The Value of Household Services

A bstract . A family, in appraising the value of a housewife's services , does not necessarily consider the services of the housewife to be free even though there is no explicit money payment for her services. When the housewife devotes time to housekeeping , either she sacrifices leisure or the family sacrifices labor market income which the wife could earn. Empirical evidence supports the notion that families do not consider the supply price of housekeeping services to be zero. Traditional methods of assessing the aggregate value of household services load to underestimates. The actual market wage rate is a good measure of the value of the marginal housekeeping services of a housewife who also spends time in the labor market. But the potential market wage rate of a full-time housewife understates the value of her marginal product in the home.     

The Marketization of Local Services and the Fragmentation of Labour Markets

This paper is a product of the ESRC's Local Governance research programme which considers the employment implications of the introduction of market forces into the provision of local government services in the United Kingdom. It discusses the fragmentation of labour markets as both a process and outcome of the commercialization of local service provision. In contrast to privatization scenarios, marketization suggests the blurring of the distinction between public and private employment deriving from the commercialization of municipal services and the transmission of local authority work organization and culture into the private sector. An assessment of employment change, workforce recomposition and bargaining capacity is offered which leads to the development of new models for institutional restructuring. ‘Sectoral de-differentiation’ is a concept developed to address the evolution of new labour market patterns and a ‘public capsule’ model is offered to explain the locality and service variations in marketization outcomes.     

The Effects of Household Income Volatility on Divorce

We extend the literature on the effects of earnings shocks on divorce by identifying separately the effects of transitory and permanent household income shocks and by allowing the shocks to have asymmetric effects across education and racial groups. The econometric evidence suggests negative (positive) transitory household income shocks increase (decrease) the probability of divorce, while there is only weak evidence that positive (negative) permanent household income shocks raise (lower) the probability of divorce. Some differences in the effects of household income shocks on divorce propensities arise for subsamples selected by education and race.     

Discrete Hours Labour Supply Modelling: Specification, Estimation and Simulation

Abstract.  The assumption behind discrete hours labour supply modelling is that utility‐maximising individuals choose from a relatively small number of hours levels, rather than being able to vary hours worked continuously. Such models are becoming widely used in view of their substantial advantages, compared with a continuous hours approach, when estimating and their role in tax policy microsimulation. This paper provides an introduction to the basic analytics of discrete hours labour supply modelling. Special attention is given to model specification, maximum likelihood estimation and microsimulation of tax reforms. The analysis is at each stage illustrated by the use of numerical examples. At the end, an empirical example of a hypothetical policy change to the social security system is given to illustrate the role of discrete hours microsimulation in the analysis of tax and transfer policy changes.     

人口老龄化对劳动供给和人力资本投资时间的影响

参照贝克尔的时间分配理论和海克曼的生命周期理论,运用动态世代交叠均衡模型,研究人口老龄化对劳动供给和人力资本投资时间分配的影响,并进一步考察人口老龄化对生产能力的间接影响。结果显示：在短期内,人口老龄化会导致人力资本投资时间的增加和劳动供给的减少,进而引发社会生产能力的下降,增加了人口老龄化的经济成本;在长期内,人口老龄化使得年轻人能够为社会提供更多的熟练劳动力,进而提高了社会劳动生产率,降低了人口老龄化的经济成本。     

Problems in Estimating the Value of Household Services

Current estimates of the value of household services (VHS) as a percent of Gross National Product(GNP) are overestimations, it is contended. They are based on a zero (or low) supply price whereas if such services by family members usually commanded a price, the quantity demanded might be substantially less. Also the total output of goods and services (real GNP) against which VHS is measured is GNP sans VHS; if measurement is justified, it should be GNP plus VHS, yielding a smaller percentage.     

服务供应链对旅游服务的启示

通过对供应链和服务供应链的理解,阐述了旅游服务供应链在旅游业的应用前景.由旅游服务供应链的核心企业协同整合各种信息、资源,相关企业共同合作,形成战略联盟,达到共赢与共同增值,且更好地满足客户的需求的目的.分别从信息管理、流程管理、能力管理、绩效管理和旅游交通的协同设计几个方面,阐述了旅游服务供应链的运作;指出建立有效的旅游服务供应链可促进我国旅游业的发展及提高旅游企业的竞争力.     

论服务供应链对旅游服务的启示

通过对服务供应链相关概念的阐述,介绍了旅游服务供应链的应用前景。从信息、流程、能力、绩效管理以及旅游交通的协同设计等几个部分,说明了旅游服务供应链的相关运营情况,并指出建设高效的旅游服务供应链在推进我国旅游服务业的发展和强化旅游行业竞争力方面的重要作用。     

论服务供应链对旅游服务的启示

通过对服务供应链相关概念的阐述,介绍了旅游服务供应链的应用前景.从信息、流程、能力、绩效管理以及旅游交通的协同设计等几个部分,说明了旅游服务供应链的相关运营情况,并指出建设高效的旅游服务供应链在推进我国旅游服务业的发展和强化旅游行业竞争力方面的重要作用.     

Rent Control and The Supply of Housing Services: The Brookline Massachusetts Experience

A bstract . The hypothesis that the short-run and long-run supply of housing services is unaffected by rent control is examined. It has been asserted that total housing services may remain unchanged when tenant supplied services are included and that capital improvements may return to normal after the initial loss in property values. Using data on health code violations and building permits from a town in metropolitan Boston , the analysis concludes that rent control diminishes the total supply of housing services in the short-run and reduces capital expenditures to maintain and improve housing services in the long-run.     

用标准引领家庭服务业的健康快速发展

文章分析了我国家庭服务业的现状及存在的问题,从标准化工作角度提出发展我国家庭服务业的3点建议.     

物流金融服务在供应链融资中的价值研究

中小企业贷款难主要受征信困难的制约,影响了企业的活力与发展。由于物流活动贯穿企业经营始终,能够较好反映企业运作情况,物流供应商对企业征信,开展物流金融业务能够有效解决企业融资难的问题。在物流金融活动中,根据企业融资资金的来源不同,分为两种方式：一种是银行介入的外部融资方式,一种是第三方物流企业提供融资的内部融资方式。文中从供应链增值视角,建立了两种不同的融资方式中各利益相关方的收益模型,并进行了分析比较,最终形成结论认为内部融资是在一条闭合型的资金供应链进行的活动,保证了整体价值不会流失;但不论哪种融资方式,3 PL企业都将发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

生态供应链环境下的废旧家电回收体系及其绿色度研究

在电子商务和国家政策的带动下,近年来我国家电产业保持持续快速发展。随着相关法律的颁布实施以及人们环境保护意识的不断提高,家电产业逆向物流进入一个新的阶段。本文以废旧家电回收利用为主线,探讨了逆向物流的动因及其与生态供应链的关系;分析了国内外废旧家电逆向物流的现状,并建立了基于生态供应链的家电逆向物流体系;建立了基于改进数据包络分析法的家电企业逆向物流绿色度评价模型,并以实例验证。     

城镇给水一户一表工程探讨

"一户一表"改造工程作为供水行业的重点和难点工程,关系着千家万户的切身利益。通过对河池市金城江给水一户一表工程的探讨,为实施城镇给水一户一表工程提供一些参考,进一步推动给水一户一表工作。     

城镇给水-户-表工程探讨

"-户-表"改造工程作为供水行业的重点和难点工程,关系着千家万户的切身利益.通过对河池市金城江给水-户-表工程的探讨,为实施城镇给水-户-表工程提供一些参考,进一步推动给水-户-表工作.     

The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Household Income Inequality: Some Empirical Evidence

Abstract

We investigate the effects of fiscal decentralization on income inequality using a sample of 23 OECD countries over the period 1971–2000. We utilize novel and robust measures of fiscal decentralization based on different degrees of fiscal autonomy of sub-central governments. Our results highlight the importance of both the nature of fiscal decentralization—expenditure versus revenue—and the extent to which independent spending responsibility and taxing powers are actually assigned to local governments. A higher degree of tax decentralization is associated with higher household income inequality within a country. Thus, even if fiscal decentralization could be attractive according to efficiency reasons, it may actually have undesirable consequences on the income distribution.     

城镇给水一户一表工程探讨

“一户一表”改造工程作为供水行业的重点和难点工程，关系着千家万户的切身利益。通过对河池市金城江给水一户一表工程的探讨，为实施城镇给水一户一表工程提供一些参考，进一步推动给水一户一表工作。     

Earnings Distribution and Labour Supply after a Retirement Earnings Test Reform*

Norwegian administrative data are used to evaluate the impact of a doubling of the threshold in the retirement earnings test. We find almost no impact on the extensive margin, but a positive effect on the intensive margin. This positive effect is uneven over the earnings distribution, and concentrated on workers around the threshold, increasing with exposure to the reform and leading to a decrease in earnings inequality. Individuals who remain active until retirement age respond more to the reform. Conditional on prereform earnings, we find little evidence that individual characteristics such as working histories influence the responsiveness to the reform.