基于韦伯二重合理性的农户生态耕种行为分析

目的 基于韦伯二重合理性理论框架,通过对传统农业大省江西省农户生态耕种行为理性的评价,分析农户生态耕种行为主要因素的影响规律,为农户生态耕种激励政策的制定提供参考。方法 文章以江西省农户为调查对象,采取分层抽样和随机抽样相结合的方式选取样本农户,针对户主或是参与农业经营决策的家庭主要成员开展访谈和问卷调查相结合的入户调查。利用获取的1 488份有效问卷数据,通过层次分析-熵值定权法确定农户生态耕种理性评价指标权重并进行评价,得出农户生态耕种行为理性的评价值。运用Order-Probit模型分析二重合理性理论框架下农户生态耕种行为的工具理性、价值理性及其交互以及其他主要因素的影响规律。结果 （1）样本农户平均采纳生态耕种行为4.735项,工具理性评价均值为0.546 8,价值理性评价均值0.354 2,丘陵区农户生态耕种行为工具理性和价值理性值比平原、山地区更高。（2）当前,工具理性在农户生态耕种行为采纳上起到消极的抑制作用,价值理性起到积极的促进作用,而二重合理性的冲突减弱了农户生态耕种采纳率。（3）家庭劳动力占比越高、耕地收入占比的提高,农户采取生态耕种行为的可能性越高,而促进小农户向新型农业现代经营主体的转变是提高农户生态耕种行为采纳的有效途径之一。（4）农户保留仅供自家消费的耕地说明其对耕地生产的安全性持有疑虑,更加愿意进行生态耕种以保持耕地和农产品健康。结论 需要积极落实生态农产品的补偿,完善有关法规制度和质量监管,实现生态耕种的产品价值,以达到农户追求效益的工具理性与耕地保护的价值理性之间的协调统一。     

乡村旅游开发中农户生态风险认知对其参与保护意愿的影响研究

[目的]研究乡村旅游开发过程中农户的风险意识、偏好及其保护意愿,对剖析农村生态保护困局,实现乡村旅游目的地的可持续发展具有重要理论意义和实践价值。[方法]文章以重庆市5个县(市、区)692户农户问卷为样本数据,通过建立Logistic回归模型来分析乡村旅游开发中农户生态风险认知对其参与保护意愿的影响研究。[结果]女性户主对保护生态意愿相对较弱,年龄较大的户主保护生态意愿较强烈,家庭从事旅游业劳动力人数越多和旅游业收入占总收入的比重越重,其参与生态保护意愿就越强烈;乡村旅游开发造成的水体、噪声、固体废物的风险越高,植被覆盖率降低风险越高、耕地面积减少风险越高、旅游生计持续性降低风险越高,都会使得农户参与农村生态环境保护意愿增强。[结论]当地政府应帮助农户充分认知乡村旅游开发中存在的农村生态风险,提高农户参与农村生态保护的积极性。同时,采用技术手段对乡村旅游开发过程中区域生态系统的变化进行动态监控,建立生态安全预警系统。最后,因地制宜确定当地的旅游开发策略,以保护为主,开发为辅,以开展生态旅游为主的旅游模式,最终实现乡村旅游和农户生计可持续发展的目标。     

居民参与城市森林生态服务供给的行为分析

从生态效用构成角度分析居民参与城市森林生态服务供给的行为动因,将参与城市森林生态服务供给的居民划分为关心社区绿化、受利益驱动和随波逐流等三种类型,居民对环境状况的心理偏好、对环境的满意程度、户外活动习惯以及收入水平、受教育程度、社会阅历、空气质量情况、周边环境绿化状况、周围人的态度等因素决定和影响居民参与城市森林生态服务供给行为,同时给出研究结论和相应的建议.     

关于我国农业保护政策的研究

农业保护政策是在工业化进程的中后期 ,随着农业比较效益和在国民经济中比重相对的下降、农业及农村人口的下降 ,利用二、三产业发展所积累的资金、技术和人才 ,支持农业和农村发展的经济政策。在发达国家 ,农业保护政策通常包括两大类 :一是价格与收入政策 ,二是农业发展与区域、结构政策。前者的政策目标是通过对国民收入的再分配政策 ,提高农业与农民的收入 ,稳定食品的市场供应安全与价格 ,以促进农产品出口 ,保护国内农产品市场等 ;后者的政策目标则是通过投入、营销、基础设施、区域发展等政策工具解决如何提高农业生产效率、如何保持…     

浅议土地整理与土地生态保护

目前,一些地方在开展农地整理工作时,片面强调增加耕地面积,改进农业生产条件,提高耕地质量,却忽视了改善区域生态环境的重要性,致使土地整理后的自然生态环境遭到一定程度的破坏,进而危及土地可持续发展和生物多样性。1.土地整理项目忽视生态效益的原因分析。从土地利用总体规划上看。现阶段的土地利用总体规划在制定的时候往往着眼于提高土地的集约利用水平、提高土地的质量、达到土地的适度规模经营、改善生产条件以及提高农村现代化水平等方面,对于土地整理的生态保护这一要求考虑甚少,也缺乏对土地整理规划在生态保护方面的合理性的论…     

生态照『亮』新农村

近几年来,南京市农村能源建设以自身所具有的独特优势,在保护农业生态环境、提高农产品质量安全、改善广大农民群众生活环境、提高生活质量和建设社会主义新农村等方面,发挥着越来越重要的作用.     

风险偏好与农户技术采纳行为分析——基于契约农业视角再考察

农业技术扩散缓慢在中国农业生产中普遍存在。本文基于理论分析和对肉鸡养殖户的调查数据,结合农户风险偏好的实验结果,对农户风险偏好与技术采纳行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:(1)风险厌恶程度对农户是否采纳技术有显著的负向影响,风险厌恶程度越高的农户技术采纳可能性越低。(2)风险厌恶程度对农户技术采纳时间有显著的负向影响,风险厌恶程度越高的农户技术采纳时间越晚。(3)参与契约农业有助于缓解农户风险厌恶程度对技术采纳行为的抑制作用,具体表现为风险厌恶程度越高的农户越愿意参与契约农业,而参与契约农业可以促进农户采纳技术。研究和验证这些问题对于促进农业技术推广有重要的现实意义。     

WTO框架下我国农业支持与保护政策取向

一、农业支持与保护政策的必要性 农业支持与保护是世界大多数国家在经济发展到一定阶段实施宏观调控确保国民经济稳定发展的重要手段和政策措施.更确切地说"农业支持与保护是指政府为使农业有效支持国民经济持续、稳定、协调发展,保障农产品有效供给和农民收入稳定提高,保障社会稳定和生态环境良性循环,通过增加农业投入,加强和完善农业基础设施建设,对农业生产和农产品价格及市场贸易、科技推广等环节实行支持与保护:以加强农业的基础地位、实现可持续发展、提高农业的综合生产能力为基本目标,以增加农产品有效供给,保护农民利益为出发点而采取的一系列支持与保护农业的政策、措施的总称(徐逢贤)."     

粮食生产、生态保护与宏观调控政策

[目的]长期以来,粮食生产与生态保护一直是一对矛盾综合体,为了实现粮食安全目标,人们往往忽略对于生态的保护,通过对二者之间的相互影响机理的分析,提出更好的宏观调控政策。[方法]采用因果分析法对粮食安全框架下的粮食生产和生态保护的演进关系、影响形式和内容进行了研究,最终给出了二者协调发展的粮食宏观调控政策设计对策。[结果]首先,不合理粮食生产活动对生态环境造成的严重破坏,主要体现在水土流失、水资源浪费、化学物质的残留和生态环境的污染;其次,被破坏的生态环境反过来影响了粮食生产的数量和质量,进而对粮食安全产生了威胁。[结论]为了保证粮食安全的目标,长期牺牲生态环境的做法已经带来了严重的后果,这种后果不仅仅表现为当前的生态失衡,更严重威胁了未来的粮食安全。因此,要充分发挥粮食宏观调控政策的作用,加强生态功能设计,具体可从建立农业自然资源保护和有效利用的制度机制、加强政府生态农业的主导型地位及投入水平、以技术进步支撑保护农业生态和粮食安全和以法律手段规范保证相应措施的顺利实施4个方面进行设计和完善。     

农户退耕参与意愿的生成逻辑——经济理性或生态理性

以西北S区为例,应用Order probit模型厘清农户参与退耕的行为逻辑。结果表明:获取国家退耕补助、退耕地林业经营收入与非农就业收入等经济理性变量以及维持农田生产安全等生态理性变量是影响农户退耕参与意愿的显著要素;经济理性是农户参与退耕的本能逻辑,生态理性逻辑在一定程度上诱发农户的退耕参与意愿且更符合农户参与新一轮退耕还林工程的逻辑假定;应基于生态经济理性的农户行为逻辑,合理调整农户参与新一轮退耕还林工程的激励政策,从而提升激励政策的有效性。     

Perpetuating poverty through exclusion from social programmes: lessons from Andhra Pradesh

ABSTRACT

What factors underlie the exclusion of some poor households from welfare programmes? This article analyses the question through a comparative examination of households’ demographic characteristics, social capital and communities’ spatial (dis)advantage as determinants of enrolment in three social programmes in Andhra Pradesh, India. The main findings indicate that traditionally marginalised demographic groups do not experience programme exclusion significantly more than other groups, but that households’ social-network capital and communities’ spatial advantage increase households’ programme inclusion. The importance of social capital for programme inclusion wanes, however, in spatially more advantaged communities.     

Insights from Anticipatory Prices

Contemporaneous observations on expected supply and on prices of post‐harvest futures contracts for corn are used to estimate expected demand relationships. These equations are used to estimate the prices of the post‐harvest contracts based on new supply estimates. Each estimate can be compared with a corresponding futures price, i.e. the market forecast. The differences help discern the market expectations about the expected demand for the new crop relative to historical experience, which can help support outlook analyses. We find that in recent years, a 100 million bushel change in the expected supply of corn results in about a 6 cent per bushel negative change in the price of December corn. The discussion also deepens understanding of the term ‘anticipatory prices’ as defined by Holbrook Working in his 1958 work.     

Tracing the Pathways from Research to Innovation: Evidence from Case Studies

The complex process through which agricultural research stimulates innovation and achieves policy goals has commonly been treated as a ‘black box’ in the scientific literature. Statistical correlations between measured expenditure and impacts, where satisfactorily established, have mostly led to details of the research and innovation system being ignored. However, identifying and exploring causal chains of impact propagation can strengthen agricultural innovation. IMPRESA investigated impact mechanisms for research‐based innovations in six case studies using a Participatory Impact Pathway Assessment approach. Several suggestions result for improving performance and public support for agricultural research. Planning for impact is needed at the design phase of research so that expected advances in technology and their consequences can be explored. At that stage and throughout the research process, soft social skills are required to promote uptake. Greater impact can be achieved through the close involvement of key public and private sector stakeholders, using stakeholder mapping as a supporting tool. There is a strong argument for the close involvement of relevant social scientists and professional facilitators from the design phase of research through to its ultimate impacts. Funding frameworks and the specification of calls for tenders would function more effectively by giving more flexibility for stakeholder engagement.     

荷泽经验引发的思考

山东菏泽近5年来,新增农田林网72.13万hm2,农林间作23.3万hm2,建成了比较完善的农田综合防护林体系。一个曾经有名的贫困地区,有效解决了困扰粮食发展的两大限制因素即干热风和风沙,实现了粮食连年增产,促进农民增收2亿元以上,生态状况发生了根本性的变化,为下一步的更大发展创造了条件。荷泽的经验就是林茂。林业是国民经济的基础,它涉及人类生存、农业兴衰和社会生活的安定与祥和。     

Anti-community state pesticide preemption laws prevent local governments from protecting people from harm

During the past 25 years, many state governments in the United States have adopted anti-community state preemption laws to preclude local governments from enacting ordinances regulating pesticides. In the absence of local controls, people and property are being adversely effected. The issue accompanying state preemption statutes is whether the laws constitute a reasonable resolution of the positive and negative externalities that accompany pesticide usage. Through a discussion of the tradeoffs involving pesticide preemption, we show that states having divergent agricultural, residential, commercial, and recreational activities might be better served by allowing local governments to govern selected matters involving pesticides. State pesticide preemption laws denigrate local governance and compromise public health and economic well-being. If legislators care about the health of their communities and citizens, they need to repeal preemption laws that prevent appropriate safety regulations by local governments.     

Risks and returns from soil conservation: evidence from low-income farms in the Philippines

This paper examines risks and returns associated with soil conservation on hillside farms in the Philippines. Stochastic efficiency analysis is combined with a heteroskedastic regression model to assess the impacts of contour hedgerows on low-income corn farms. Regression analysis indicates that, over time, contour hedgerows can improve yields up to 15% compared with conventional practices. The analysis also provides weak support tor a hypothesis that hedgerows are variance reducing. However, results show that the reduction in yield variability afforded by hedgerows is modest, and that yield variability may increase by as much as 5% as hedgerow intensity rises. Tests for stochastic dominance show that, compared with the conventional tillage system, hedgerows do not constitute an unambiguously dominant production strategy. Stochastic elticiency with respect to a function is used to identify a range lor the coefficient ol relative risk aversion within which hedgerows dominate conventional tillage. Results suggest this range would be rather high; hedgerows dominate the conventional cropping strategy only lor decision-makers with relative risk aversion coefficients in the range 3-5.5. Implications for soil conservation adoption in low-income settings are discussed.     

Do Chinese farmers benefit from farmland leasing choices? Evidence from a nationwide survey

Using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study investigates factors associated with the choice of farmland leasing strategies and the impact of leasing options on farm performance. Particular attention is given to off‐farm employment and farm subsidies. Additionally, the study applies a selectivity‐based approach to assess the relationship between farmland leasing choices and farm businesses’ performance. Off‐farm employment, older and educated operators, large farms and old‐age pension plans increase the likelihood of leasing out farmland. Part‐time off‐farm employment, grain subsidies and mechanised farms increase the likelihood of leasing in farmland. Finally, the selectivity correction terms in the value of crop production are significantly negative in the choices of farmland leasing, indicating the presence of sample selection effects. Accounting for selectivity is essential to ensure unbiased and consistent estimates.     

国外农民市民化的典型模式和经验

农民工市民化是一个复杂的社会工程。英国、美国、日本和韩国等国家在城乡关系演变过程中农村人口向城市人口转移,农民向市民转型过程中积累了很多经验,值得我们借鉴。总结这些典型模式的成功经验,对推进我国农民市民化进程,推动中国社会转型和社会结构变迁具有重要的意义。