企业家理论认识的现实困惑与超越

经济学家对企业家概念的不同理解以及企业家理论的不健全,导致了现实当中对企业家理论认识的许多困惑。企业家是市场经济的产物,传统的计划经济时代不可能产生企业家;企业家精神作为企业家的一个必要的组成部分,是企业家的核心和灵魂;企业家和企业家精神是“自我甄别”的结果,市场无法甄别企业家和企业家精神;企业家和内企业家极其相似,但又存在着很大的区别;企业家与职业经理人是一对相互联系而又有本质区别的概念和角色。     

为什么日本是一个“创业真空”国度

日本的创新水平处于全球前列，而日本社会创业的比例却很低，被称为“创业真空”国家。作为创业领域非常重要的概念和变量，一个国家新生创业者比例对于其经济发展至关重要。使用全球创业观察2014年的数据，采用个人层面是否为新生创业者和创业意愿作为主要因变量，分析国家层面的变量对于个人成为新生创业者的影响。结果发现，国家层面单一因素，如文化上的不确定性规避意识，对新生创业者并不产生显著影响，宏观经济的稳定性则会影响个人是否成为新生创业者。在加入年龄这一调节变量后，发现三者之间的交互项显著。这说明日本低创业率不仅仅是单方面因素导致的，而更是宏观经济不稳定性、不确定性规避以及老龄化三者之间共同影响的结果。研究结果对于正确理解日本创业现状以及制定促进创业的相关政策具有重要意义。     

制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响:金融市场的调节作用

综合考虑政治法律制度环境和金融环境,实证分析制度环境对企业家精神配置的影响机理。结果发现,政府行政管理质量对企业家创新精神、企业家创业精神和生产性企业家精神综合水平具有正向促进作用;企业经营法制环境、金融环境质量与企业家创业精神存在负相关关系;金融环境在政府行政管理质量与企业家创新精神关系中起正向调节作用,而在企业经营法制环境与企业家创业精神关系中起负向调节作用。     

Entrepreneurship and second-best institutions: going beyond Baumol’s typology

This paper reconsiders the predominant typology pioneered by Baumol (J Polit Econ 98(5):893–921, 1990) among productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurship. It is shown that the foundation of Baumol’s classification scheme is the restrictive concept of first-best outcomes, and therefore it easily fails to appreciate the true impact of entrepreneurship in real-world circumstances characterized by suboptimal institutions. We present an alternative way of generalizing the notion of entrepreneurship and show how and why it encompasses the Baumol typology as a special case. Our main distinction is between business and institutional entrepreneurship. We draw on Schumpeter and introduce the entrepreneur in an additional function: as a potential disturber of an institutional equilibrium. Various subsets of institutional entrepreneurship are posited and discussed. It is shown that changing the workings of institutions constitutes an important set of entrepreneurial profit opportunities. An implication of this is that entrepreneurial efforts to reform or offset inefficient institutions can, in many cases, be welfare-improving.     

企业家制度创业行为过程——基于吉利与绿源的案例分析

以吉利汽车和绿源电动车为研究对象,采用案例研究方法,分析企业家的制度创业行为过程。研究结果表明:企业家的制度创业行为过程包括构建变革使命、宣传变革使命、动员资源建立联盟以实施变革;在此过程中,企业家运用不同策略实现各环节的活动,最终达到制度创业的目标。     

从高校创业教育到创业实践的探析——以斯坦福大学创业教育为例

随着我国高等教育的不断发展,毕业生数量逐年增加,就业矛盾日益突出,以创业带动就业成为趋势,创业教育也因此备受关注。近年来我国高校创业教育发展取得了很大进步,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,特别是如何将创业教育与创业实践相结合的问题,使创业教育更好的服务于创业实践。通过对我国创业教育现状和美国斯坦福大学创业教育特点的分析,提出了深化创业教育理念,促进国内外高校的交流与合作、注重创业师资团队建设,增强创业实践教育环节、坚持理论教育与创业实践相结合的从创业教育到创业实践的具体途径,从而使我国的创业教育更具实践意义。     

创业理论及其架构分析

以往的创业研究虽然涉及范围很广 ,但是一直没有形成独立的理论体系。本文从界定创业的术语表述出发 ,全面回顾和评析了以前的研究成果 ,并针对创业的形式、创业者的风险、创业者的天赋和创业研究的“身份”这四个争论的焦点问题作出了自己的解释。在此基础之上 ,本文分析了创业研究的目的和所涉及的领域 ,给出了创业的定义 ,并提出了基于创新、风险和企业管理三个维度的创业理论的概念性架构。     

利益相关者视角下开拓型制度创业机制研究

中国转型经济背景下,企业家通过开创一种从无到有的制度而形成的制度创业即被认为是开拓型制度创业,以阿里巴巴电商模式为典型代表的开拓型制度创业实践对于开拓型制度创业机制研究具有重要意义。以阿里巴巴为研究对象,从利益相关者视角出发,将阿里巴巴制度创业中利益相关者分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者3类。运用扎根理论方法,提炼出阿里巴巴制度创业面临来自利益相关者的制度创业约束、所使用的制度创业策略以及所获取的制度创业合法化,构建出阿里巴巴制度创业机制模型,最终提炼出开拓型制度创业一般机制模型。     

产业集群环境、创业者特质与创业成功关系研究

创业成功是创业的基本指向。创业环境、创业者特质是影响创业成功的重要因素。在对产业集群环境、创业者特质和创业成功进行理论综述的基础上,提出了3个变量的结构维度,具体分析了产业集群环境对创业者特质和创业成功的积极作用以及创业者特质对创业成功的正向影响。     

Toward a Political Economy of Markets

In the post-Washington Consensus era, increasing emphasis on private sector-led strategies for economic growth has contributed to the focus of policymakers on entrepreneurship. However, many programs designed to support entrepreneurship are based on an erroneous and biased image of the entrepreneur, with important consequences for development processes and outcomes. Longstanding ideology underlying the entrepreneur as a rugged individual hero shapes not only the masculinist notion of entrepreneurship in most societies, but also the narrow focus and structure of entrepreneurship programs. Microfinance, however, is generally conceptualized as being "different" from other programs, particularly given its informal sector reach and common group lending model. This paper investigates the extent to which microfinance is able to build community, and to sustain individual entrepreneurs' attention to social solidarity economy. Alternative approaches to microfinance, which fundamentally restructure the way it works — specifically considering the issue of community-building — are discussed as a possible "next evolution" of this form of social enterprise.     

Entrepreneurship,Austrian Economics,and the Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry

I consider whether entrepreneurship is a distinct category within economic theory. More generally, I consider the links between discussions of entrepreneurship and philosophic debates over the nature of the aesthetic. For instance, Kant's attempt to elevate the category of the aesthetic has much in common with Kirzner's attempt to elevate the concept of the entrepreneur. Shackle's theory of choice refers very directly to the notion of the aesthetic. Theories of the aesthetic and theories of the entrepreneur have common strengths and weaknesses.     

中国网络创业的发展轨迹及趋势研究

作为一种以互联网为基础的资源整合方式,网络创业具有虚拟性、创新性、成长的快速性和创业者的年轻化等特征,其发展在过去15年中依次经历了兴起前的技术准备、起步、崛起、调整和转型、网店兴起、以及普及6个阶段。当前,在各种因素的共同促使下,网络创业观念日益增强,普及化程度越来越高,政策环境愈加宽松,大学生日益成为重要生力军,关于网络创业的理论研究越来越深入。     

内企业家成长机制研究

企业内部的创业活动是企业成长和发展的关键,内企业家是企业内部创业活动的倡导者、实践者。在相关文献回顾的基础上,本文分析了内企业家的特质及与创业者的异同,并指出企业中内企业家的成长机制。     

Social capital access and entrepreneurship

We investigate the effect of social capital access on entrepreneurship. Social capital helps entrepreneurs to overcome resource constraints. This is especially important in small communities where we often see a lack of market-oriented institutions such as venture capital firms. Entrepreneurs gain access to social capital via club memberships. Combining differences in the number of individual club memberships with differences in the importance of social capital across communities, we identify a causal small community mark-up effect of individual club memberships on entrepreneurship. Assuming that unobserved heterogeneity that might influence both the individual's selection into clubs and the occupational choice to be an entrepreneur is independent of community size, we find that the effect of club membership on the propensity to be an entrepreneur is 2.6 percentage points larger in small communities than in large communities. Robustness tests support the validity of our identifying assumption and results.     

企业家精神发展维度简论

企业家精神是建基于现代生产方式之上的一种价值观念、精神气质和文化品格,是工业文明和市场经济发展的产物及推进物,更是现代化管理的重要路径。企业家的历时性,市场经济和思想观念的变动性都决定了企业家精神必然具有发展维度。     

基于环境视角的创业研究框架构建

本文通过梳理国内外创业研究相关文献,参照系统理论、组织平衡理论、均衡理论和内生性理论,结合中国的创业环境实际,把环境要素作为影响创业的内生变量,尝试从环境的视角构建创业研究框架,提出创业是创业者与创业环境动态平衡的结果。从环境角度研究创业,为创业研究提供了一个动态的、客观的视角,使研究更具科学性和操作性。     

创业过程的情景依存性分析

创业是创业主体与创业环境交互作用的动态过程。创业环境的资源依存理论与种群生态理论都认为环境是影响企业创业活动的重要因素,创业过程具有明显的环境嵌入特点。创业环境的要素模型和特征模型是分析创业过程的基础。研究表明,创业环境主要通过影响创业信息的检索、创业机会的识别、创业资源的攫取以及创业经营策略作用于整个创业过程。本文结论对地方政府营造良好的区域创业环境具有政策启示。     

Paternalism and entrepreneurship the emergence of state-made entrepreneurs

This article considers the government's role in encouraging or hampering entrepreneurs. Following the analysis by Jurgen Habermas⁽¹⁶⁾ of state regulated capitalism, the article will focus on a sociological analysis of paternalism in establishment-industrial entrepreneurship relations. A type of entrepreneur emerges as the result of establishment nurture, which we shall here call state-made entrepreneurs. The segmented labor market theory and its application to the field of entrepreneurship will serve as a theoretical starting point for the investigation of the problem of various patterns of entrepreneurship which develop in a society in which there exists massive paternalistic government intervention in the economy.     

The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation

This paper analyzes the impact of a leading entrepreneurship education program on college students’ entrepreneurship skills and motivation using an instrumental variables approach in a difference-in-differences framework. We exploit that the program was offered to students at one location of a school but not at another location of the same school. Location choice (and thereby treatment) is instrumented by the relative distance of locations to parents’ place of residence. The results show that the program does not have the intended effects: the effect on students’ self-assessed entrepreneurial skills is insignificant and the effect on the intention to become an entrepreneur is even negative.     

Are nascent entrepreneurs ‘Jacks-of-all-trades’? A test of Lazear's theory of entrepreneurship with German data

In a recent paper Edward Lazear proposed the ‘Jack-of-all-trades’ view of entrepreneurship. Based on a coherent model of the choice between self-employment and paid employment he shows that having a background in a large number of different roles increases the probability of becoming an entrepreneur. The intuition behind this proposition is that entrepreneurs must have sufficient knowledge in a variety of areas to put together the many ingredients needed for survival and success in a business, while for paid employees it suffices and pays to be a specialist in the field demanded by the job taken. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by empirically testing Lazear's hypothesis using a large recent representative sample of the German population. The empirical estimation takes the rare events nature of becoming a nascent entrepreneur and the regional stratification of the sample into account. The results illustrate the statistical significance and economic importance of the ‘jack-of-all-trades’ theory.