效率较高;总体而言,进口效率与潜力存在较大的国别异质性,增长拓展空间有待进一步释放。结论 中国应进一步加强同RCEP国家的海陆航基础设施建设等合作,扩大同RCEP国家,特别是贸易效率低下而未来潜力巨大的新西兰等国的农产品进口贸易。     

人口规模、经济增长、资源禀赋与虚拟土地进口

[目的]分析虚拟土地进口的主要影响因素,为我国合理利用"两个市场"和"两种资源"提供决策依据。[方法]以1992~2014年的经验数据为依据,建立VAR模型,对我国人口规模、经济增长、资源禀赋与虚拟土地进口之间的关系进行实证分析。[结果]人口规模增长、经济发展以及人均耕地锐减是我国虚拟土地进口持续增长的驱动因素,三者对虚拟土地进口增长的驱动作用持续时间较长,且人口和人均耕地面积对虚拟土地进口的贡献呈不断增强趋势,但人均GDP对虚拟土地进口的贡献呈不断下降趋势。[结论]在未来一段时间内,虽然我国人口和人均GDP将继续保持双增长,但对促进虚拟土地进口增长的贡献较小,而人均耕地面积的不断减少对虚拟土地进口增长的贡献作用大,且贡献率有不断上升的趋势,耕地资源紧缺将成为我国虚拟土地进口不断攀升的主要影响因素。在当前严峻的资源环境形势下,保障耕地资源数量和质量、优化耕地资源空间配置、合理进口非粮土地密集型农产品、大力支持农业"走出去"等虚拟土地战略措施需要积极落实执行。     

“一带一路”国家与中国农产品贸易与碳排放的关系实证分析

[目的]为了推进"一带一路"沿线区域内的农产品贸易,共创环境优化和贸易获益的共赢局面,文章基于1995—2014年"一带一路"沿线5个区域48个国家的面板数据,研究农产品贸易和碳排放之间的双边关系。[方法]首先,评估农产品贸易对碳排放的影响。其中,创新性地采用农产品贸易开放指数(TPI)测度沿线国家的农产品贸易开放程度;其次,构建纳入碳排放的指标体系,设立随机前沿引力模型和贸易非效率项模型,实证检验碳排放对农产品贸易及其效率的影响。[结果]一方面,沿线国家的农产品贸易开放度越高,碳排放越高;另一方面,沿线国家的碳排放对其与中国的农产品进出口贸易存在显著的正向效应,且呈现出明显的区域差异。物流综合绩效的提升、是否加入WTO均有助于提升农产品贸易效率。[结论]中国应积极利用沿线国家的碳资源,扩大与沿线区域,尤其是南亚、东南亚和中亚(含俄蒙)的农产品进出口贸易,以及对西亚和中东地区的农产品出口贸易。     

中国纸产品贸易的碳减排效应研究

以2012年中国纸产品进出口贸易的数据分离两种效应,运用材积源生物量方程与净初级生产力(NPP)法核算造纸原料贸易的碳减排效应,运用IPCC清单指南法核算纸及纸制品贸易的碳排放效应。研究结果表明:中国纸产品贸易的鲜明特点导致其对国内碳排放具有双重效应,一方面造纸原料的大量进口使中国减少对国内林木的砍伐,具有碳减排效应;另一方面纸及纸制品的净出口又增加了国内的碳排放,具有碳排放效应。中国造纸原料贸易的碳减排效应明显,达1 902.11万t,相当于总蓄积量为1.805 709亿m3林木的年均固碳量;而纸和纸制品贸易的碳排放效应并不显著,只有51.36万t;但总体而言,中国纸产品贸易具有显著的碳减排效应。     

How would global trade liberalization affect rural and regional incomes in Australia?

Agricultural protection in rich countries, which had depressed Australian farm incomes via its impact on Australia’s terms of trade, has diminished over the past two decades. So too has agricultural export taxation in poor countries, which has had the opposite impact on those terms of trade. Meanwhile, however, import protection for developing country farmers has been steadily growing. To what extent are Australian farmers and rural regions still adversely affected by farm and non‐farm price‐ and trade‐distortive policies abroad? This paper draws on new estimates of the current extent of those domestic and foreign distortions: first, to model their net impact on Australia’s terms of trade (using the World Bank’s Linkage model of the global economy); and second, to model the effects of that terms of trade impact on output and real incomes in rural versus urban and other regions and households within Australia as of 2004 (using Monash’s multi‐regional TERM model of the Australian economy).     

新形势下中国林产品贸易的困境与对策探讨

近年来,国际环保主义的盛行和消费者环保意识的提高,不仅催生了以森林认证与产销监管链认证为代表的绿色贸易条件,也促使各主要原木生产国采取各种政策限制木材等原材的出口,美国也修订了《雷斯法案》对贸易中的非法采伐进行限制。林产品贸易所面临的国际环境更加复杂多变。本研究从贸易模式、出口集中度、产业集中度三个角度剖析了中国林产品贸易面临的困境,并提出了相应的对策。     

全球农产品贸易网络演化与中国对策

目的 面对日益严峻复杂的国际经济政治环境,理清全球农产品贸易格局演变的特征及趋势,对于及时应对国际农产品市场风险、提高国际循环利用能力具有重要意义。方法 基于社会网络分析法,利用1996—2021年世界农产品贸易数据,文章从总体—行业—加工程度3个维度分别构建了全球农产品贸易网络,定量分析了全球农产品贸易网络的格局演化及重要节点特征。结果 （1）各国间农产品贸易关联日益加深,处于核心地位的国家数量显著增加,以美国为代表的单中心主导地位被削弱,但由少数国家主导全球农产品贸易的情形并未改变。（2）中国在全球农产品贸易网络中地位显著提升,点度中心度和接近中心度均位于前列,但中介中心度处于较低水平,说明中国对全球农业资源和市场的掌控能力依然不足。（3）各国在不同细分行业中的地位呈现明显的异质性,大多数国家的进口集中于少数贸易伙伴的少数产品,加工贸易逐渐成为全球农产品贸易的主流,发展高附加值农产品贸易成为各国农业贸易长远发展的战略选择。结论 为此,应持续优化农产品贸易布局,拓展与亚洲、拉美、非洲等新兴市场的贸易,不断提升农业全球价值链地位。     

中国水产品出口贸易流量与潜力分析——基于引力模型的研究

中国作为世界上最大的水产品生产国,近30年水产品出口一直保持增长,在全球水产品市场中的比重大幅度增加,同时面临着与其他国家同业间的竞争。本文运用拓展的引力模型对1999年～2007年中国水产品出口相关的面板数据进行了实证检验,并对主要出口市场水产品贸易潜力进行了测算与分析。研究表明,引力模型只能对中国水产品出口贸易流量和潜力起到部分的解释作用,虽然中国水产品出口对欧美日等市场呈现出所谓的“过度贸易”,对泰国、印度尼西亚等表现为“贸易不足”,但这一总体趋势不会有太大改变。另外,进出口市场之间的产品竞争程度、进口市场的消费习惯也是进出口贸易可能的影响因素。     

Food safety issues and fresh food product exports from LDCs

Fresh food products have a high income elasticity of demand and few traditional trade barriers in high income markets. As such, they represent an important opportunity for less developed country (LDC) exporters. Fresh food product exports account for half of all food and agricultural exports from LDCs to high income countries. But these products may be subject to greater food safety risks and potential trade barriers arising from sanitary regulation. This paper reviews the challenges and issues facing LDCs in meeting food safety standards for export. These issues include: (a) the importance of fresh food product trade by region and the kinds of issues that arise from those products; (b) the role of farm to table approaches and hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) in ensuring safety; (c) the role of the public sector in LDCs in facilitating trade; (d) the potential role of the SPS Agreement in resolving disputes and determining equivalency of standards between high and low income countries.     

中美贸易摩擦对中美农产品贸易结构的影响研究

中美农产品贸易一直是双方经贸关系中的重要组成部分.自2018年4月中美贸易摩擦发生以来,中美双方公布的贸易清单几乎涵盖两国双边贸易所有产品,这一决策可能会使中国农业产业和粮食安全面临严峻考验.本文获取了中美分三次发布的加征关税产品清单,对加征关税产品占中美农产品贸易的份额进行核算,并使用贸易强度指数、基尼-赫希曼指数,...     

世界海洋渔业贸易竞争力分析

进入21世纪,世界海洋渔业贸易迅猛发展。发达国家和发展中国家的海洋渔业的出口量和出口额都成线性增长。发达国家的主要海洋渔业进口国集中在美国、日本、德国,发展中国家的主要海洋渔业进口国集中在中国、尼日利亚。利用国际贸易理论中的国际市场占有率(IMS)、显示性比较优势指数(RCA)、比较优势指数法(CAI)、出口渗透率(ERP)四个指标,对世界海洋渔业出口竞争力进行分析后可发现,海洋渔业产业化、集聚优势和增强产业内贸易有利于提升世界海洋渔业竞争力。     

The effects of China's growth on the food prices and the food exports of other developing countries

This article explores the impacts of China's growth in the international markets of agricultural products along two dimensions: food price inflation and export growth in other developing countries. China's food imports of vegetable oils have grown dramatically over the last decade, linking China's economic growth to the recent increases in global food prices. If China is a source of global food price inflation, exporting countries will benefit whether they sell directly to China or not. These direct and indirect linkages are explored using a short‐run, partial‐equilibrium model of international trade in agricultural products in which consumer prices and trade costs are derived from bilateral trade flows. China's effects on food prices and exports are estimated by reducing Chinese food expenditures in 2007 by half, roughly China's level of expenditures in 1995. Results indicate that food prices as measured by CES price indexes in developing Asia, Africa, and Latin America would have been reduced by 1.27%, 0.32%, and 0.22%, respectively. China has been an important source of growth for exporters selling directly to China. There is no evidence of export growth due to an overall increase in food prices caused by China's growth.     

Comparing apples and oranges: Some confusion about using and interpreting physical trade matrices versus multi-regional input–output analysis

The questions of how to account for upstream land requirements is highly relevant for assigning responsibility for global land use. Two approaches, physical trade flow analysis and multi-regional input–output analysis have been frequently used for land accounting of international trade leading to diametrically opposed results for countries such as China. In this study, we investigate and explain the differences by comparing the estimates of cropland embodied in international trade for China from studies using physical trade flows (PTF) and multi-regional input–output (MRIO) analysis and provide a step-wise calculation to explain the gap between estimates from these different approaches and their interpretation. Our results show that the gap between PTF and MRIO is largely due to the system boundary selection and truncation errors from the boundary cut-off. These two approaches should be used for different research purposes. If focusing on the flows of a particular product, in particular primary products such as rice, wheat or other grains, among countries the higher level of detail of physical flow model is more suited. Whereas when accounting for the total embodied land in trade and consumption-based land use by recipient countries to analyze drivers of land use, MRIO is more suitable for tracking entire global supply chains.     

中国木质林产品贸易条件分析

贸易条件可以衡量某国或地区的贸易处境。该文系统分析了1981-2001年中国木质林产品贸易条件及其变化导致的贸易损益。分析表明,与原材、刨花板、废纸、家具不同,原木、锯材、单板、胶合板、纤维板、木制品、木浆及多数纸和纸制品等木质林产品净贸易条件和收入贸易条件在多数年份是改善的,其进出口价格变化使中国贸易收益增加。木片、家具是中国的大宗出口木质林产品,尽快改善其贸易条件对提高中国木质林产品贸易收益尤为重要。     

世界水产品贸易变动分析

论文利用FAO渔业统计数据及COMTRADE数据并经整理,分析了1996～2010年世界水产品贸易,结果表明：世界水产品的进口市场主要在发达国家,而出口市场则为广大的发展中国家;生鲜水产品仍然占据着重要地位,水产深加工品的贸易地位不断上升,而初加工品的地位不断下滑;世界水产品进口市场集中度在不断下降;日本在世界水产品进口中的比重在不断下降,欧盟则不断上升,中国在世界水产品出口市场中的地位在不断上升,但出口的增速则在下降。最后．提出促进中国水产品出口的政策建议。     

中国鱿鱼生产及进出口贸易分析

鱿鱼是头足类中最重要的经济资源之一,中国鱿鱼的产量年际间波动较大,但也不乏独特的特征和规律,这对本国贸易的稳定和发展有着直接或者间接的影响。本文主要是对在对目前中国鱿鱼的生产和贸易两方面概述的基础上,着重剖析中国鱿鱼的生产供给和贸易状况。通过收集的数据信息,采用分析统计法,对中国鱿鱼不同种类的资源状况、国际生产中的地位以及进出口贸易的主要结构格进行研究,从而对目前中国鱿鱼市场的状况做整体的窥探和了解,并且针对其中存在的问题从拓展国内市场和优化进出口市场的角度提出相应的建议。     

Domestic support and the WTO negotiations

In their attempt to maximise trade benefits, agricultural trade negotiators must allocate scarce resources and consider trade-offs across issues such as liberalising foreign border measures or reducing foreign domestic subsidies. Analysis and examples support the notion that more liberalisation will be achieved in the new WTO round by emphasis on lowering border barriers and export subsidies rather than attempting to discipline domestic farm subsidies directly. Analyses of EU grain policy, Korean rice policy and US sugar policy show how reduced export subsidy or more import access have substantial trade benefits, even if farmers are compensated with payments or price supports.