再分配倾向决定框架模型及经验验证

文章构造了再分配倾向决定的一个新分析模型框架,即经济利益、风险规避、公平信念和声誉理想的四类动机框架,从人们决策的动力本身出发,使用中国社会调查数据(CGSS),系统性地研究了中国居民再分配倾向的决定因素。研究结果发现:女性、非汉族、大专以下教育水平的人群、非党员身份、穷人、有向下的收入预期和有过往向下的流动历史的人群,相对更支持再分配;有向上和不确定的流动性预期、专门技能、宗教信仰的人群,会显著地降低人们的再分配支持意向;越同意贫富差别有助于工作积极性和越信任政府的人群,越易于支持进行再分配;中国特色的几个特征中,非农户籍要比农业户籍的群体更倾向于支持再分配,中部区域与东西部区域相比,支持再分配的程度较低。对我国再分配制度改革的建议,主要是应当加强再分配的力度、确定出各种再分配政策的先后顺序、有区别及有针对性地制定不同地区的再分配政策、设计征求民意的再分配制定机制等。     

收入再分配对我国居民总消费需求的扩张效应

本文研究我国收入再分配与居民总消费需求的关系。文章利用分组的家庭户数据,用三种方法度量居民消费支出,估计了各收入组的边际消费倾向差异。研究中还将变量间的长期动态关系和通货膨胀因素纳入分析范围。研究结果表明,中国的收入分配显著影响了居民消费。根据本文的模拟计算,即使中低收入阶层的收入份额只有微弱的提高,也可以增加数百亿元的居民消费需求。因此,缩小居民收入差距,加大居民收入再分配的力度,壮大中等收入者的队伍,提高农民收入,对刺激我国居民消费需求具有积极作用。     

我国收入再分配规模估算

近年来,随着我国收入差距不断扩大,尤其是城市贫困人群的数量增加,收入再分配问题被广泛关注,加强收入再分配的呼声也越来越高。目前,我国收入再分配的范围和规模有多大?收入再分配过程中存在哪些问题?本文拟就这些问题进行初步探讨。     

论社会保障对收入再分配的促进作用

对于我国来讲,社会保障工作已经成为保证社会稳定,完善养老体系,构建和谐社会的重要举措。为此,做好社会保障工作有着重要的现实意义。在实际的社会保障工作中,要想取得积极的管理效果,就要增强社会保障制度的再分配功能,使社会保障的再分配能够充分体现公正公平的原则,实现社会保障再分配的目的。在实际操作过程中,我们应该充分发挥社会保障募集资金的作用,扩大社保资金来源,完善社保收支体系,积极发挥社会保障对收入再分配的促进作用,保证社会保障资金能够惠及更多的群体。     

中国城镇居民平均消费倾向对收入分配的影响的实证研究

本文运用我国1997-2005年城镇居民消费、收入及其他相关数据,通过标准差变异系数和个人年平均消费倾向两个指标,分别对数据进行了计量分析,发现在我国现阶段,中国城镇居民收入分配差距的扩大,会引起平均消费倾向和消费需求的反方向变化.在对计量结果进行分析的基础上,本文给出了若干政策建议.     

论再分配注重公平的实现

党的十六大报告指出 :“再分配注重公平 ,加强政府对收入分配的调节职能 ,调节差距过大的收入。”政府在收入再分配过程中应发挥哪些职能 ,以实现社会公平 ?     

广告对收入再分配的影响初探

随着社会经济的发展和信息时代的来临,广告在社会经济生活中的作用变得越来越重要了。本文从宏观经济的角度出发,分析了广告福利的概念及其特征,论述了广告对收入再分配的影响,将广告福利的转嫁与财政税收进行比较,讨论了广告福利转嫁过程的特征,并指出其现实意义和未来可能的研究方向。     

从储蓄倾向的角度论收入分配与消费的关系

本文将结合我国的具体国情,通过对我国居民的平均储蓄倾向进行分析,对凯恩斯绝对收入假说进行拓展,并对我国当前消费需求不振给出相关的政策建议。一、凯恩斯绝对收入假说1．平均消费倾向曲线是一条向左下方倾斜的单调递减曲线。凯恩斯的绝对收入假说(Absloute     

我看中国房地产行业对收入再分配的影响

回顾中国近年各种商品价格走势,相信最引人注目的就是房价的快速上涨。在我看来,房地产业的兴起不单只是一个行业的快速发展的体现,还是中国国民收入分配结构改变的推动力之一。下面我们将在本文就中国房地产业对收入再分配产生的影响展开研究。     

养老保险统筹收入再分配研究

养老保险作为收入再分配中重要调节手段,一直被认为具有重要的收入再分配的功能,目前养老保险的制度模式是采取社会统筹和个人账户相结合的部分累积制.本文主要研究了养老保险统筹层次收入再分配功能,并且针对养老保险统筹收入再分配提出相关的对策和建议.     

收入分配研究述评

收入差距拉大引发的社会两极分化问题已成为中国社会最为敏感问题之一,这一问题也影响着社会与经济的可持续发展。收入分配不公带来的社会冲突、分层加剧、资源配置失衡等危害也已引起政府的高度关注。本文着重从行业垄断、税收调控、社会保障等方面评述影响收入分配差距拉大的因素。为改善我国收入分配不平等状况,需要对初次分配与再分配加以规范。因此,限制公共权力,加强对垄断的监管,规范劳动力市场是关键,与此同时,税收、转移支付与社会保障等宏观调控手段应被广泛采用。     

Redistribution policy: A European model

Following the rationale for regional redistribution programs described in the official documents of the European Union, this paper studies a simple multicountry model built around two regions: a core and a periphery. Technological spillovers link firms' productivity within each of the two regions, and each country's territory falls partly in the core and partly in the periphery, but the exact shares vary across countries. In line with the official view of the European Union, we find that the efficient regional allocation requires both national and international transfers. If migration is fully free across all borders, the optimal redistribution policy results from countries' uncoordinated policies. However, if countries have the option of setting even imperfect border barriers, then efficiency is likely to require coordination on both barriers and international transfers (both of which will be set at positive levels). The need for coordination increases as the Union increases in size.     

Preferences for redistribution and exposure to tax-benefit schemes in Europe

This paper provides evidence that attitudes towards redistribution are associated with the extent of generosity of the redistributive context experienced by the individual, as measured by the likelihood of receiving positive benefit transfers net of fiscal contribution. We estimate reduced form tax-benefit equations with the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), and match the implied parameters to the respondents of the European Social Survey (ESS) on the basis of their characteristics. The period of analysis is 2008–2016. For identification, we exploit exogenous cross-country and time variation in tax rules and market income to disentangle implications of exposure to tax-benefit rules on preferences for redistribution from the effects of changes in income inequality. We find that exposure to positive net benefits increases support for redistribution by 1.4%–3% on baseline models, the effect being robust across a variety of specifications.     

Inequality and Participative Democracy: A Self-Reinforcing Mechanism

During the last three decades, a notable increase in economic inequality is observed, accompanied by a decline in people's engagement in politics and electoral participation. This is an unsatisfactory phenomenon as it undermines the legitimacy of democratic representation. This negative association is produced by a complex salient mechanism. This study aims at investigating this issue. Using data from a panel of 28 OECD and European countries, this paper identifies a two-way causal relationship between inequality and political participation. The results show that greater income inequality alienates and discourages people from engaging with common affairs, thus leading to lower political participation. Yet, lower electoral participation leads towards a less equitable distribution of income. Hence, this study reveals a self-reinforcing mechanism where the unequal distribution of income leads to political exclusion, which in turn leads to more inequality.     

独善其身还是兼济天下?——中国居民再分配偏好的实证研究

再分配偏好的提高反映出民众对当前收入分配状况的不满,本文致力于从个人利益和分配公平两个角度对中国居民的再分配偏好进行解释。根据Roemer的理论,本文从成功可控性的角度构造了反映居民分配公平观念的变量,并采用中国综合社会调查(2006)的微观调查数据和Ordered Probit模型,研究发现,个人利益论和分配公平论在中国都能得到实证支持,即中国居民的再分配偏好不但存在对自身利益的考虑,也有显著的追求分配公平的动机;同时,性别和受教育程度也是影响居民再分配偏好的因素。进一步分析表明上述结论具有良好的稳健性。总之,确保机会均等、维护分配公平对于降低居民再分配偏好具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Preferences for change: Do individuals prefer voluntary actions, soft regulations, or hard regulations to decrease fossil fuel consumption?

Pittsburgh residents (n = 209) reported their preferences for voluntary actions, soft regulations, and hard regulations to (a) limit the number of SUVs and trucks and (b) increase green energy use for household energy consumption. These two goals were presented in one of two motivating frames, as addressing either environmental or national security issues. For the goal of limiting SUVs and trucks, results indicated that participants favored voluntary actions over hard regulations, and soft regulations over voluntary actions. For the goal of increasing green energy, results indicated that participants preferred both voluntary actions and soft regulations over hard regulations, but had no significant preference between voluntary actions and soft regulations. How the problems were framed did not significantly affect participants' willingness to accept voluntary actions or regulations. Participants' environmental attitudes (as assessed using the New Ecological Paradigm scale) had a strong positive relationship with support for regulatory strategies intended to change the behaviors in question. Women were more likely to support voluntary actions than men. The loss of personal freedom was frequently mentioned as a reason for saying no to hard regulations.     

Redistribution and fairness: a note

The introduction of (inequity adverse) fair agents in a simple redistributive voting game reduces the political relevance of the middle class and increases the equilibrium level of redistribution. Interestingly, some of the predictions in Meltzer and Richard [J. Polit. Econ. 89 (1981) 914–927] are affected: a rise in the income inequality between poor and middle class may not decrease redistribution, because of the additional support for redistribution provided by the fair agents.     

Political ideology and the intragenerational prospect of upward mobility

We re-examine the effect of prospects of upward mobility (POUM) on the support for redistribution. Unlike previous studies, we analyse this relation in an intragenerational context and consider the moderating effect of political ideology through which mobility expectations affect redistributive preferences. We find that the POUM effect is conditional on political preferences. That is, we find that only for right-wing individuals expected upward income mobility negatively affects support for redistribution. Left-wing individuals prefer redistribution, regardless of expected upward income movements.     

Demand for Redistribution: Individuals’ Responses to Economic Setbacks

Economic circumstances have been argued to be a major determining factor of attitudes toward redistribution, but there is little well‐established evidence at the individual level. The Swedish National Election Studies are constructed as a rotating survey panel, which makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of economic changes. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who lose their job become considerably more supportive of redistribution. Yet, attitudes toward redistribution return to their initial level as economic prospects improve, suggesting that the effect is only temporary. While a job loss also changes attitudes toward the political parties, the probability of voting for the left‐wing is not affected.