技术引进、研发外溢和二次创新

本文利用专利竞赛模型 ( patent race) ,探讨技术引进及其二次创新活动中技术引进费用与自身应用性研发投入的关系以及二次创新速度和市场均衡时参与该竞赛的厂商数目的决定。同时也分析了研发外溢效应对模型的冲击。文章的主要结论是 :技术引进与自身应用性研发投入是互补抑或替代关系需视两者相对大小而定。双方的关系呈现阶段性变化。此外 ,随外溢效应的增强 ,整个参与竞赛的厂商数目和厂商应用性研发投入水平均趋于下降 ,但是整个社会引进技术的二次创新速度却趋于加快     

集群企业间知识溢出、研发竞争与集群主导设计形成的关系

考察了产业集群企业间的研发竞争和知识溢出对集群企业采纳潜在主导设计的影响。通过数理分析和实证检验,得到如下结论:集群企业间的研发竞争有利于主导设计的形成;集群企业间的知识溢出对主导设计的形成也有正向影响;企业间的研发竞争正向调节知识溢出与主导设计形成的关系。     

我国出口补贴转变为技改补贴的有效性分析

文章探讨了本国企业与外国企业在以产量竞争的方式争夺出口市场的情况下,本国政府对本国企业技改投资进行补贴的理论依据。通过两次运用两阶段博弈,文章对由补贴政策、企业技改投资、产量和利润水平决定构成的三阶段博弈进行了因果关系的比较静态分析,认为在一般情况下,对本国企业技改投资补贴有利于本国企业在国际市场中产量、市场份额和利润的增加,也有利于本国社会总福利水平的增加,对外国企业产量、利润和社会福利则形成负面影响。这一政策可接替在未来实施中具有不确定性的出口补贴政策。     

Assessing the influence of differentiation strategy and R&D subsidies on R&D cooperation

This paper explores the R&D cooperation determinants of the innovative companies belonging to the Spanish manufacturing sector. Our findings suggest that the variable R&D subsidy is endogenous, significant, and has a strong positive influence on R&D cooperation. This is a clear indication that the achievement of public aid is often conditioned by the obligation for companies to cooperate in R&D. We have also found that the differentiation strategy variable is significant and has a negative influence on R&D cooperation. Companies positioned in a differentiation strategy probably own and use some different knowledge from other companies. Consequently, they will not have much interest in taking advantage of the spillovers generated by other companies. It is therefore logical that they are reluctant to establish cooperation agreements on R&D. Therefore, companies positioned in the differentiation strategy need public policies to support R&D that are not conditioned to the establishment of cooperation agreements.     

Should environmental R&D be prioritized?

An innovator may not be able to capture the full social benefit of her innovation and, therefore, governments support private R&D through various measures. We compare a market good innovation—to develop a more efficient technology to produce a standard market good—with an environmental innovation—to develop a more efficient abatement technology—that has the same potential to increase the social surplus. In the first-best outcome, which can be achieved by offering an R&D subsidy and a diffusion subsidy, the R&D subsidy should be greatest for an environmental innovation, whereas the diffusion subsidy should be greatest for a market good innovation. The ranking of the two types of subsidies reflects that the appropriability problem is greater for an environmental innovation than for a market good innovation.     

Does government R&D stimulate or crowd out firm R&D spending? Evidence from Chinese manufacturing industries

We examine whether receiving a government R&D grant stimulates or crowds out a firm’s own R&D spending in Chinese manufacturing industries. Using a database that spans the population of large and medium size privately owned Chinese manufacturing firms for the period from 2007 to 2011, a matching estimator and a matching and difference in‐differences estimator, we find a large firm R&D promoting effect of government R&D: receiving a government R&D grant led to a 4 to 9‐million‐yuan increase in a firm’s own R&D expenditures. This is a significant effect since the average R&D expenditures ranged from 5 to 9 million yuan in the year before receiving the grant. To understand the mechanisms behind this effect, we compare the before‐ and after‐treatment performance and behaviour of the treated and the control firms. We find that the government R&D receiving firms became more profitable following their receipt of the grant. We also find that receiving a government R&D grant increases the likelihood of a firm continuing its R&D performance after receiving the initial grant.     

Extending the Learning-By-Exporting Hypothesis: Introducing a Credit Constraint

This paper develops a theoretical framework which can be used to examine policy implications from the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. This work builds on previous theoretical literature by introducing a credit constraint. When credit is available, the analysis suggests that supporting a learning sector via an export subsidy is not necessarily advised to improve social welfare. The learning sector’s goods may be over-produced (relative to another non-tradable sector goods) when consumers can borrow freely for their consumption. If the learning sector’s goods are over-produced, social welfare will be improved via a tax on production.

Not just financial support? Another role of public subsidy in university–industry research collaborations

Management of university–industry research collaboration (hereafter UIC) is the key to its success. In this respect, government can play an essential role in UIC. A public subsidy for research and development (hereafter R&D) is not only an important financial support for UIC but may also serve as a useful means of promoting trust among UIC members, resulting in higher innovation performance. However, few empirical studies have investigated the role a public R&D subsidy plays in promoting trust in UIC. To this end, by using original survey data, this study examines empirically whether a public R&D subsidy for UIC contributes to trust formation and, thus, to higher innovation performance based on trust. Our findings suggest that a public R&D subsidy promotes trust formation, which then increases the innovation performance of UIC participants, partially mediating the more direct effects of R&D subsidy on innovation performance.     

Multistage R&D competition and patent policy

In this paper a model of multistage R&D patent policy is investigated. We study the impact of the duration of patent protection for intermediate products on R&D races when the discovery of the final product requires the accomplishment of an intermediate step. Using a multistage model where firms choose their levels of research investment at each stage, we find all subgame-perfect equilibria of the game. We also determine how competition affects a firm's level of research investment at different stages of the R&D competition.     

A computational analysis of R&D support programs

We compare two common government R&D support programs, R&D tax credits and direct R&D grants. To study their effectiveness and the extent to which their design matters, we analyze these programs within a dynamic equilibrium model of imperfectly competitive industries. Adopting comprehensive welfare measures that take into account government, producer and consumer surpluses, we find that both schemes exhibit positive social returns. Mid-range R&D-intensive sectors exhibit higher social returns than either high or low R&D-intensive sectors. Both incentive schemes generate positive measures of R&D input additionality of magnitudes consistent with empirical R&D research. However, R&D grants that require firms to allocate subsidy funds to R&D spur less R&D than a more flexible R&D tax credit. Subsidy schemes can even induce competing firms to over-spend on R&D, generating negative producer surplus and possibly negative social returns.     

The impact of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” policy on SMEs’ innovation: Using quasi-natural experiments

This study presents an in-depth investigation of the impact of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (MEI) policy on small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) innovation using the propensity score matching–difference-in-difference method. The MEI policy's R&D subsidies are found to generate a positive effect on SMEs’ innovation. Although R&D subsidies have no significant impact on SMEs’ strategic innovation, they can promote substantial innovation and establish a solid microfoundation for China's high-quality development. Compared with R&D subsidies, tax incentives in the MEI policy cannot encourage SMEs to innovate and may even have a negative impact on SMEs’ innovation.     

FDI双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制——基于高技术产业的实证分析

将FDI的溢出效应分为市场竞争效应和技术溢出效应,利用1995—2012年中国5大高技术产业相关数据,建立回归模型实证检验了两者对创新追赶绩效中的产品创新绩效和知识创新绩效的影响机制,并考察知识创新绩效作为内生变量对产品创新绩效的影响机制。结果表明:FDI的市场竞争效应对本土企业的产品创新绩效的提高不存在促进作用;FDI的技术溢出效应对本土企业的知识创新绩效的提高具有促进作用,并且通过作用于吸收能力而间接促进本土企业知识创新绩效的提升;FDI技术溢出效应产生的知识创新绩效对产品创新绩效具有正向影响;FDI的双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制存在产业差异。     

Lagging productivity growth: Measurement,technology, and shock effects

One of the most important problems about which economists have professional knowledge is lagging productivity growth. After illustrating some significant developments this paper addresses three questions: (1) To what extent does R&;D activity drive productivity growth, (2) how do alternative measures of productivity affect the conclusions and (3) how did the oil price shocks and the increased openness of the U.S. economy affect productivity growth? After removing the influence of the extremely dynamic computer industry, average manufacturing industry productivity in the U.S. throughout the 80s grew at a disappointing pace. And it didn't improve in the most dynamic industries. But there is good news as well. First, part of the 1970s productivity slump is clearly attributable to the 1973–74 oil price shock. Second and more important, technological innovation does not appear to have lost its power in driving productivity growth forward. Indeed there is evidence of stronger and more consistent productivity effects from R&;D investment during the 1980s, although the exact channels through which R&;D enhances manufacturing sector productivity are left in doubt. Estimates of the role inter-industry technology flows play are sensitive to aggregation and the conventions used to construct the industry price deflators underlying productivity measures.