Technological spillover through industrial and regional linkages: Firm-level evidence from China

This paper provides new insights into the study of technology spillover effects through the interaction between industrial and spatial linkages. We develop a theoretical model that provides a useful modeling framework for spillover research, and then empirically test the model inferences using Chinese firm-level data. Input-output tables and spatial decay measurements are combined to construct the key spillover variables. Using seemingly unrelated regressions, the paper finds that vertical spillover effects are more significant than horizontal spillover effects, both within- and between-regions; regional characteristics have greater impacts on vertical spillovers than on horizontal spillovers; and regional spillover effects vary across different regions. Regional policies and regional endowments, including human capital, transportation infrastructure, and enterprise ownership, are crucial in explaining these heterogeneities in regional technology spillover. Our empirical results provide many policy implications including strengthening the connection between upstream and downstream industries and devoting more R&D to upstream industries.     

International Knowledge Flows and Productivity: Intra- vs. Inter-Industry Spillovers

The effects of international knowledge spillovers on total factor productivity (TFP) at the industry level are examined by using a panel of 13 manufacturing industries across 15 OECD countries over 23 years. We distinguish between intra- and inter-industry spillovers from the information on patent applications and citations. Patent data are taken from the Japan Patent Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Using four alternative spatial panel estimation techniques, we find that international knowledge spillovers within the same industry significantly contribute to sectoral TFP. In contrast, there is little evidence of a positive effect of international knowledge spillovers on TFP across industries.     

全球生产网络下产业领导力影响了知识溢出吗

全球生产网络为知识溢出提供了新渠道。在新的国际分工格局中，不同产业集团所处地位具有非对称性，而这种非对称性或者产业领导力是否对知识溢出产生影响缺乏理论分析和验证。鉴于此，在理论分析基础上，构造核心产业领导力衡量指标，探讨核心产业领导力对知识溢出的影响。研究发现：(1)产业领导力对知识溢出具有显著正向影响，表现为具有领导力的核心产业通过价值链参与形式，将创新研发成果输送至非核心产业区；(2)地理距离加权的核心产业领导力对非核心产业区的创新效率具有显著负向影响，其作用机制是地理距离通过制度距离弱化核心产业领导力对非核心产业区的知识溢出效应；(3)基于产业非对称条件下的知识溢出效应，不同属性产业以及不同区域间均表现出显著异质性。研究不仅从产业领导力角度对全球生产网络分工条件下的知识溢出研究提出了新认识，而且为在全球产业链、价值链重构的关键阶段如何通过迈向全球产业链中高端，推动全球产业链、价值链包容性发展，作出更多中国贡献提供了重要政策建议。     

交通基础设施、空间溢出与经济增长:来自中国的实证研究

This paper develops an empirical model to test the spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on economic growth. It uses spatial econometric techniques and provincial panel data of China from 1993 to 2004 to analyze the contribution of transport infrastructure to the economic growth of local province and its spatial spillover effects on the economic growth of other provinces. The main findings include: (1) Transport infrastructure and economic growth of China show an evident pattern of spatial clustering. They largely congregate in developed eastern coastal regions, forming a gradient gradually diminishing from east to west. (2) Output elasticity of local transport infrastructure is 0.106, between the values calculated by early researchers with time series data and panel data. (3) Spatial output spillovers from transport infrastructure are largely positive, but evidences of negative spatial spillovers are also found with population density spatial weights matrix model.      

自主研发、技术引进与我国工业行业生产率提升

利用面板动态最小二乘法估算我国工业分行业国内研发和通过进口贸易从14个OECD国家获得的技术溢出对全要素生产率的贡献。结果表明,国内研发投入对全要素生产率的贡献不管是系数还是显著性都明显高于通过进口获得的研发溢出对全要素生产率的贡献。进一步区分资本品行业与非资本品行业并进行回归,发现非资本品行业的溢出效应显著为正,而资本品行业的溢出效应显著为负。利用非资本品行业的估计结果及进口渗透率计算各行业的全要素生产率对14个贸易伙伴国的研发投入弹性。计算表明,对我国的技术溢出处于前5位的是美国、日本、德国、澳大利亚和加拿大,这一方面是因为这些国家的研发投入相对较大,另一方面是因为我国从这些国家的进口额也较大。     

Inward FDI spillovers and innovation capabilities in Chinese business: exploring the moderating role of local industrial externalities

It is generally believed foreign direct investment (FDI) has spillover effects which can affect the innovation capabilities of local firms in host countries. Comparatively little, however, is known about the contingent local contextual factors that influence how these FDI spillovers can be captured. Integrating the literature on FDI knowledge spillovers with that on inter- and intra-industrial externalities, we explore how local industrial agglomeration moderates the effect of FDI knowledge spillovers on innovation in the emerging market context of China. Empirical estimates, based on panel data of 1610 listed indigenous Chinese firms recorded between 2000 and 2010, indicate that such spillovers are more easily captured in industrially diverse settings. By contrast, industrial specialisation negatively moderates this relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Spatial and supply/demand agglomeration economies: State- and industry-linkages in the U.S. food system

Cost-impacts of spatial and industrial spillovers on economicperformance are evaluated by incorporating activity level measures for nearby states and related industries into a cost function model. We focus on localization and urbanization economies for state level food processing industries, from activity levels of similar industries in neighboring states, agricultural input suppliers, and final product demand. We find significant cost-savings from proximity to other food manufacturing centers, and areas with high purchasing power. Cost savings from locating near an agricultural area are also evident, although it seems costly to be located within a rural agricultural state, implying thin market diseconomies. Marginal production costs instead appear higher in more urban, and lower in more rural, areas. These spillover patterns also have input composition implications; materials demand responses are the most closely tracked by the agglomeration cost effects, and capital and labor impacts vary.     

环境规制对FDI溢出效应的影响 ——来自中国市场的证据

本文利用中国39个工业行业2000-2009年的相关数据,考查FDI水平、前向、后向技术溢出效应、环境规制强度对各工业技术进步的影响以及环境规制强度对FDI溢出效应的影响,结果发现：FDI水平技术溢出效应没有促进各工业行业的技术进步;FDI前向技术溢出效应对促进各工业行业技术进步的作用不稳定;FDI后向技术溢出效应促进了各工业行业的技术进步;环境规制强度的提高有利于促进各工业行业的技术进步。进一步研究还发现,加强环境规制会促进FDI垂直技术溢出效应。     

Technological leadership and sectorial employment growth: A spatial econometric analysis for U.S. counties

This paper studies the determinants of technological catch‐up considering spatial and sectoral aggregation of industries. We investigate how geographical and technological proximity to the technology leader impact regional employment growth. We model technological progress by means of a hierarchical process of catch‐up to the technology leader. We also incorporate measures for knowledge spillover effects to test the roles of competition, specialisation, and diversity at the industry level. Empirical results using data at the county level for different economic sectors (2‐dig NAICS) for the United States indicate that human capital plays a crucial role in promoting sectoral employment growth. The association between technological/geographical distance to the technology leader and employment growth varies across sectors.     

异质性人力资本、空间溢出与高技术产业创新

基于2000-2016年省级高技术产业面板数据,从整体、区域、产业3个维度实证分析了异质性人力资本对高技术产业创新的差异化作用与空间溢出效应。研究发现：在地理经济矩阵下,各省高技术产业创新产出与人力资本空间相关性显著; 整体、行业、区域维度上,高技术产业创新活动具有显著空间溢出效应,且高端人力资本对高技术产业创新具有显著正向作用与溢出效应,其空间间接效应均高于直接效应;低端人力资本普遍作用不显著,甚至可能产生一定逆向作用与溢出效应;男性人力资本比女性人力资本的促进作用更为普遍且强烈,尤其是男性高端人力资本。     

Intersectoral and International R&D Knowledge Spillovers and Total Factor Productivity

Disaggregate panel data estimates are presented of equations that relate a set of OECD countries' sectoral total factor productivity to domestic and to foreign R&D capital. The estimates indicate that there are both important international and national R&D knowledge spillovers and that these spillovers are intersectoral and intrasectoral in nature. They show that the influence of domestic R&D is stronger in the large economies and that this is caused by more important domestic intersectoral R&D spillovers. There is also evidence of a greater influence of domestic and of foreign R&D in research intensive industries and of an interaction between the domestic economy scale and the research intensity effects.     

Environmental spillover effects on firm productivity and efficiency: An analysis of agri-food business in Southeast Spain

Spillover effects are treated as the influence of knowledge and innovation diffusion on an economic activity, but their analysis related to environmental practices within firms is still quite scarce. This study investigates the effect of environmental practices and related spillovers on productivity and efficiency in agri-food firms located in Southeast Spain. The low investment in research and development actions in comparison with the industrial sector, together with the relatively recent application of environmental requirements and the heterogeneity of environmental controls within firms have led to important changes in the organisation and management of their productive activity. These features are especially related to the implications that location and clustering factors have on environmental knowledge and innovation diffusion. Taking environmental management practices as knowledge of capital, we propose a specific analysis that evaluates the impacts of both environmental investment and spillover on the production function. The results indicate the relationship between productivity improvement and environmental practices, also showing the presence of positive spillovers. In a second-stage analysis, the incidence of environmental variables on the individual technical efficiency of firms is also determined. On the whole, the empirical analysis provides evidence of the links between environmental practices spillovers and economic performance.     

行业间知识溢出与中国产业发展——基于贝叶斯层级模型的实证研究

二十一世纪以来,中国工业经济进入了平稳、快速增长时期。与此同时,中国工业经济中的结构性问题也日益凸显,主要表现为产业发展失衡、产业创新能力不足等。其中,产业研发投入不足,知识产出有限,是导致上述结构性问题的重要原因。而产业间的知识溢出则是影响各产业知识产出的重要因素。为此,本文在利用贝叶斯空间层级模型测度中国行业间知识溢出效应的基础上,致力于检验行业间知识溢出对中国产业发展的影响。实证结果显示:行业间知识溢出通过推动各产业的知识生产,能够有效促进产业发展。本文提出,应进一步加大产业,特别是具有较大知识溢出输出效应的基础性产业的研发投入,加快其人力资本开发和积累,以促进中国产业结构优化升级和长期稳定增长。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量、实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一，对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先，以Verspagen＆Canils的知识溢出模型为基础，结合高新技术产业集群的特点，构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后，以此模型为分析工具，深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围，以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响，并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上，提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

高新技术产业集群知识溢出对企业技术追赶的影响

自主创新和知识溢出是技术落后企业提高知识存量,实现技术追赶的两个主要途径。知识溢出作为产业集群的显著特征之一,对产业集群的创新和发展有着重要影响。首先,以 Verspagen&Caniëls 的知识溢出模型为基础,结合高新技术产业集群的特点,构建产业集群知识溢出模型。然后,以此模型为分析工具,深入分析知识溢出和自主创新共同作用的技术落后企业实现技术追赶的知识存量差距范围,以及知识溢出各影响因素对技术追赶的影响,并以中关村科技园区为样本进行实证分析。在此基础上,提出我国高新技术产业开发区技术落后企业实现技术追赶的政策建议。     

The timing of antitrust effects on pricing

Using data from the Chinese manufacturing industry for 2001, this article examines the impacts of foreign presence on the performance of locally owned Chinese firms. Our key result supports a curvilinear functional form. Foreign penetration rates in excess of just about two–thirds of industrial capital are associated with declining spillover benefits, indicating the dominance of negative spillovers. The curvilinear relationship is found to be particularly strong in labour-intensive industries, contrasting with a standard linear relationship in technology-intensive sectors. The finding of the complexity of spillover effects challenges the laissez-faire view that ‘the more inward foreign direct investment (FDI), the better’ and that inward FDI into all types of domestic industry is equally valuable, in terms of performance benefits. Our findings argue for policy measures to strengthen domestically owned Chinese industry, to provide effective competition to foreign firms and to absorb the benefits from spillovers more effectively.     

The role of spillovers in research and development expenditure in Australian industries

Using administrative data from firms in Australia that conduct research and development (R&;D), we examine how R&;D activity of other firms and public institutions affect a firm's own R&;D expenditure. We distinguish between the impact of peers, suppliers and clients. We examine whether geographical proximity and industrial clustering affect R&;D spillovers. Overall, we detect positive effects on R&;D expenditure from spillovers from peers and clients to firms that are nearby; within 25 or 50?km. R&;D expenditure by academia, unlike by government bodies, has a positive influence on a firm's own R&;D expenditure within state boundaries. We fail to find any significant role for industrial clusters in augmenting spillover effects.     

在联立框架中的产业集聚与知识溢出

传统的有关产业集聚和知识溢出的研究采用的单向方程模型往往会产生内生性偏差,本文尝试建立联立方程模型来研究产业集聚与知识溢出.实证结果表明,联立方程模型的建立纠正了内生性偏差,产业集聚和知识溢出并非单向的关系,它们彼此加强;同时,提高了知识溢出对产业集聚作用量化的准确性,使结果更加符合理论预期;由于定域化经济和城市化经济存在,知识溢出、劳动力汇集、人口和投入变量与产业集聚正相关.     

集聚、知识溢出类型与区域创新效率——基于省级动态面板数据的GMM方法

产业集聚会促进地方化知识溢出,知识溢出又会影响区域创新效率。一直以来,存在两种结构性争论:究竟是产业专业化还是多元化、是地方竞争还是地方垄断,更有利于知识溢出和创新?基于我国2000-2007年省级制造业的面板数据,运用GMM方法,进行了实证检验。结果表明,产业集聚促进了区域创新,专业化的产业结构和竞争性的市场结构对知识溢出和创新有着更为显著的影响。结果还显示,基础设施和外商投资对不同类型的创新作用不同。     

A model of the learning process with local knowledge externalities illustrated with an integrated graphical framework

We present a unified graphical framework accounting for the nature and impact of spillover effects. The dynamics of the learning process with a specific spillover transfer mechanism can be illustrated by referring to this four-quadrant picture. In particular, a whole cycle of technological learning is explained with the help of such a graphical representation of the basic learning process in the presence of knowledge spillovers.

We hypothesize two different functional specifications of spillover exchanges among firms within a local innovation system. Each conceivable shape for the knowledge transfer relationship among firms expresses a possible mode and intensity of information processing arising from technology spillovers. A general proposition regarding the relative efficiency of the two alternative formal models with spillover effects is derived. The basic models with spillover effects are then extended in several relevant directions.