知识产权保护与经济增长研究述评

TRIPS协议后知识产权保护日益成为影响经济发展的重要制度要素。相关文献通过技术创新和技术扩散两种传导机制,研究知识产权保护的不同经济效应。在国际知识产权保护下,"南方国家"加强知识产权保护对经济增长和整个社会福利有何影响;考虑知识产权保护内生性,如何进行适度知识产权保护成为知识产权经济研究的热点和趋势。     

变化着的全球经济和技术环境

全球经济和技术环境正在迅速地变化,主要表现在以下三个方面:国际市场的特征正在演变,全球商用技术高速扩散,而这种扩散的技术经常具有军事用途;作为美国经济活动的一部份的贸易日趋重要,美国经济对贸易政策的影响日益敏感;美国对先进技术的统治地位日益下降,几乎在每一高技术领域都出现了外国公司的激烈竞争。     

进口贸易对我国各地区全要素生产率增长的实证分析

本文使用LP方法替代CH方法对国际技术扩散溢出的国外研发存量进行度量,选用1985—2003年中国国内研发存量及通过贸易途径溢出的国外研发存量的面板数据,分析了进口贸易对东、中、西三地区全要素生产率的影响。实证结果表明,进口贸易对中国东、中、西部技术进步发挥着重要作用,中部尤为突出。为了促进我国各地经济的持续发展,文章最后提出相应的政策建议。     

共性技术扩散的构成要素

一项技术创新本身对经济的影响和生产力的提高只有通过有效地扩散,才能使该技术创新的潜在经济效益最大化,从而促进技术经济系统进化和高级化。从某种意义上来说扩散比创新更重要,并且由于产业共性技术在国家技术创新体系中的基础性重要作用和支撑地位,因此我们不仅要关注共性技术的创新供给问题,还需要对其扩散的过程和影响要素进行研究。对共性技术扩散这一复杂的系统过程进行了分析,并对共性技术扩散中的扩散对象、时间、社会系统、政府影响这四个构成要素进行了探析,从而为提高共性技术扩散的效率和速度、促进共性技术的有效扩散提供思路。     

对我国转基因食品领域技术扩散政策制定的思考

影响技术扩散速度的主要因素有:概念的复杂性、相应的经济效益及社会效应、与流行观念的相容性、可实现性、可观察性。发达国家技术扩散政策的主要目标,包括技术目标、组织机构目标、产业目标和区域目标,其主要功能包括转移功能、商业化功能、应用功能、咨询功能、移民功能和生产功能。在制定我国转基因食品领域的技术扩散政策时,既要考虑技术扩散的主要影响因素,也要借鉴发达国家制定技术扩散政策的相关经验。     

国际直接投资技术扩散与技术进步的经济学分析

现代经济与社会的竞争在一定程度上就是技术的竞争,对技术进步的需求成了人类社会的普遍需求。国际直接投资是技术扩散的主要途径,无论是东道国还是母国都可以通过国际直接投资的技术扩散效应获取技术进步,而跨国公司是推动这一进程的主体。技术扩散的系统主要包括以下要素:技术、技术供方、技术需方、技术转移渠道、技术转移促进及障碍——政府、政策、制度、文化及其它。从经济学的角度分析,技术进步的需求旺盛且刚性增长,技术进步的供给旺盛且回报递增,且技术进步的效率受技术扩散系统诸因素的影响。     

国外技术扩散对我国制造业研发活动的影响

新增长经济学家认为技术扩散使不发达国家的研发成本减小，市场风险降低，因此刺激不发达国家的研发投入增长，技术水平得到提高。利用我国和关日欧的有关数据和R＆D溢出理论进行实证分析，度量发达国家对我国的技术溢出，并将技术溢出与我国制造业的研发投入、专利申请量进行计量分析，发现国外技术扩散对我国的研发投资和专利产出都有明显的促进作用。     

我国移动商务技术扩散影响因素实证研究--基于PLS分析

随着智能手机的不断普及,移动互联网迅速向社会各个领域渗透。移动互联网不仅方便了人们的生活和工作,也成为推动社会创新和促进经济增长的引擎,对促进我国经济增长具有重要意义。文章利用偏最小二乘回归方法,对移动商务技术扩散起步阶段和起飞阶段的影响因素分别进行了实证研究。实证研究结果表明,在起步阶段,影响我国移动商务扩散的重要因素包括信息化水平、城市化水平、经济发展水平、居民收入水平、区域创新能力和基础设施;在起飞阶段,影响我国移动商务扩散的重要因素包括信息化水平、城市化水平、经济发展水平和居民收入水平。从不同因素的影响因子看,信息化水平、城市化水平、经济发展水平、居民收入水平、教育和文化水对移动商务扩散影响的作用正在增强,而区域创新能力和基础设施的重要程度正在减弱。因此,文章认为手机和互联网的普及以及城市化水平提高带来的人口集聚效应和网络外部性会有效促进移动商务技术和应用的扩散。     

XBRL财务呈报创新扩散的关键因素研究

XBRL是财务呈报领域内的一项重要技术创新,其采纳和扩散受多方面因素的影响。本文以创新扩散理论、组织学习理论和制度理论为基础来深入分析技术、组织和环境中各因素对XBRL采纳及扩散的影响。研究结果表明：复杂性、兼容性、相对优势、对技术的认知以及企业环境的模仿性压力是影响XBRL进一步扩散的决定性因素;而技术的学习资源和培训以及环境的规范性压力目前对XBRL扩散并没有显著影响。在此基础上提出有利于XBRL进一步扩散的相关建议。     

中国物联网技术扩散的影响因素与对策

针对中国物联网技术扩散的实际,采用文献研究、问卷调查以及因子分析等方法,对影响中国物联网技术扩散的各层面、各维度因素进行了综合分析,将之归类为用户技术接受度、企业采纳度、社会支持度和产业链就绪度四类因素,并对四类因素如何影响物联网技术扩散进行了深入、细致的剖析,最后给出相应的对策。     

International diffusion of embodied and disembodied technology: A network analysis approach

This study proposes a quantitative method for investigating the structure of international technology diffusion. By using network analysis, this study defines the structural configuration of each country within the international diffusion network by measuring its degree, closeness, and betweenness centralities. In addition, this study distinguishes between embodied technology diffusion, measured by multilateral trade, and disembodied technology diffusion, measured by patent citations, in individual countries. This study empirically tests a sample data set of international technology diffusion taken from 48 countries. The empirical results show that the structural configuration of countries exhibits similar patterns in both embodied and disembodied diffusion networks. Significant global stratification patterns exist in the capability of national international technology exportation and brokerage advantages. Moreover, this study distinguishes four blocks of countries that play different roles in international technology diffusion: the leading countries provide a source of technological knowledge; an intermediate group diffuses the knowledge acquired from the source; a third group is in the process of initiating the export of technological knowledge; and a final group of countries absorbs technological knowledge without reciprocal exportation. Finally, this study identifies two types of catch-up strategies that newly industrialized or developing countries can use to move up the international technology stratification.     

国际垂直专业化对中国环境效率的影响

理论上,发达国家跨国公司主导下的国际垂直专业化通过工序配置和价值分配对发展中国家的环境技术进步及其技术效率产生负面影响,从而导致后者环境效率的恶化。本文基于我国省级和行业面板数据模型的检验表明,国际垂直专业化对中国环境技术进步和环境效率变化具有显著负作用。为提高环境效率,中国应改变在国际垂直专业化中被支配的地位,同时发达国家和国际组织应加强自身在环境技术扩散中的作用。     

Comparative international diffusion: Patterns,determinants and policies

Using data derived from a number of stand alone surveys in different countries, this paper explores international differences in the paths of diffusion of new manufacturing technologies. It is observed that diffusion paths are technology specific and that no one country either in Europe or North America can be said to exhibit faster, earlier or more extensive diffusion for all technologies than other countries. Using results in the public domain it is also argued that the main driving forces behind diffusion patterns are those generally classified as epidemic and rank effects. Building upon this, the rationale for policy intervention in the diffusion process is discussed and the effectiveness of different policy instruments considered.     

On the mechanism of international technology diffusion for energy technological progress

As a needed methodological complement to the existing large-scale complex policy modelling for energy technology diffusion, this paper contributes to an analytical exposition of the fundamental mechanism of international technology diffusion (ITD) for energy technological progress. We offer two different and complementary perspectives to explore the dynamics of energy technology diffusion and progress. We first develop a Solow-type efficiency-improving model of energy technological progress which is described by improvements in primary energy-augmenting efficiency. We further provide a Romer-type variety-expanding model of energy technological progress which is represented by the expansion of differentiated varieties of primary energy technology blueprints. Analysis based on two different models reaches consistent results: there are potential forces in the world economy – working through ITD – that pull individual countries to advance energy technology, ensuring a cross-country convergence in the growth rates of energy technology in the balanced growth path. While ITD plays a role in a cross-country convergence in technological growth rates, cross-country differences in the efficiency of undertaking indigenous research and the capacity of absorbing foreign technology spillovers would lead to a cross-country divergence in the absolute levels of energy technology.     

基于多重制度逻辑的国际技术转移新态势探析

国际技术转移是创新要素在国家间流动的重要方式，事关国家创新发展与安全。有别于一般市场交易活动，国际技术转移受各类制度因素的影响更为显著。基于制度逻辑，从国家竞争、科技发展、社会进步和市场主体方面构建国际技术转移多维分析框架，发现国际技术转移呈现出一些新特征：越来越受国际政治与经济局势影响，国家安全成为影响国际技术转移的重要因素；各类国际科技竞争使国际技术转移复杂化，而科技合作则有效促进国际技术转移；气候、能源和健康领域的技术转移受到广泛关注；产业升级给国际技术转移带来新需求。进一步分析我国国际技术转移的制度进展，以期为我国更好地开展国际技术转移活动提供有益参考。     

Contagion effects of national innovative capacity: Comparing structural equivalence and cohesion models

The effective promotion of national innovation performance is a crucial component of national innovation policy. This study examines network contagion effects of national innovative capacity via the international diffusion of embodied and disembodied technology by two different social network models: the cohesion model, based on diffusion by direct communication, and the structural equivalence model, based on diffusion by network position similarity. This investigation then utilizes data of 42 countries during 1997 to 2002 to empirically examine their network relationship. The analytical results demonstrate that international technology diffusion influences national innovation performance through contagion effects, but that the international similarity of national innovative capacity performance is more accurately predicted by network position than by interactions with others; and this study result provides a new perspective for science and technology policy makers.     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产率增长

本文采用6种计算外国R&D资本的方法和国际R&D溢出回归方法,首次就国际R&D溢出对中国工业行业的技术进步增长、技术效率增长和全要素生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们从这6种方法的比较中发现:当采用有缺陷的两种方法时,得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为负或者溢出系数为正,但不显著的结论;而采用其他的四种方法,能得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为正的结论。因此,从计算方法本身及其结论的比较来看,通过国际贸易渠道的R&D溢出促进了中国工业行业的技术进步、技术效率及全要素生产率增长的结论更可靠。同时发现在大部分情况下国内本行业R&D与其他行业R&D对行业技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率的增长起阻碍作用。因此,加强与R&D投入比重较高的发达国家的国际贸易以及提高国内自身的R&D效率显得很有必要。     

IS NORTH‐SOUTH TRADE‐RELATED TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION REGIONAL?

There is an influential literature on trade-related technology diffusion. This article contributes to that literature by investigating whether north-south trade-related technology diffusion has a regional dimension. To do so, we build a weighted foreign research and development index at the industry level to account for international and interindustry technology spillovers. Using parallel analysis for nine developing countries, we find: (1) north-south trade-related technology diffusion is strong and significant and (2) north-south technology diffusion tends to have a regional dimension: developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East tend to benefit, respectively, more from trade with Japan, North America, and Europe than from trade with other northern regions. ( JEL F1, F15)     

Competition policy in open economies

Abstract

This paper examines aspects of R&;D spillovers across countries, in particular, the role of international trade and human capital as the catalysts for international diffusion of technology. We present a new way of measuring foreign R&;D stocks embodied in foreign intermediate goods and capital equipment, which we argue is free from the criticism of previous measures. With the pooled panel data spanning 1970 through 1995 for 103 countries, we find that the effects of foreign R&;D on total factor productivity growth of both industrial countries and developing countries are substantial and that human capital is the most influential channel for absorbing foreign R&;D spillovers.