试析中小企业财务会计目标

一、中小企业会计信息需求的变化1.投资者的决策需求与经营者的经营需求重合。中小企业由于受自身规模局限,一般难以上市发行股票筹集资金,企业形式多为合伙或独资企业,所有者大多直接从事企业经营管理,从而不存在股东与经营者的委托代理关系。即使所有者不直接从事企业的管理,但企业的所有权和经营权分离也不够彻底,仍然“藕断丝连”。这种状况的存在,使得中小企业会计信息的主要使用者—-投资者已转化为企业的内部人,通常被看作是企业外部投资者的决策需求与企业内部的经营管理需求重合,企业所有者与经营者之间的信息不对称问题基本上不存…     

Micro and small enterprises and employment creation: A case study of manufacturing micro and small enterprises in South Africa

South Africa is characterised by extremely high unemployment, at a level that has the potential to derail its future political stability. This paper explores constraints on the job creation capabilities of micro and small enterprises, specifically focusing on the consequences of existing institutional and regulatory frameworks, looking at a panel of firms within the manufacturing sector. This study revealed that most of the small firms interviewed were locked into a ‘coping mode’, and were extremely reluctant to expand, which owners ascribed to inappropriate regulation, outright regulatory failures and/or poor labour relations. At the same time, many employers openly admitted to not adhering to at least some labour regulations. At a theoretical level, it is argued that there is much more to promoting enterprise than the formal protection of owner rights. The paper concludes with an assessment of the possibilities and challenges of the practicalities of reform.     

Environmental regulation and outward foreign direct investment: Evidence from China

This paper explores the impact of environmental regulation (ER) on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in China. During the period from 2013 to 2015, all Chinese cities were required to join a nationwide automatic air quality monitoring network in batches, and this policy exogenously raised local environmental regulation. This unique policy implemented full coverage through a staggered adoption, which motivates this paper to apply an event study approach to identify the treatment effect of stringent environmental regulation. Based on a city-year level capital outflows dataset constructed from the fDi Markets database, we obtain three main findings: (1) environmental regulation significantly stimulates outward FDI flows; (2) this promoting effect centers on polluting industries; and (3) these ER-induced FDI outflows are mainly directed toward countries with weaker environmental protection and with a closer geographic and cultural distance to the home country. These results together provide a snapshot confirming the classical “pollution haven hypothesis”.     

Vertical foreign direct investment: Evidence from Japanese and U.S. multinational enterprises

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries has increased since the 1990s, but there is mixed evidence of vertical FDI associated with factor-seeking motives. This paper estimates the vertical motive of offshore production by multinational enterprises (MNEs) by exploiting past schooling characteristics as instruments for skilled-labor abundance in a host country. Using panel data on Japanese and U.S. MNEs in the 1990s, I find that skilled-labor abundance has a significantly negative impact on sales of manufacturing foreign affiliate only for Japanese MNEs. The results suggest that vertical FDI activity was more prevalent in Japanese MNEs than U.S. MNEs. A plausible explanation is that Japanese MNEs might be more vertically integrated with their offshore production than U.S. MNEs. A difference in foreign outsourcing activities could generate the observed deviation between Japanese and U.S. MNEs.     

Improving the public finance investment in western China

In recent years, governmental investors have come to realize that, in line with the harmony concepts, sustainability becomes the premise of public finance investment. Based on the accurate definition of public finance, this paper attempts to explore the traits of public finance investment. Under the climate of western development drive, the current situation in western China is then analyzed to represent the potential weaknesses of regional public investment. In the light of these phenomena, new concepts are proposed to improve the efficiency of applying the financial funds in government investment.     

Monetary policy,cash holding and corporate investment: Evidence from China

This paper uses 13,766 firm-year observations between 2003 and 2013 from China to investigate the effects of monetary policy on corporate investment and the mitigating effects of cash holding. We find that tightening monetary policy reduces corporate investment while cash holdings mitigate such adverse effects. The cash mitigating role is especially significant for financially constrained firms, non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) and those firms located in a less developed financial market. Cash holding also improves investment efficiency when monetary policy is tightening and tightening monetary policy enhances the ‘cash-cash flow’ sensitivity. Our empirical evidence calls for a critical evaluation on the monetary policies implemented in China which are less effective for state-owned enterprises. It also calls for a necessity for local government to further develop regional financial markets to protect vulnerable businesses, such as non-SOEs and financially constrained firms, from external shocks in order to maintain their sustainable growth and competitive advantages.     

中小企业物流金融风险及对策分析

物流金融是物流业与金融业的融合发展,能够有效缓解中小企业的融资困难。文章分析了中小企业物流金融存在的风险,并提出了相应的对策,对于促进中小企业物流金融的发展具有积极意义。     

The impact of digital finance on women's bargaining power: Evidence from China

This paper explores the effect of digital finance adoption on women's bargaining power within the family. Empirical analysis finds that higher digital finance adoption significantly improves women's bargaining power and thus alleviates intra-household inequality. We explain the underlying mechanism in terms of women's participation in both labor and financial market. The subsample regression results show that the impact differs among families with distinct characteristics in terms of regions, family living patterns and women's fertility status. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the inclusive contribution of digital finance and forms a timely complement to the literature in related fields.     

后金融危机时代我国居民家庭金融投资风险及其防范

随着我国国民经济的快速增长和我国居民财富的不断积累,金融资产已经成为居民家庭资产的重要组成部分。但在目前后金融危机时代背景下,受我国金融市场制度不健全、国民投资行为不规范、个人承担风险能力较弱等因素的影响,家庭金融投资无疑包含着较高的风险和存在着较多的问题,因此,本文结合后危机时代背景,针对我国居民家庭金融投资中存在的问题,提出了防范家庭金融投资风险的思路和对策。     

我国财政投融资体制:现状、问题及政策建议

在市场经济中,财政投融资具有动态的内涵界定和独特的功能定位。目前我国财政投融资体制改革严重滞后于经济体制改革的其他方面,存在着制度缺失、职能混乱、渠道狭窄、效益低下、结构失衡等诸多体制缺陷。本文介绍了目前我国财政投融资体制的现状,分析了我国财政投融资体制存在的主要问题,并据此提出了改革设想。     

Household appliance ownership and income inequality: Evidence from micro data in China

As the residential sector is becoming increasingly important in the total energy consumption and appliance ownership is a significant but under-examined driver, this study investigates the relationship between income inequality and appliance ownership using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). We find that income inequality has negative impacts on appliance penetration rate across specifications, except for the initial development stage. On average, households start adopting air conditioners at a threshold of over 60,000 (2011 RMB) based on annual income, much higher than TV, fridge and washer (8500–9000 RMB). The empirical results validate the S-shape curve of appliance established in the literature. To understand the magnitude of the impact and policy implications, we further simulate the impact of poverty alleviation and the penetration paths under inclusive versus exclusive income growth. Our results demonstrate that current poverty line is too low to achieve appliance adoption – a signal for modern life-styles. In addition, a more inclusive growth path could lead to much higher penetration for regions that have relatively low growth rate.     

Digital finance and household carbon emissions in China

Sustained economic growth and environmental degradation are two of the key goals in the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). Digital finance provides an opportunity to simultaneously address the trade-off between the two goals. Based on data from CEADs, CNBS, CFPS, IDFPU, VIIRS and NPCGIS, this article examines the causal impact and transmission mechanisms of digital finance on consumption-based HCEs. To address the potential endogeneity, IV and IV-MA as well as HDFE models are applied in empirical estimates. Results show that digital finance has a positive impact on consumption-based HCEs. Mechanism analysis indicates that digital finance can increase HCEs through stimulating consumption scale, which is scale effect. Besides, digital finance can decrease HCEs through promoting greener consumption patterns, which is composition effect. On the whole, scale effect prevails composition effect. Our findings contribute to the literature on digital finance and green finance and have policy implications on common prosperity, not only for China, but also for other economies.     

The impact of COVID-19 on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from two-wave phone surveys in China

This paper examines the short-term and mid-term impact of COVID-19 restrictions on SMEs, based on two waves of phone interviews with a previously surveyed large SME sample in China. The outbreak of COVID-19 and the resultant lockdowns took a heavy toll on SMEs. Afflicted by problems of logistics blocks, labor shortages, and drops in demand, 80% of SMEs were temporarily closed at the time of the first wave of interviews in February 2020. After reining in COVID-19, authorities largely eased lockdown restrictions in April. Consequently, most SMEs had reopened by the time of the second round of surveys in May. However, many firms, particularly export firms, were running at partial capacity, primarily due to inadequate demand. Moreover, around 19% of incorporated enterprises and 25% of self-employed businesses had permanently closed between the two waves of surveys.     

On cracking the investment nuts of Chinese small and medium private enterprises

Along with the big businesses, small and medium private enterprises contribute much and play a more and more important role in the developing market economy. However, the development of small and medium private enterprises meets with many difficulties, such as investment. This thesis deals with the investment of small and medium private enterprises from three perspectives, points out the difficulties about investment of those enterprises, and then gives some constructive suggestions in this field.     

Public investment and food security: Evidence from the Hundred Billion Plan in China

This paper examines the causal effect of public investment on food output by exploiting a panel dataset covering a large central government program (Hundred Billion Plan) in China from 2007 to 2013. Based on an event study methodology, we find that public investment significantly increases food output by 4.34%. We find that the sources of the policy effect come mainly through improving productivity, which is driven by increases in fertilizer inputs by households and by the crowding in local government agricultural investments. Further, an ad-hoc benefit-cost analysis shows that the internal return rate (IRR) is 0.23% over a 20-year period. Our results are robust in terms of the assumption of parallel trends, the confounding effect from an alternative policy, the nonrandom selection issue of policy implementation, the inclusion of alternative sets of control variables, the treatment of outliers and the omitted variable biases.     

Tax incentive,R&D investment and firm innovation: Evidence from China

We estimate the effect of R&D tax incentives on firm-level R&D expenditures (RDE) and patenting using a change in the eligibility criteria for a super deduction in China. In 2006, the Chinese government relaxed the “10 % eligibility criterion”, which stated that only firms with a 10 % or higher increase in prior-year RDE can claim an additional 50 % tax deduction. We use an event study approach to show that firms that became newly eligible to claim the super deduction (those just below the criterion) catches up on RDE and product innovation measured by the sales of new products. In the long run, we also observe a closing gap in the number of patents between the two groups of firms. Moreover, extending tax benefits to all firm helps to lower the tax burden, and we find no evidence of manipulation and relabeling.     

Large multinational enterprises based in a small economy: Effects on domestic investment

Zusammenfassung Gro?e multinationale Unternehmen mit Sitz in kleinen L?ndern: Wirkungen auf die heimischen Investitionen. - In diesem Aufsatz geht es um die wechselseitige Abh?ngigkeit zwischen Investitionen im Inland und Ausland, die von gro?en multinationalen Unternehmen mit Sitz in kleinen Volkswirtschaften get?tigt werden. Dazu wird ein einfaches Modell, das die Verteilung der Investitionen auf das Inland und Ausland zum Inhalt hat, entwickelt und gesch?tzt. Bei der Sch?tzung werden Daten über die Best?nde an Auslandsinvestitionen und an inl?ndischem Gesellschaftskapital holl?ndischer multinationaler Unternehmen aus zwei Industriezweigen benutzt. Es zeigt sich, da? die Investitionen im Inland durch die zwischen Sitzland und Ausland bestehenden Unterschiede im Gewinn und Umsatz beeinflu?t werden.

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Résumé Des grandes firmes multinationales basées dans une économie petite: Les effets sur l’investissement national. - Le sujet de cette étude c’est l’interdépendance de l’investissement national et les investissements directs internationaux (IDI) dans des économies petites qui servent de bases centrales aux grandes firmes multinationales. L’auteur développe un modèle simple pour la distribution des investissements entre les pays et accomplit des estimations en utilisant des données concernant le stock des IDI et l’actif social des firmes multinationales néerlandaises dans deux groupes industriels. Il trouve que l’investissement national est influencè par la divergence en profitabilité et chiffres d'affaires entre les emplacement nationaux et internationaux.

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Resumen Empresas multinationales importantes establecidas en una economía peque?a: sus efectos sobre la inversión nacional. - El tema de este trabajo es la interdependencia entre la inversión nacional y la inversion extranjera directa (IED) en economías peque?as que sirven de base para empresas multinationales importantes (EM). Se desarrolla y estima un modelo simple de la distributión international de la inversión, utilizando datos sobre el stock de IED y activos de sociedades anónimas nationales de EM holandesas para dos grupos de industrias. Se encuentra que la inversión nacional esta afectada por el diferencial de ganancias y ventas que existe entre la actividad desarrollada en el país y la actividad desarrollada en el extranjero.

     

Inequality of opportunity and household risky asset investment: Evidence from panel data in China

Based on the household panel data over three waves in China, this paper investigates how inequality of opportunity of a region affects household risky asset investment. The empirical results show that inequality of opportunity raises both the probability and the share of household risky asset investment in the region. Our key results are robust to a series of sensitivity checks. The heterogeneity analyses tell us that richer and more educated households seem to be affected more by inequality of opportunity of the county they reside in. The paper also tests several possible channels behind the observed relationship, showing that the following channels help bring upon this effect: increasing material aspiration, changing risk preferences, and reducing household expenditures.     

Effects of gender on the performance of micro and small enterprises in Malawi

Women are increasingly venturing into ownership of micro and small enterprises, either on their own or in partnership with male entrepreneurs. Using national survey data from Malawi, this study compares the performance of enterprises owned by females with those owned by males. The results show that the relationship between gender and business performance is complex. While there are no significant differences in profit margins, female-owned enterprises tend to grow more rapidly in terms of employment than male-owned ones. Gender-based regression results also show that while there are common factors that affect the performance of both kinds of enterprise, there are also differential effects in which education is a critical factor for the success of female-owned enterprises.     

基于产业集群的工业小微企业合作创新分析

产业集群在区域经济发展中扮演着重要的角色,工业小微企业是区域经济的主要成分。基于工业小微企业自身的特点,合作创新,特别是技术创新已然成为小微企业发展的重要驱动力,也是产业集群和区域经济发展的主要途径。本文先对工业小微企业、合作创新、产业集群等内涵及特点进行分析,然后在产业集群视角下分析工业小微企业进行合作技术创新时所出现的问题,以及合作创新模式的影响因素,最后谈谈不同产业类型下如何选择合作创新模式。