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全球气候变化已经对中国农业生产带来较突出的影响。在应对气候变化问题上,人们对减缓农业温室气体排放非常重视,而长期以来对农业适应气候变化却有所忽视。其实,对发展中国家而言适应气候变化才是当务之急。文章在对适应气候变化含义理解的基础上,概述了中国适应气候变化的工作进展,论述了农业适应气候变化的迫切性,总结了当前主要的适应技术,提出了中国农业适应技术的差距,并重点详细探讨了中国农业适应气候变化面临的挑战。 相似文献
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Shouro Dasgupta Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2023,67(4):576-602
It is now clear that anthropogenic climate change is having a negative impact on human health. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the impact of climatic stressors on child health in Burkina Faso. We undertake a rigorous empirical analysis of the impact of climate and weather shocks on mortality, stunting (height-for-age Z-score) and wasting (weight-for-age Z-score), using Demographic and Health Surveys, combined with high-resolution meteorological data, controlling for household and individual covariates. We find robust evidence that both lifetime and short-term exposure to high temperatures and droughts have a negative impact on child health, as do increased temperature anomalies during crop seasons, suggesting a link between climate and health through domestic food production. Income and household wealth, access to electricity, sanitation and a health facility for childbirth negate some adverse impacts of climate change. Combining our econometric estimates with updated CMIP6 scenarios, we compute policy-relevant projections of future child health. Our results show that future warming is projected to significantly increase child mortality, and share of underweight and stunted children, in all but the Paris Agreement scenario. Given the links between health, a key element of human capital, and economic growth, our findings and projections provide yet more evidence of the importance of a rapid reduction in global emissions combined with adaptation funding, if lower-income countries are to achieve poverty reduction and increasing prosperity. 相似文献
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目的 分析我国华南地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征,探讨极端降水指数的影响因子,及其与年总降水量、大尺度大气环流的关系,并预测未来研究区域极端降水事件变化趋势,为区域水资源可持续利用和防灾减灾提供参考。方法 文章选用1959—2016年华南地区72个资料序列较长的地面气象站点逐日降水实测数据,计算11种极端降水指数并对其进行气候倾向率分析、空间分析、因子分析、相关分析、小波分析及R/S预测分析。结果 (1)从时间尺度上来看,1959年以来,研究区极端降水事件呈现增加趋势,降水强度指数SDII变化倾向率为0.34 mm/d/10a;极端降水量指数(PRCPTOT、RX1day、RX5day、R95p、R99p)变化倾向率分别为19.96 mm/10a、2.06 mm/10a、3.22 mm/10a、17.46 mm/10a和7.23 mm/10a;极端降水日数指数(R10、R20、R50、CDD、CWD)中除持续湿润日数CWD呈减少趋势以外,其他指数也呈现微弱增加趋势,其变化倾向率分别为0.31 d/10a、0.48 d/10a、0.19 d/10a、0.09 d/10a和-0.11 d/10a。从空间尺度上来看,研究区极端降水指数总体呈增加趋势,存在明显的空间差异。(2)基于因子分析方法提取了3个公共因子,累积方差贡献率为90.01 %,反映了极端降水量指数和降水强度指数对极端降水事件影响较大;相关分析也表明极端降水指数与年总降水量的相关性很好,R95p和R99p对年总降水量的贡献呈增加趋势。北大西洋涛动(NAO)对极端降水事件具有明显的影响,南海副高强度指数(SCSSHII)和西太平洋副高强度指数(WPSHII)对研究区极端降水事件贡献明显。大气环流的变化是极端降水变化的重要影响因素。(3)基于R/S分析方法表明PRCPTOT、R10、R20、R50和CDD等指数表现为强反持续性,未来将呈现减少趋势;R95p呈随机变化,未来变化趋势不明确;SDII、RX1day、RX5day、R99p和CWD等指数表现为弱持续性,即未来变化趋势与过去变化趋势一致。结论 华南地区极端降水事件总体呈增加趋势,空间差异显著,大尺度大气环流对华南地区极端降水影响明显。 相似文献
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We combine farm accounting data with high-resolution meteorological data, and climate scenarios to estimate climate change impacts and adaptation potentials at the farm level. To do so, we adapt the seminal model of Moore and Lobell (2014) who applied panel data econometrics to data aggregated from the farm to the regional (subnational) level. We discuss and empirically investigate the advantages and challenges of applying such models to farm-level data, including issues of endogeneity of explanatory variables, heterogeneity of farm responses to weather shocks, measurement errors in meteorological variables, and aggregation bias. Empirical investigations into these issues reveal that endogeneity due to measurement errors in temperature and precipitation variables, as well as heterogeneous responses of farms toward climate change may be problematic. Moreover, depending on how data are aggregated, results differ substantially compared to farm-level analysis. Based on data from Austria and two climate scenarios (Effective Measures and High Emission) for 2040, we estimate that the profits of farms will decline, on average, by 4.4% (Effective Measures) and 10% (High Emission). Adaptation options help to considerably ameliorate the adverse situation under both scenarios. Our results reinforce the need for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. 相似文献
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Chunxiao Song Ruifeng Liu Les Oxley Hengyun Ma 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2018,62(4):608-635
Employing an endogenous switching regression model, we investigate the drivers underlying the adaptations made by farm households and their impacts on crop net incomes for adopters and nonadopters, based on a large panel survey data set across the major grain‐producing provinces in China. The results show that: (i) access to public climate information and technical or physical support increases the likelihood that farmers adapt to climate change by undertaking irrigation and/or drainage measures; and (ii) decisions to adapt increased crop yield, but they did not significantly increase crop profit margins. This point appears to have been ignored by previous studies. Based on these new empirical results, the paper suggests that government should continue to provide climate information and various types of supports to improve farmers’ adaptation abilities and help to reduce the levels of factor input by, for example, substituting organic for chemical fertiliser inputs. Such government‐led policies should be supported alongside the implementation of domestic agricultural supply‐side reform. 相似文献
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[目的]通过对中原核心区降水指标分析,揭示该区域54年干旱事件的时空变化特征。[方法]文章基于1961—2014年中原核心区23个国家级气象站点的逐日降水资料,采用降水量距平百分率、线性回归等方法,对年均降水量、干旱频率、干旱等级等年尺度和季节尺度的干旱事件的时空变化特征进行了分析。[结果](1)中原核心区降水波动性大,多年平均降水量总体呈减少趋势,干旱事件多发的态势,各干旱等级发生频次的排序为轻旱中旱特旱重旱;冬季是干旱的高发季节且呈现出重发的态势。(2)中原核心区多年平均降水量呈现出自东南向西北递减的带状分布特征。就区域而言,郑州干旱的发生频率最高且旱情较重。中原核心区发生高频次干旱的范围随年代际逐渐缩小。就季节而言,郑州为春季和冬季干旱的高发地,开封和洛阳西部是夏季干旱的高发地,洛阳北部和开封东部为秋季干旱的高发地。[结论]中原核心区干旱事件呈增加趋势。研究结果可为该区域有针对性地抗旱减灾提供科学支撑。 相似文献
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《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2013,11(4):278-289
Extreme weather events are expected to increase in frequency and/or severity under climate change. Recent examples of these types of events, such as the heat wave in Europe in 2003, have caused considerable damage to crops and agriculture and substantial economic damage. If similar damage was incurred every time such an event occurred in the future, it would cause increasingly serious loss to social welfare and the economy as the frequency or intensity of these events increased. However, agriculture has a history of adapting to shocks, and in this paper we aim to determine whether there has been a systematic reduction in damage from historic extreme events over time in the agricultural sector in the UK. The impact of comparable droughts or heat waves over the past four decades is compared, and for many commodities there appears to have been a reduction in damage over time, to the point where recent events have had a minimal impact on production, indicating that the sector is relatively well adapted to the current climate. We discuss whether this type of adaptation can be sustained into the future under more rapid rates of change, or whether the ‘low-hanging’ fruits of adaptation have been picked. 相似文献
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《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2013,11(3):203-216
Agricultural pesticides have adverse impacts on the environment and human health. These impacts are sensitive to climate change because pest pressure and optimal pesticide application rates vary with weather and climate conditions. This study uses the Pesticide Environmental Accounting (PEA) tool and statistically estimated relationships between pesticide applications, weather and climate to compute the impacts of climate change on the external cost of pesticide applications. Using data from 32 US states, 56 crops and 325 pesticides, the current average external cost of pesticide use in US agriculture is calculated at US$42 per hectare. Under projected climate change this value increases up to $72 per hectare by 2100. 相似文献
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Oleg Nivievskyi 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2016,67(3):741-763
We build on the price transmission framework to identify domestic wheat price effects of wheat export controls. We explicitly take into account that a harvest failure causes domestic price effects. Moreover, the analysis at the regional level provides further evidence of the functioning of export controls in a large country. Results suggest a pronounced regional heterogeneity in the strength of domestic price effects of the 2010/11 export ban in Russia. The wheat price dampening effects amount to up to 67% and are strongest in the major wheat exporting region with direct access to the world market. This effect is transmitted to other regions by increased and reversed interregional trade flows. In contrast, we find that regional variation of export controls’ domestic price effects in Ukraine is rather small. 相似文献
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Tas Thamo Donkor Addai Marit E. Kragt Ross S. Kingwell David J. Pannell Michael J. Robertson 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2019,63(4):841-865
Agricultural research on climate change generally follows two themes: (i) impact and adaptation or (ii) mitigation and emissions. Despite both being simultaneously relevant to future agricultural systems, the two are usually studied separately. By contrast, this study jointly compares the potential impacts of climate change and the effects of mitigation policy on farming systems in the central region of Western Australia’s grainbelt, using the results of several biophysical models integrated into a whole‐farm bioeconomic model. In particular, we focus on the potential for interactions between climate impacts and mitigation activities. Results suggest that, in the study area, farm profitability is much more sensitive to changes in climate than to a mitigation policy involving a carbon price on agricultural emissions. Climate change reduces the profitability of agricultural production and, as a result, reduces the opportunity cost of reforesting land for carbon sequestration. Nonetheless, the financial attractiveness of reforestation does not necessarily improve because climate change also reduces tree growth and, therefore, the income from sequestration. Consequently, at least for the study area, climate change has the potential to reduce the amount of abatement obtainable from sequestration – a result potentially relevant to the debate about the desirability of sequestration as a mitigation option. 相似文献
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Dominic Moran Michael Macleod Eileen Wall Vera Eory Alistair McVittie Andrew Barnes Robert Rees Cairistiona F. E. Topp Andrew Moxey 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2011,62(1):93-118
This article addresses the challenge of developing a ‘bottom‐up’ marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from UK agriculture. An MACC illustrates the costs of specific crop, soil and livestock abatement measures against a ‘business as usual’ scenario. The results indicate that in 2022 under a specific policy scenario, around 5.38 Mt CO2 equivalent (e) could be abated at negative or zero cost. A further 17% of agricultural GHG emissions (7.85 Mt CO2e) could be abated at a lower unit cost than the UK Government’s 2022 shadow price of carbon [£34 (tCO2e)?1]. The article discusses a range of methodological hurdles that complicate cost‐effectiveness appraisal of abatement in agriculture relative to other sectors. 相似文献
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目的 探明极端气候指数的时空变化特征,明确极端气候变化的影响因素。方法 文章基于1961—2020年宁夏19个气象站点的逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等数据,采用国际气候诊断与指数小组(ETCDD-MI)定义的极端气候指数,运用线性趋势法、克里金插值法、小波分析等方法,明确宁夏极端气候变化趋势,并探讨人类活动与极端气温变化的关系。结果 (1)宁夏的极端气温指数中,暖夜、夏日日数、持续暖期日数和年最大日最高气温均呈现上升趋势;霜冻日数、冷昼、持续冷日日数均呈现下降趋势,年最大日最低气温呈上升趋势。(2)在空间分布上,暖夜、夏日日数、连续暖期日数和年最大日最高气温的变化率在引黄灌区变化率较大,指数均呈现上升趋势,霜冻日数、冷昼、连续冷期日数在全区均呈现下降趋势,引黄灌区和中部干旱区下降趋势变动较为明显。(3)极端高温指数的变化率在北部引黄灌区较高,全区呈现出升温态势。(4)宁夏4个极端降水指标变化并不显著,但区域间年际变化差异较大,南部山区大部分地区极端降水指数变化率较高且呈正向变化,而北部引黄灌区降水年际变化率远低于南部山区且降水趋于减少。(5)1987—1992年极端高温指数和极端低温指数存在显著共振周期,极端高温指数上升领先极端低温指数。(6)极端气温影响因素分析发现,人口的增长、能源消费碳排放量的增加、城市化率的上升和建筑面积的增加,与月最高温日值都存在线性相关关系,反映出随着人类活动的增加,极端高温指数也存在一定程度的正向关系。结论 极端气候变化特征表明,宁夏地区高温事件增加,低温事件减少,极端降水年际波动幅度较大,地区差异显著,并且人类活动可能与极端气候变化存在相应关系。 相似文献
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目的 长湖流域是调控长江中游地区生态平衡的重要湿地生态系统,其降水变化对区域水资源可持续利用和防灾减灾具有重要意义。方法 文章基于1961—2020年长湖流域逐日气象数据,选取9个极端降水指数,运用线性回归分析、相关分析和重标极差分析(rescaled range analysis,R/S)探讨了长湖流域极端降水事件的变化特征及其对气温变化的响应,并预测该区域极端降水事件未来演变趋势。结果 (1)1961—2020年长湖流域年降水量整体呈上升趋势,上升速率为5.4 mm/10年,多年平均降水量为1 151.9 mm;年内降水呈单峰模式,6月的降水量最高,占比为14.99%,12月最低,占比为2.37%。(2)长湖流域极端降水指数均呈上升趋势,除持续湿润日数(CWD)和持续干旱日数(CDD)增加趋势不明显外,其他指数上升趋势显著。(3)CWD和CDD与其他指数的相关性较低,除1日最大降水量(RX1day)与极端降水日数(R95d)相关性不显著以外,其他极端降水指数之间均呈显著相关关系。(4)R/S分析结果表明,未来长湖流域极端降水事件将持续前期的变化趋势。结论 长湖流域极端降水事件总体呈增加趋势,温度上升会对极端降水强度起促进作用。 相似文献
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Sayed Morteza Malaekeh;Layla Shiva;Ammar Safaie; 《Agricultural Economics》2024,55(3):433-453
In this study, we enhance our understanding of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Iran to provide further information for moving Iran's climate policy forward by linking farmland net revenue to novel climatic and non-climatic variables. We take advantage of spatial panel econometrics to better circumvent omitted factors extraneous to the agricultural sector and to develop a more reliable and consistent model when data are inherently spatial. In contrast to conventional panel studies which relied on year-to-year weather observations, we exploit a hybrid approach to compromise between the disadvantages and advantages of longer-term cross-sectional analysis and shorter-term panel models. We estimate the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture under several global warming scenarios based on the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We find that (I) farmlands’ net revenues are projected to decline by 8%–19% and 14%–51% by 2050 and 2080; (II) the distributional impacts of climate change would highly depend on climate zones and geographical locations; (III) a few counties might benefit from climate changes; (IV) finally, failing to account for spatial spillovers when they are present leads to a misspecified model. 相似文献
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Based on farm census data, we explore the climate‐dependent incidence of six farm types and the climate‐induced impacts on land rental prices in Germany. We apply a structural Ricardian approach by modeling the dominant farm type at 9,684 communities as depending on temperature, precipitation and other geographic variables. Rents per farm type are then modeled as depending on climate and other conditioning variables. These results allow the projection of the consequences of climate change as changes in our climate variables. Our results indicate that permanent‐crop farms are more likely to dominate in higher temperatures, whereas forage or mixed farms dominate in areas of higher precipitation levels. Land rental prices display a concave response to increases in annual precipitation, and appear to increase linearly with rising annual temperature. Moderate‐warming simulation results for future decades benefit most farm types but seem to penalise forage farms. Rental prices are projected to increase, ceteris paribus, for all farm types. 相似文献
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Kai Tang Atakelty Hailu Marit E. Kragt Chunbo Ma 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2016,60(3):459-475
Broadacre agriculture is a major emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG). To improve efficiency of climate change policies, we need to know the marginal abatement costs of agricultural GHG. This article combines calculations of on‐farm GHG emissions with an input‐based distance function approach to estimate the marginal abatement costs for a broadacre farming system in the Great Southern Region of Western Australia. The results show that, in the study region, the average marginal abatement cost for the 1998–2005 periods was $29.3 per tonne CO2‐e. Farms with higher crop output shares were found to have higher marginal abatement costs. Overall, our results indicate that broadacre agriculture is among the lowest cost sources of GHG mitigation. 相似文献
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应对气候变化包括适应与减缓两大对策,二者相辅相成,缺一不可。适应气候变化是人类社会可 持续发展面临的紧迫任务。目前适应气候变化的基础性研究相当薄弱,影响了适应工作的开展。文章综述 了适应气候变化的国内外发展趋势,阐述了适应气候变化的内涵与机制,划分了适应对策的各种类型,初 步提出了适应气候变化的理论研究框架和工作路线图。 相似文献
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目的 探究新疆极端气候时空变化及其与棉花生产的关联性。方法 文章根据1985—2021年新疆53个气象站点22个极端气候指标、棉花总产量、单位产量和播种面积等数据,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall、气象生产分解和灰色关联等方法进行分析。结果 (1)新疆极端气候暖指数与湿指数上升,冷指数与干旱指数下降,暖湿化特征显著。极端气温突变、极端降水第二期突变发生在20世纪90年代中后期至21世纪初。(2)极端降水气候倾向率呈现出明显的东部向西部递增的特征,极端气温在新疆全域表现为显著增长。(3)棉花趋势播种面积、趋势单位产量、趋势总产量呈现出明显的线性上升趋势;气象播种面积、气象总产量呈现出波动上升趋势;气象单位产量呈现出波动趋势。近37年以气候正常年为主。(4)棉花总产量、单位产量、气象单位产量以及总播种面积受极端气温影响较大,气象播种面积与气象总产量则主要受极端降水影响。结论 新疆地区极端气候趋势变化显著,且其与棉花生产关联度非常高,应采取重视天气预报、开展气候区划工作以及加大农业基础设施投资等适应性措施。 相似文献
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Assessment of the feasibility of stabilising the global climate requires consideration of trajectories for emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This study presents a simple and robust analysis of feasible emissions trajectories. Consideration of feasible trajectories suggests that if the current pace of mitigation efforts is sustained, the likely outcome will be stabilisation at concentrations close to 500 parts per million. Such an outcome will imply a higher than 50 per cent probability of substantial damage from climate change and an enhanced risk of a catastrophic outcome. 相似文献