Environmental Certification and Technical Efficiency: A Study of Manufacturing Firms in India

Obtaining environmental certification (such as the ISO-14,001) has become a status symbol for adopting greener practices for the corporate sector in emerging economies. Such certification can help improve the global visibility of firms and is mandated in international trade. This paper attempts to examine the impact of such certifications on technical efficiency of firms belonging to the manufacturing sector in India. In analyzing the impact of ISO Certification on technical efficiency, this paper uses data from the CMIE Prowess from 2007 to 2012. In the first step, the paper estimates technical efficiency for the sample firms and then examines the determinants of inter-firm differences in technical efficiency using firm specific characteristics. The results of this study conclude that there are substantial inter-firm differences in technical efficiency and they are systematically different based on firm age, firm size, debt capital, MNE affiliation, and ISO certification. ISO certification, especially maintaining the standards associated with it, turned out to be an important factor in making the firms achieve higher technical efficiency. In addition, the results of this study also confirm that firms that are ISO certified and doing R&D are better off in technical efficiency as compared to others.     

试析特许经营在我国饭店业中的应用

我国饭店业在迅猛发展的同时也面临着激烈的市场竞争和挑战,而我国饭店业分散零乱的整体格局使得其竞争力面临着严峻的考验。为此,已被国际饭店管理集团证实行之有效的特许经营成为我国饭店业发展的方向。结合我国饭店业发展的实际,是受具体国情及饭店业发展实际情况的限制,我国饭店业特许经营目前还处于初级阶段且发展缓慢。因此,推进特许经营在我国饭店业中的发展,实现我国饭店业快速整体走强,还需要做很多工作。     

中国服务业技术效率的系统性分析

本文利用随机前沿分析法研究后发现,从行业层面看,管制松的行业技术效率比管制紧、进入壁垒高的服务行业高,技术效率由东部向中西部呈递减,各地区存在行业分布的结构性差异;2004-2009年的服务业技术效率先小幅上升后下降,而且有些行业具有抗外界经济波动冲击的特性。从上市公司层面看,进入壁垒越高,行业技术效率越高,民营企业技术效率低于国有或集体所有制企业。通过对比发现,这很有可能是管制引起的,高进入壁垒给在位垄断企业带来了好处,但导致了行业内部的发展不平衡。     

生产性服务嵌入、技术进步与中国装备制造业效率提升

本文利用1998-2010年中国从16个国家的进口数据,考察生产性服务等中间品进口对技术进步的影响,根据中国30个省份的面板数据进一步分析生产性服务各细分行业对装备制造业的效率提升效应。研究结果发现,通过生产性服务进口,中国可获得全球高级要素资源,技术水平也得到提高。在生产性服务细分行业中,信息服务业、商务服务业和金融服务业显著促进了装备制造业效率,但物流服务业大幅度降低了装备制造业的效率。     

Investigating the centric profile of international hotel groups: A pilot case study

This paper reports on the pilot stage of an inter-disciplinary research project that aims to assess how far a global/local perspective is being utilised by international hotel groups and the impact this has on the groups’ performance. A research instrument has been developed to assess the ‘centric profile’ or dominant attitude of international hotel groups to foreign cultures. The findings of the pilot case study of one international hotel group are reported and analysed, together with recommendations for refinements to the research instrument.     

An efficiency and effectiveness model for international tourist hotels in Taiwan

Taiwan's economic growth has improved the quality of life and raised the standard of the tourism industry in Taiwan. This paper selects the hotel industry, in order to assess how international tourist hotels operate their business by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure their operational efficiency and effectiveness. By using the DEA model to assess the results of the relative efficiency and effectiveness of hotels to improve their operations, the paper also aims to rank the hotels by applying the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje method combined with entropy weight among the criteria.     

The Status of the Small Hotel Firm

This paper builds on research that was carried out in the early 1990s in order to assess the contemporary status of the small firm within the hotel industry sector. It raises debates concerned with definition and associated statistical constraints and limitations. While a fluid, grounded definitional approach is recommended as a means of more effectively accessing the ‘real world’ of small firms, challenges are recognised relative to its contribution to consistent and comparable research findings. The paper concludes that the status of the small hotel firm continues to weaken, operating at the periphery as broadly conceived. Furthermore, the final assessment is that too much remains unknown about this phenomenon.     

中国物流产业技术效率：时空分异、影响因素与演进逻辑——基于PP-SFA模型的实证分析

基于2007-2016年中国省际面板数据,运用PPSFA模型测度能源和碳排放双重约束下的物流产业技术效率,分析其时间和空间维度上的变化和差异,评定其宏观和中观层面的影响因素,并分区域剖析其演进背后的逻辑规律。研究发现：中国物流产业技术效率总体偏低,呈下降趋势,且区域分化明显,东部最高,中部次之,西部最低;产业结构、技术创新能力和企业平均规模正向影响物流产业技术效率,财政支持力度和能源消费结构产生负向影响,而环境规制强度并未产生显著影响;中国物流产业已度过规模扩张阶段,现处于质量提升阶段,且各区域不同阶段中影响因素的作用关系存在差异,物流产业技术效率演进逻辑具有区域特性。践行节能减排、完善产业政策和探寻区域物流特色发展路径益于优化物流产业技术效率,提升中国物流产业发展质量。     

服务业内部结构异质性演化与行业发展差距研究——基于全要素生产率视角下的分析

基于1990—2017年行业面板数据，采用超越对数生产函数对服务业各细分行业TFP增长率进行分解和测度，揭示我国服务业内部结构生产率演化进程及其异质性现象，并采用可导性对数方差分解法、VAR协整模型和误差修正模型（VECM）考察TFP及其构成部分对服务业行业发展差距的贡献度，评估其异质性作用于行业发展差距的长短期效应。研究发现，在服务业内部结构演化过程中，TFP、技术进步和技术效率改进呈逐步下降趋势，其中技术进步是推动TFP增长的核心，规模效率改进发展水平一直滞后，配置效率改进在服务业发展初期较为滞后，但水平逐步提升；生产性和生活性服务业行业间TFP及构成部分异质性在演化过程中呈下降趋势，且生活性服务业行业间异质性程度要小于生产性服务业，行业间异质性变化幅度最大的是规模效率改进，技术效率改进异质性波动程度最小；TFP异质性是造成行业间发展差距扩大的主要原因，其中技术效率改进是主导因素，且该效应的发挥只有在长期具有显著性。     

疫情对进出口企业的影响机制及其效应研究

疫情蔓延给出口企业带来了显著冲击。本文采用2002—2003年中国工业企业的面板数据,从微观层面实证检验了“非典”疫情对我国企业出口的影响。研究结果表明:“非典”疫情导致我国企业出口产品价值显著下降;改变疫情严重程度、替换出口价值变量或通过PSM-DID模型等方法重新估计之后,疫情仍与企业出口显著负相关;疫情主要通过冲击企业的出口数量影响企业出口,而对出口产品价格有一定的提升作用;小企业及我国传统具有出口优势的行业受影响较大,疫情叠加贸易壁垒尤其是关税壁垒对企业出口具有更大的联动影响。     

技术性贸易壁垒对中国电子行业出口的影响研究——基于中美贸易引力模型的实证分析

技术性贸易壁垒与出口之间的关系一直都是学术界关注的重点,但目前学术界对二者之间的具体影响机制尚未形成统一认知。利用2001年~2016年中国电子行业对美国出口额的时间序列数据,通过理论推导与拓展贸易引力模型,研究了美国技术性贸易壁垒对中国电子行业出口的影响。结果表明:实行传统关税壁垒,美国会比中国损失更多的出口利益,从而使得美国放弃关税壁垒而选择技术性贸易壁垒;技术性贸易壁垒对出口呈现正"U"型影响。研究结果还显示:美国技术性贸易壁垒对中国电子行业出口呈倒"U"型影响,这是因为美国技术性贸易壁垒强度会因中国技术创新数量与出口的增加而产生"壁垒强度突变";同时,美国技术性贸易壁垒对中国技术创新数量呈正"U"型影响。根据研究结论,提出了相关政策建议。     

SARS后关于中国旅游发展的冷静思考

SARS作为一种突发性自然灾害,对中国旅游业产生了重大的影响,认真而冷静地思考这一影响及其给我们的启示是非常必要的.SARS疫情发生之后,人们更加关注旅游业,因为中国的旅游业已经成为重要的产业,旅游活动与百姓生活休戚相关.在旅游业的发展过程中,不能试图回避危机,要准备与危机长期"共舞".SARS过后的旅游业不应当是简单的数量上的恢复,要提倡发展"洁净旅游",追求质量的提升.从中国目前实际出发,要适当调整出境旅游发展的政策.     

Immiserizing deindustrialization: A dynamic trade model with credit constraints

The paper develops an open economy dynamic model with bequests and credit constraints. The agricultural sector uses only labor, the industrial sector needs an indivisible investment. Under autarky, productive agriculture provides the funds needed for investment in industry and in equilibrium credit constraints are not binding. If agriculture is not sufficiently productive, the price of the industrial good must be high enough to make the industrial sector sustainable. In an open economy, if the country has the comparative advantage in agriculture, deindustrialization may occur over time. Deindustrialization is welfare-reducing when the negative wealth distributional effects swamp the gains from trade.     

基于低碳经济的我国饭店业发展策略探析

本文分析了低碳经济背景下,我国饭店业转变经济发展方式的必要性。指出目前我国饭店业在低碳化发展中存在的问题,并从管理理念、技术层面、消费行为培养等方面提出了相应的建议,以期更好地促进我国饭店业的低碳化发展。     

Small Firm Statistics: A Hotel Sector Focus

This article contrasts and compares statistics from the UK small firm sector in general with those related to small firms within the hotel industry. In doing so, it is clearly illustrated that there is a need to focus research, resultant policy and strategy on the specific issues facing small firms at a sub-sector level, rather than assuming a homogeneity of the small firm population in general. The paper concludes that the plight of the small firm operating within the hotel industry is dire and questions what the future holds.     

Immiserizing deindustrialization: A dynamic trade model with credit constraints

The paper develops an open economy dynamic model with bequests and credit constraints. The agricultural sector uses only labor, the industrial sector needs an indivisible investment. Under autarky, productive agriculture provides the funds needed for investment in industry and in equilibrium credit constraints are not binding. If agriculture is not sufficiently productive, the price of the industrial good must be high enough to make the industrial sector sustainable. In an open economy, if the country has the comparative advantage in agriculture, deindustrialization may occur over time. Deindustrialization is welfare-reducing when the negative wealth distributional effects swamp the gains from trade.     

The financial impact of loyalty programs in the hotel industry: A social exchange theory perspective

With increased competition across the hotel industry for frequent travelers, who generate a disproportionate portion of revenue, loyalty programs appear to be a rational response to the competitive environment. The question remains, however, as to whether these programs are effective at increasing the profitability of hotel operators. This study analyzes the impact of customer loyalty programs on the industry specific performance metrics of occupancy rate, revenue, and operating margin. Utilizing a comprehensive database of 36 different hotel brands (e.g., Marriot, Hilton) encompassing 31 loyalty programs and 435 different hotel properties, we examine whether a loyalty program is indeed an effective tool to increase operating margin. In summary, empirical results suggest that investment in hotel loyalty programs has a positive impact on occupancy rates and profitability. And although the overall effect is modest, these results have several managerial implications for the hotel industry.     

Dynamics of intellectual capitals and bank efficiency in India

This article attempts to examine the impact of intellectual capitals and its sub-components on the bank’s efficiency parameters for 38 listed Indian banks within multivariate panel data framework during the period from 2004–2005 to 2015–2016. The study uses the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis approach to estimate technical, pure technical and scale efficiency in the first stage, followed by computing Value Added Intellectual Capital and Modified Value Added Intellectual Capital as an indicator for intellectual capital performance. Finally, Tobit regression results suggest that intellectual capitals have statistically significant and positive but very low impact on all the three efficiency scores. At the sub-component level, only human capital efficiency has a significant impact with low value on the all three efficiency measures. Bank size and leverage are also found to be significant drivers of bank efficiency as well. Thus, the study’s findings support higher investment in intellectual capitals in order to further improve the banking efficiency and value creation in India by adopting appropriate policy by management for proper input allocations, particularly human capital and capital employed in coming years.     

未被观测经济与居民收入不平等——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

未被观测经济（NOE）对经济发展具有诸多影响,但对居民收入不平等的影响尚未引起足够重视。文章基于动态均衡解的劳动报酬模型得到,随着NOE规模扩大,收入不平等程度（即劳动者从事NOE部门的报酬与从事可观测部门的报酬之差）呈现单调递增的变化过程,但边际变化率先增后减。当考虑劳动者决策的随机动态调整因素时,NOE规模与收入不平等之间存在高低两个动态变化均衡点。在该模型基础上,基于2000-2010年中国省级面板数据,证实了NOE规模与居民收入不平等之间存在显著正向影响关系,人力资本水平、市场化程度和腐败水平也与居民收入不平等呈正向影响关系,而城市化水平则呈较显著的负向影响关系。基于实证结果,提出了相关的政策建议,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

新型城镇化效率演化趋势及其驱动机制研究

在分析新型城镇化发展动力机制的基础上,通过构建新型城镇化效率的综合评价指标体系,运用超效率DEA模型和灰色系统理论GM(1,N)模型对1998-2010年河南省新型城镇化效率发展演化趋势及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明:河南省的新型城镇化效率虽然整体上呈现上升趋势,但2000-2009年处于停滞阶段,2010年才突破发展瓶颈;农业现代化和现代服务业是河南省新型城镇化效率的驱动力量,而传统工业化发展模式和市场化水平低下是河南省新型城镇化效率的制约因素。