基于DGSS的地质图空间数据库模型与迭代建库方法

地质图空间数据库建库是一个"认识—提高—认识—再提高"的应用过程,合理的空间数据模型是基础,能有效表达地质图内容。目前数字地质调查系统已在实现野外路线观测过程的全数字化描述的基础上,将不同阶段数据库进行互通与继承,将空间数据库的建设融入了日常工作和生产之中。从实际业务角度出发,研究详细介绍了基于关系与规则的建模机制和面向对象的地质图空间数据库模型特点和数字地质调查系统中的迭代建库技术流程,通过迭代处理方式实现建库内容的更新与完善,创建了有别于回溯性建库方式的地质图空间数据库建库模式,并在系统中集成了一套完整的建库工具。同时在实际生产中,已在全国不同比例尺区域地质调查等项目的地质图空间数据库建库工作中推广应用,并取得了良好的应用效果。     

21世纪以来农业基础设施减贫效应研究

目的 农业基础设施不仅是农业稳定生产的重要基石,也是农村贫困治理的重要手段。探究农业基础设施减贫效应,对未来相对贫困治理和减贫经验总结意义重大。方法 文章运用空间自回归模型（SAR）和空间误差模型（SEM）,分析21世纪以来中国农业基础设施减贫效应及内生机制。结果 农业交通基础设施中的公路密度、河道密度和铁路密度分别显著降低农村贫困发生率1.424、0.03和0.05个单位;农业生产基础设施中的人均装机容量、水土流失治理能力和每公顷塑料薄膜用量分别显著降低农村贫困发生率0.122、0.212和0.011个单位。从控制变量来看,每千人播种面积,农村人均教育水平和人均乡镇卫生院床位数也发挥着积极的减贫作用。由减贫机制可知,农业基础设施主要通过降低农业自然灾害和增加农业产值,进而提高农户收入和降低农村贫困发生率。结论 应尽快完善农田田间道路、农业生产基础设施建设和高标准农田建设,加强农村公共基础设施投入,促进农业增产和农村减贫。     

基于WOD模式的区域发展路径探讨

在导向型发展模式研究基础上,探讨以水资源为导向的发展模式,提出了以水资源开发利用保护为导向的区域综合开发(water-oriented development, WOD)模式。解析了WOD模式的内涵和典型特征,开展了可行性分析,探析了WOD的实施路径,并提出了相关建议。在坚持“水资源最大刚性约束”和区域可持续发展理念的引导下,适时推广实践WOD模式,提出将水环境综合治理和水资源综合开发利用作为涉水地区绿色发展的主导因素与首要任务,是对水生态产品价值实现路径的有益探索,也为实现区域经济发展与自然环境和谐统一提供了新思路。     

基于GIS和模糊SOFM模型的省级尺度土地类型 划分研究——以河南省为例

研究目的：延续且深入国内分级尺度土地类型研究,在研究思路和研究方法上为新时期土地类型划分研究提供借鉴。研究方法：基于主控因素、相对稳定因素及动态因素的研究思路,采用三级分类层次,构建省级尺度土地类型划分指标体系,运用模糊SOFM模型和GIS技术,以河南省为实证案例进行土地类型划分。研究结果：（1）可将河南省划分为39个土地类,3 333个土地型,4 015个土地组,类型结果能反映河南省地域分异规律;（2）分类结果与传统图层叠置法划分结果在空间上存在较高一致性。研究结论：基于GIS和模糊SOFM模型对省级尺度土地类型划分具有有效性。     

基于ESDA模型的石漠化地区景观破碎化时空演变研究

［目的］为探究花江示范区景观破碎化的时空动态特征。［方法］研究基于2000—2017年5期时间序列影像获得的一级景观类型的土地覆盖数据,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）模型、景观指数和主成分分析法对景观破碎化的时空变化特征及空间聚集演变规律进行分析。［结果］（1）花江示范区景观破碎化程度在时间跨度上呈缓解趋势,但整体上仍以中度和高度等级为主,其面积占区域总面积的50％以上,在空间格局上呈现出区域差异,中度等级在各个村组都有较多分布,高度等级主要集中分布在峡谷村、查尔岩村和银洞湾村。（2）花江示范区景观破碎化空间分布聚集现象显著,其差异随时间推移逐渐增大,两极化不断增强,且景观破碎化的空间异质性及复杂性增高。（3）脆弱的喀斯特环境及人类活动强度成为景观破碎化的自然和人为因素,石漠化综合治理工程分布区的景观破碎化状况有了一定的好转,而大部分仍处于较低水平,石漠化治理措施力度还远远不够。［结论］研究结果为花江示范区景观格局优化、生态环境保护及可持续发展提供理论依据和决策参考。研究采用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）模型对研究区的景观破碎化进行空间聚集演变分析,研究表明,其在景观空间相关性研究中具有很好的适用性。     

The impact of mining and smelting activities on property values: a study of Mount Isa city,Queensland, Australia

Much publicity has been given to the problem of high levels of environmental contaminants, most notably high blood lead concentration levels among children in the city of Mount Isa because of mining and smelting activities. The health impacts from mining‐related pollutants are now well documented. This includes published research being discussed in an editorial of the Medical Journal of Australia (see Munksgaard et al. 2010 ). On the other hand, negative impacts on property prices, although mentioned, have not been examined to date. This study rectifies this research gap. This study uses a hedonic property price approach to examine the impact of mining‐ and smelting‐related pollution on nearby property prices. The hypothesis is that those properties closer to the lead and copper smelters have lower property (house) prices than those farther away. The results of the study show that the marginal willingness to pay to be farther from the pollution source is AUS $13 947 per kilometre within the 4 km radius selected. The study has several policy implications, which are discussed briefly. We used ordinary least squares, geographically weighted regression, spatial error and spatial autoregressive or spatial lag models for this analysis.     

政府在耕地减少中的责任和在耕地保护中的作为

集成曲线估计模型和灰色数列模型,研究耕地总量在1983-2006年间的变化过程以及在2010～2020年间的变化态势,分析政府行为在耕地总量减少中的责任和在保护耕地中的作为.研究结果:2020年耕地总量可能低于新的耕地红线,政府对耕地减少负有不可推卸的责任.     

The value of views and open space: Estimates from a hedonic pricing model for Ramsey County,Minnesota, USA

We examined how environmental amenities, particularly views and open space access, impact residential home sales prices in Ramsey County, MN using a hedonic pricing model. Home sale prices increase with closer proximity to parks, trails, lakes, and streams. Proximity to lakes produced the greatest impact on home sale value of these distance variables, followed by parks, trails, and streams. Increasing view areal extents as well as increasing the amount of water and grassy land covers in views also resulted in increased sale prices. Increased view richness in terms of the number of different land cover types in a view reduced home sale prices. These results illustrate the importance of these environmental amenities to single-family homeowners and can be used to inform land use planning and policy decisions aimed at their preservation.     

The implementation and the future of development plans

Summary

Once again the planning system of England and Wales is being reviewed. This paper considers criticisms of development plans, and proposals for changes, including those of the Department of the Environment (DoE) and Welsh Office in the consultation paper, "The Future of Development Plans: a Consultation Paper”, September 1986, with some of the reactions to it, and also The Nuffield Foundation report, "Town and Country Planning”, 1986. A focus of this critique is the effectiveness of development plans, in particular regarding the questions of implementation and resources. It is concluded that it is the co‐ordination of the provision of public resources, which are needed to implement plans and policies, that requires the attention of the Government, with adequate national and regional planning guidelines, rather than the abolition of Structure Plans.     

The effects of food sales taxes on household food spending: An application of a censored cluster model

This study proposes a model of household food spending that accounts for zero censoring and can be applied to data collected through a clustered survey design to investigate the impact of food sales taxes on three groups: households who are eligible for and participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), households who are eligible but do not participate in the program, and households who are not eligible for the program. We find that SNAP participating households are largely insensitive to grocery taxes and respond to restaurant taxes by shifting more of their food dollars towards at-home foods. Among households who are eligible for SNAP but do not participate in the program, grocery taxes reduce spending on foods purchased for at-home consumption, and thereby increase the amount of the total food budget allocated to away from home foods. This is concerning from a nutrition and health standpoint since away from home foods tend to be more calorie dense and nutritionally poorer than at home foods.     

黑龙江省农业生产资料与农业经济发展的关联分析

黑龙江省是一个农业大省,农业经济对全省经济的发展起到至关重要的作用,而农业生产资料对农业经济的发展有着巨大的影响作用。应用灰色系统理论中关联分析方法和GM(1,1)预测模型,对黑龙江省农业总产值与农业生产资料之间的关系进行关联分析,在其发展趋势预测的基础上,对黑龙江省农业经济发展的趋势关联分析,进而提出黑龙江省实现农业经济持续发展、科学决策对策建议。