FDI视角:跨国厂商技术研发量的经济模型分析

文章通过构建一个"研发一生产"两阶段博弈模型,在FDI背景下分别以Cournot竞争模式、Stackelberg竞争模式和Collusion竞争模式研究了东道国市场规模、东道国厂商工资水平以及东道国厂商技术研发量对跨国厂商技术研发量的影响.研究发现,在三种竞争模式下,东道国市场规模对跨国厂商技术研发量都是正向的影响;在Cournot竞争模式和Stackelberg竞争模式下,东道国工资水平对跨国厂商技术研发量也是正向的影响,而在Collusion竞争模式下,东道国工资水平对跨国厂商技术研发量的影响则视产量效果与替代效果的相对大小而定;在Cournot竞争模式和Stackelberg竞争模式下,东道国厂商技术研发量的增加反向影响跨国厂商技术研发量,而在Collusion竞争模式下,东道国厂商技术研发量则不影响跨国厂商技术研发量.     

FDI纵向一体化、技术转移与东道国产业发展

引进外商直接投资(FDI一直被视为东道国实现技术升级和产业发展的重要途径;然而,FDI纵向一体化的进入模式有可能不利于东道国的产业发展.文章在双边寡占的框架下,将技术转移决策以及技术扩散效果引入Lin和Saggi(2011)的模型中,分析上下游FDI一体化与非一体化进入方式对东道国产业发展和福利的影响.研究表明:在本土企业技术能力不足时,上下游FDI一体化进入方式虽然会给东道国带来更多的先进技术转移,但这更有利于FDI提高自身的竞争优势,而且这种一体化的进入方式通过消除自身面临的“双重边际化”以及加剧东道国本土企业的“双重边际化”来挤压本土企业的利润,进而给东道国企业的利润和福利带来负向影响.文章不仅为外资带来的“产业升级悖论”提供了一种理论解释,而且也为我国引进外资的政策导向和改善引资质量提供了借鉴.     

市场竞争、东道国引资政策与跨国公司的技术转移

在一个两阶段古诺竞争模型基础上,本文研究了东道国引资政策对跨国公司技术转移的影响,结果显示,跨国公司对东道国的技术转移取决于东道国市场竞争程度、本地企业的模仿能力与跨国公司的技术转移成本。在东道国企业模仿能力有限的情况下,跨国公司低技术的直接投资将损害东道国企业,从而降低东道国的国民福利水平;文章同时研究了市场竞争对跨国公司技术转移的影响,结果表明,对东道国来说,维持一个适度有序竞争的国内市场,同时对跨国公司的直接投资进行有选择地甄别与吸收,比单纯的竞争战略更有利于跨国公司的技术转移与技术扩散。     

跨国公司技术转移对东道国的技术溢出效应和影响因素研究

通过市场竞争激励、示范模仿效应、前后向关联溢出效应以及人力资源流动与转移四种技术溢出途径,跨国公司技术转移对东道国的技术进步与创新产生极大的推动作用.其效应强度的大小受到东道国技术水平、东道国经济发展情况、东道国消化吸收再创新能力、跨国公司与东道国企业关联程度以及市场竞争环境等因素的影响.本文据此,围绕企业协作、技术进步、市场环境、知识产权保护等领域,为进一步强化东道国技术溢出效应提出相应的对策建议.     

双重古诺竞争下的FDI关联溢出效应

扩展了以往理论研究的基本假设,在古诺竞争框架下分析FDI进入东道国上下游双边市场时的关联溢出效应。结果显示:当FDI仅进入东道国的下游市场时,FDI产生的竞争效应会增加下游市场的总产出,从而增大对上游市场中东道国本土供应商的后向关联程度,且其增大程度与技术差距正相关;在FDI同时进入东道国上下游双边市场的情况下,上游市场的FDI会对东道国本土供应商产生挤出效应,且两者的技术差距越大,挤出效应越明显,同时会对下游市场中的东道国本土生产者产生明显的前向关联,上游市场总产出的增加使得中间产品的均衡价格下降,直接减少了下游本土生产者的边际生产成本,从而增加了其产出和利润,部分抵消了下游市场的FDI的挤出效应。     

基于组织学习视角的零售专业技能跨国转移机制——一个理论构架

本文在对零售专业技能内涵重新诠释的基础上,从组织学习视角出发,构建了零售专业技能跨国转移机制的理论框架。零售专业技能有效的跨国转移是国际零售商将在母国市场已经形成的专业技能组合适应东道国市场环境的过程,在这一过程中,由组织吸收能力、学习机制所决定的组织学习效果直接影响着零售专业技能跨国转移效果。零售专业技能跨国转移涉及知识流在零售商国际总部——东道国总部——东道国各个店铺三个层面的流动,是一个由组织学习所驱动的动态演进过程,东道国总部处于非常重要的战略地位。本文研究揭示了零售专业技能跨国转移的一般规律,对于中国本土零售企业未来的国际化发展与当前国内市场的跨区域扩张都有着重要的借鉴价值。     

东道国之间的技术差距对吸引FDI的影响

本文通过博弈分析的方法讨论东道国之间的技术差距对东道国FDI竞争结果的影响及其福利效应。我们发现,如果其它投资环境完全等同,当东道国之间存在技术差距时,“补贴战”会改善或至少不会损害技术较落后国;并且通过区域配置效率的改善,“补贴战”有可能提高各东道国的福利之和。然而,东道国之间的技术差距与“补贴战”导致的东道国总福利的变化之间并不是简单的正向关系。本文的结论同样适用于同一国家不同地区间的吸引FDI竞争。     

外资银行进入对东道国银行业竞争度的影响——基于跨国面板数据的实证研究

银行业对外开放是金融业对外开放的重要组成部分,外资银行进入不仅可以拓宽企业融资渠道,也可以引入外部竞争,通过鲶鱼效应促进本国银行业提升经营效率。以62个国家和地区的跨国数据为样本,采用动态面板数据模型量化分析外资银行进入对银行业市场竞争度的影响,并通过分组回归的方法检验影响程度的异质性。实证研究表明,从总体上看,外资银行进入程度越高,银行业竞争度反而越低;分组回归表明,外资银行进入对银行业市场竞争度的影响,会因国家的经济发展水平差异而不同。对于中、低收入国家而言,外资银行的数量与资产占比提升会显著降低银行业市场竞争度;而对于高收入国家,则会显著提升银行业市场竞争度。因此,外资银行进入程度应与东道国银行业发展水平相匹配,既要通过引入外部竞争提升东道国银行业竞争度,同时也要维护东道国金融自主权。     

跨国公司研发投资的前向关联模式

经济全球化背景下,跨国公司为保持市场竞争优势和技术领先地位在全球范围内进行R&D投资,这为东道国通过产业关联获取跨国公司技术资源以提高本国产业技术水平创造了机会。从前向关联模式角度入手,研究了跨国公司与东道国本土企业通过R&D投资建立产业关联的动因、关联溢出效应及技术溢出路径,揭示了跨国公司R&D投资与东道国企业建立前向关联的内在机理,可为我国政府有效利用跨国公司R&D投资提升本土企业技术水平提供相应的管理启示和政策建议。     

外商直接投资的技术溢出效应、影响因素与我国的政策选择

FDI对东道国的技术溢出存在多种途径,东道国自身吸收能力、当地人力资本存量、当地产品市场竞争环境、东道国企业研发水平、东道国金融市场效率等因素都将对FDI技术溢出效应产生明显影响。因此,提高我国引进FDI的技术溢出效应需要调整我国利用FDI的战略和政策;提升我国人力资本存量水平;改善国内市场竞争环境,优化我国企业自主创新的制度基础;强化知识产权保护制度。     

跨国公司技术溢出效应模型的建立及其发展

近年来,跨国公司的研发国际化发展愈来愈迅速,规模愈来愈大。跨国公司研发国际化将在东道国产生技术溢出效应,既给东道国带来积极效应,也会产生消极效应。为了更好地解释技术对于经济发展的贡献以及跨国公司技术转移给东道国产生的溢出效应,经济学家们相继建立了技术溢出效应模型,并随着实践的发展不断进行完善。     

跨国公司的进入模式与技术转移

跨国公司对东道国进行直接投资主要有两种模式：绿地投资和并购。本文通过构建一个简单的理论模型对跨国公司如何在这两种进入模式之间进行选择，在不同的进入模式下跨国公司的技术转移水平有何不同。以及跨国公司进入模式的选择和技术转移水平受到哪些因素的影响等问题进行了研究。在理论研究的基础上并且结合中国的实际情况，本文提出了有关促进跨国公司提高对华技术转移水平的政策建议。     

Power in the multinational corporation in industry equilibrium

Recent theories of the multinational corporation introduce the property rights model of the firm and examine whether to integrate or outsource firm activities locally or to a foreign country. This paper focuses instead on the internal organization of the multinational corporation by examining the power allocation between headquarters and subsidiaries. We provide a framework to analyse the interaction between the decision to serve the local market by exporting or FDI, market access and the optimal mode of organization of the multinational corporation. We find that subsidiary managers are given decision power to run the firm at intermediate levels of host country competition. We then provide comparative statics on the optimal organization of the multinational corporation for changes in fixed FDI entry costs, trade costs, as well as changes in information technology.      

Multinational Firms and Technology Transfer

We construct an oligopoly model in which a multinational firm has a superior technology compared to local firms. Workers employed by the multinational acquire knowledge of its superior technology. The multinational may pay a wage premium to prevent local firms from hiring its workers and thus gaining access to their knowledge. In this setting, the host government has an incentive to attract FDI due to technology transfer to local firms or the wage premium earned by employees of the multinational firm. However, when FDI is particularly attractive to the multinational firm, the host government has an incentive to discourage FDI.
JEL classification : F 13; F 23; J 41; L 13; O 14; O 33; O 38     

Multinational Firms, International Knowledge Flows, and Dual Labor Markets in Developing Economies

This paper seeks to explain how the expansion of multinational firms in a developing economy affects its labor market variables, such as wages in indigenous firms, the average wage level and total employment. Three potential effects: the transfer of foreign knowledge and the associated technological change, diffusion of this knowledge among indigenous firms, and the inflow of the physical capital from abroad, are examined under two possible scenarios: fixed and unlimited labor supply. The results obtained depend on the organization of the labor market in the host country, differences in capital intensity between multinational and local sectors, the amount of physical capital transferred to the host country from abroad, as well as the magnitude of knowledge spillovers stemming from multinational activity to indigenous firms. The predictions of the model are more consistent with empirical observations reported in empirical studies than those of other theoretical studies existing in the literature.     

东道国舆论环境与海外进入模式选择 ——基于海量媒体数据的定量考察

逆全球化背景下日趋复杂的东道国舆论环境给我国国际化进程带来严峻挑战,对其如何影响跨国企业进入国际市场的关键决策还缺乏系统的实证检验。基于情感分析技术（NLP）和网络爬虫,对2015-2022年间830余万条媒体报道进行文本分析,构建涉华舆情指数,系统分析与检验了东道国舆论环境对我国企业海外进入模式选择的影响。研究发现,东道国舆论环境越差,相比于独资模式,中国企业更倾向于选择合资模式进入海外市场;相比于跨国并购,中国企业更倾向于选择绿地投资进入海外市场;跨国企业的产权性质和国际化经验起到正向调节作用。在影响机制方面,东道国舆论环境通过影响企业的规制、规范和认知合法性来影响跨国企业投资设立模式的选择。本文的研究结论为跨国企业恰当地选择海外市场进入模式、积极规避或弱化舆论风险,更好地在东道国投资布局与经营发展提供对策建议。     

Commercial Policy Towards Multinational Corporations Under Imperfect Information*

This paper examines host country government (HCG) commercial policy towards imports resulting from intrafirm trade conducted by a multinational corporation (MNC). the effectiveness of the HCG's commercial policy is impaired by its limited information about the MNC's cost of production. the commercial policy consists of restrictions on intrafirm transactions. We construct and characterize the optimal commercial policy under imperfect information and find that under imperfect information the optimal policy entails a distorted transfer price and a lower level of intrafirm trade relative to the full information case. Welfare implications of commercial policy under imperfect information are also examined.     

How does technology transfer affect backward linkages? A motivating example theoretical analysis

This paper develops a model in which the presence of a multinational leads to a technology transfer to its local suppliers and also modifies the degree of backward linkages in the local economy. First, we identify the domestic market characteristics under which the multinationals increase the level of backward linkages when they enter these markets. Moreover, we investigate the conditions under which the multinational could even benefit itself from transferring technology to its local suppliers. Finally, when the multinational transfers technology, we show when the level of backward linkages in the local economy increases.     

WHO GAINS FROM WHOM? SPILLOVERS,COMPETITION AND TECHNOLOGY SOURCING IN THE FOREIGN‐OWNED SECTOR OF UK MANUFACTURING

There is a growing literature explaining foreign direct investment flows in terms of ‘technology sourcing’, whereby multinational firms invest in certain locations not to exploit their firm‐specific assets in the host environment, but to access technology that is generated by host country firms. However, it is far from clear whether the literature has found significant evidence of such activity beyond a few isolated examples. This paper extends this work by allowing for the possibility of multinational enterprises (MNEs) sourcing technology not only from host country firms but also from each other within a host economy. The paper demonstrates that MNEs in the UK do indeed appropriate spillovers both from indigenous firms and from other foreign investors, but that there are also significant competition effects that act to reduce productivity in certain industries. The paper also explores which countries' affiliates gain most from technology sourcing in the UK, and which generate the greatest spillovers within the foreign‐owned sector.     

Transfer Pricing and Strategic Taxation of Globally Joint Inputs

This paper models strategic taxation policy of home and host governments when a multinational enterprise sets transfer prices on globally joint inputs such as research and development. Tax credit and deduction allowances, as well as no taxation of foreign-earned profits, result in identical optimal transfer-price solutions and national income effects in both countries. An equilibrium home-tax solution is to tax foreign-earned profits at a higher rate than domestically earned profits. The multiantional responds by shifting profits abroad through transfer-pricing mechanisms.