绿色金融、绿色创新与经济高质量发展

在可持续增长理论的基础上,本文将减排技术内生化,建立带有环境约束并包含金融部门的经济增长模型,解释了绿色金融通过支持绿色创新提升经济增长质量的内在机制。这一理论得到了基于中国省级面板数据中介效应分析的支持。本文为绿色金融的经济学建模提供了新的思路,推进了绿色金融的“功能”理论,论证了绿色金融对经济增长质量影响的“绿色创新渠道”,这意味着绿色金融不限于对少数清洁行业的支持,针对高污染、高能耗行业内部环保技术升级的金融服务也至关重要,是未来绿色金融政策需要关注的问题。     

On the nonlinear relationship between energy use and CO2 emissions within an EKC framework: Evidence from panel smooth transition regression in the MENA region

This paper proposes a new approach for analyzing the dynamic relationships between carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, energy use, and income for the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Our study implements a class of regime-switching models, namely a nonlinear panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) framework. Two kinds of estimates for carbon emissions are provided. On the one hand, we measure the impact of energy consumption on CO₂ concerning the level of income per capita, as countries with a similar energy usage level would have different levels of energy intensity. On the other hand, we estimate the impact of output growth on emissions concerning energy usage variation, as a higher economic growth does not necessarily mean energy-intensive activities. Our empirical findings support these intuitions as they indicate that pollutant emissions respond nonlinearly to energy consumption and GDP growth. We find an inverted U-shaped pattern for the impact of energy on CO₂, in the sense that environmental degradation is declining beyond a given income threshold, which is estimated endogenously within the PSTR model. Also, our results underscore that GDP growth significantly impacts carbon emissions only for higher energy consumption growth.     

Financing Renewable Energy Projects in Major Emerging Market Economies: Evidence in the Perspective of Sustainable Economic Development

This research paper aims to explore the role of FDI inflows and stock market development on the promotion of renewable energy consumption. Furthermore, study investigates the effect of renewable energy consumption on CO₂ emissions and economic output across a panel of Brazil, China, India, and South Africa. Study utilizes annual data from 1990 to 2012 and employs various robust panel econometric techniques. The findings confirm that both FDI inflows and stock market development play an important role in promoting renewable energy consumption. The results also reveal that renewable energy consumption helps to mitigate the growth of CO₂ emissions and promotes economic development.     

我国碳金融发展的形势展望与政策建议

当前,应对气候变化已成为全球问题,其中市场机制和金融工具的作用非常关键。我国作为全球最主要的温室气体排放国之一,减排的国际压力可能继续上升。而实现国民经济的长期可持续发展,也需要经济发展方式从能源消耗模式转向低碳模式。这种长期减排的压力给我国碳金融的发展带来了机遇。但以现实条件而言,当前我国碳金融仍处于非常初级的探索阶段,为此,文章提出了短期内推动我国碳金融发展的关注重点及相关政策建议。     

On the asymmetric relationship between stock market development,energy efficiency and environmental quality: A nonlinear analysis

It has been widely documented in the literature that financial development drives up the impact of CO₂ emissions through increases in real economic activities and the consumption of polluting fossil fuel energy. However, when dealing with stock market development, such upward effects on economic growth, energy efficiency, and carbon emissions seems to give away to a positive impact especially in emerging markets. This paper contributes to this debate by exploring both the symmetric and asymmetric responses of CO₂ emission to changes in stock market development indicators. Using both the panel linear and nonlinear ARDL, our results demonstrate the asymmetric effects of stock market development indicator son carbon emissions in the context of emerging markets. In particular, the long-run elasticities results suggest that positive and negative shocks on stock market indicator decreases environmental quality by increasing carbon emissions. Based on these empirical findings, this study offers some crucial policy implications. Especially, policy makers should implement strong environmental policies in emerging markets economies to reduce carbon emissions of industrial companies without significantly affecting the development of financial markets.     

演化博弈视角下的绿色金融发展动力研究

中国在“十三五规划”中首次将“绿色”作为五大发展理念之一，中国绿色发展的一系列顶层设计和实践都在“十三五”期间获得迅速推进。近年来，中国绿色金融体系建设不断完善，绿色金融产品不断创新，绿色金融发展取得丰硕的成果。本文研究了政府、企业和银行三大利益主体的行为对绿色金融发展的影响。通过构建演化博弈模型，讨论政府是否实行补贴和惩罚对绿色金融发展演化稳定策略的影响，并通过MATLAB软件对博弈系统进行动态仿真。研究结果表明：在无政府干预的情况下，银行和企业初始决策选择的比例决定了演化博弈系统是否会收敛到理想状态，研究发现银行和企业在节能减排的过程具有良性互动效应；在政府干预的情况下，博弈系统的演化结果都倾向于理想状态，且演化速度也明显提高。最后，针对绿色金融发展的实际情况提出了相应的对策建议，以期为绿色金融的可持续发展提供参考。     

The evolution of emissions trading in the European Union – The role of policy networks,knowledge and policy entrepreneurs

This paper starts with a recapitulation of how emissions trading became a cornerstone of the European Union’s climate policy. While a whole bouquet of reasons can be identified the major reasons why the EU Commission decided to pursue the establishment of an emissions trading scheme within the EU are: (1) the integration of international emissions trading into the Kyoto Protocol; (2) the failure of the 6th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the withdrawal of the United States from the Kyoto Protocol negotiations; and (3) the unsuccessful attempt to introduce an EU-wide CO₂-tax. Other reasons were the fact that emissions trading did not need unanimity in the European Council like the CO₂-tax; the economic efficiency of emissions trading which appealed not only to the Commission but also to industry and Member States; the danger of a fragmented carbon market as the United Kingdom and Denmark had already set up domestic emissions trading schemes that were incompatible; the incentive a European emissions trading scheme would be for the formation of a global carbon market; and the possibility to influence investment strategies of power companies towards a sustainable modernisation of the EU’s power generation infrastructure.Drawing upon these preconditions, this paper analyses the development of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Based on the fact that the EU is embedded in a multi-level policy-making architecture which encourages the emergence of policy networks it is argued that the EU ETS has been shaped by an (informal) issue-specific policy network established by some staff members from DG Environment, including individuals knowledgeable on emissions trading – such as experts from consultancies, environmental NGOs and the business sector. It is argued that within this European policy network on emissions trading the European Emissions Trading Directive – as adopted on 13 October 2003 – has been negotiated and developed. It is concluded that the sharing of knowledge about this relatively new and largely unknown regulatory instrument and about design options for a potential European emissions trading scheme was the key momentum for the establishment and continuity of this policy network and that the ability of managing knowledge generation processes was the main factor to allow for a few staff members from DG Environment to play a dominant role as policy entrepreneurs in developing the European Emissions Trading Directive, even beyond their formal role of proposing the scheme as representatives from the EU Commission.     

绿色金融的发展机制与进程评价

从服务机制和作用机制两个维度构建绿色金融发展机制,并从金融机构和不同区 域两个视角对我国绿色金融的发展进程进行定量评价。研究结果表明：（1）绿色金融服务机 制由政策、市场、机构、人才等核心要素构成,作用机制则体现在转变经济发展方式、促进自 身绿色发展、推动企业技术创新和引领绿色消费需求等方面。（2）我国金融机构的绿色信贷 规模不断增加,但中、农、工、建四大银行的绿色信贷规模占比均不足10%,仍处于绿色金融 发展进程的初级阶段。（3）海南、青海、宁夏具有“低环境水平、低技术水平、低经济水平” 的特点,绿色金融发展水平较低;江苏、浙江、广东具有“中环境水平、高技术水平、高经济 水平”的特征,绿色金融发展水平较高。     

The environmental disclosures of the electricity generation industry: a global perspective

The electricity generation industry has been under close regulatory and public scrutiny for decades for the significant impacts its activities have on the environment. The industry is responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which has intensified public and regulatory scrutiny of late. Therefore, electricity generation firms face immense pressure to show environmental responsibility. Firms respond with environmental disclosures in their annual reports, in stand-alone-reports, and on websites. In this study, we use comprehensive disclosure indices to measure the quality (or comprehensiveness) of the CO₂ emissions related disclosure and the overall environmental disclosure of 205 electricity generation firms in 35 countries. We find that firms in countries with a high commitment towards the environment and a carbon emissions trading scheme (measures of social concern for environmental protection and emissions), are likely to disclose more comprehensive environmental information. In addition, we find that firm size, age of the assets, listing status, and media exposure influence disclosure. Environmental performance, measured by CO₂ emissions, is not significantly related to environmental disclosure among our sample firms. The theoretical implication of these findings is that social beliefs (that are different in different countries) prompt a legitimating disclosure response from firms that is not significantly affected by their performance against that social belief.     

Developing communications about CCS: three lessons learned

To curb the risks of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change posits that global CO₂ emissions from the energy supply sector must be reduced to 90% below 2010 levels between 2040 and 2070. Electricity generation is the largest contributor to emissions from the energy supply sector. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) holds the promise of helping to reduce CO₂ emissions from coal-fired power plants, as part of a low-carbon portfolio that could also include energy efficiency, natural gas, renewables and nuclear power. To inform people’s decisions about whether or not to support the implementation of CCS, our team created brochures about 10 low-carbon technologies as well as a computer tool that helped users to develop technically realistic low-carbon portfolios. Here, we highlight three main lessons we learned in developing these communications about CCS: (1) when learning about CCS people also want to know about other alternatives; (2) using simple wording improves understanding, even about complex technologies; and (3) the time to communicate about CCS is now.     

绿色金融、普惠金融与绿色农业发展

绿色金融与普惠金融协同发展可有效推动绿色农业发展,在改善环境、降低碳排放的同时,提高“三农”领域的金融可得性.目前,中国在金融支持绿色农业发展上面临的主要障碍包括:绿色农业的标准尚未统一和规范,金融支持绿色农业的范围不够明确,缺乏针对绿色农业融资主体的信用体系,缺少绿色农业供给端的风险分担机制以及绿色农业消费端尚待进一...     

Risk management within the cannabis industry: Building a framework for the cannabis industry

Thirty states and the District of Columbia have legalized the use of cannabis for medicinal and/or recreational use by either formally or informally de‐criminalizing its use. However, cannabis remains a Schedule 1 drug under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. Sections 801 through 812), leaving federal law in conflict with the laws of over half of the states. As a result, market participants in legal cannabis businesses face risks due to the industry's unique legal status within the United States. We examine the risks and challenges deemed by the cannabis industry as the top risks facing the industry's continued future growth and its sustainability. In addition to general risks inherent in a nascent industry, a legal cannabis business faces additional risks, such as risks in its banking and finance activity, placement of insurance, payment of taxes, and managing its supply chain. These legal businesses also face true legal risk from the possibility of being shut down by the federal government and seizure of assets and product under the CSA. This paper also examines whether the cannabis industry would benefit from a futures market to mitigate price risk.     

建设金融开放门户背景下资源富集区着力发展绿色金融研究——以广西河池市为例

绿色金融发展已得到世界各国的关注和认可,中国也正在积极发展绿色金融,并在部分地区开展试点工作。广西开展绿色金融改革创新试点工作已写入中国人民银行等十三部委联合印发的《广西壮族自治区建设面向东盟的金融开放门户总体方案》。由于资源型城市的特殊性,与其他地方相比,发展绿色金融将面临更多的挑战,在大力发展绿色金融的背景下,资源型城市如何有效地推动绿色金融并逐步适应绿色金融的发展要求,需要积极探索。以广西河池市为例,分析研究发展绿色金融基本情况及存在难点并提出相关政策建议。     

印度消费金融实践及启示

作为人口众多的发展中国家,中国和印度在很多方面有相似之处:经济快速发展、城镇化不断推进、中产阶层不断扩大、国内消费潜力巨大。印度政府在早些年即出台了拉动国内消费的举措,其中消费金融对转变印度消费者观念、刺激国内消费需求可谓功不可没。本文通过总结印度消费金融的各种实践,以期对中国消费金融的全面启动有所借鉴。     

The question mark over coal: Pollution,politics, and CO2

There is a growing concern about the effect of fossil-fuel burning, and the consequent increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the atmosphere. This increasing concentration is now well-documented, and although the evidence of actual or potential climate changes is not conclusive, the growth in energy consumption magnifies the importance of the possible dangers. This article highlights two aspects of the issue. The CO₂ increase will be mainly produced by coal. And whereas the increase in atmospheric CO₂ is now being imposed upon the world principally by the USA, the USSR, and Western Europe, the developing countries will probably be important contributors by early in the next century. Using world energy resource estimates and projections of the global production of CO₂ from fossil-fuel burning in the year 2025, the authors argue that it will be difficult to achieve an international consensus and commitment to deal with the issue. This is because of the relationship between economic growth, industrialisation, and the production of CO₂, and because of the distribution of the beneficial and harmful effects of any climatic change.     

金融行业对实体行业的尾部风险传导研究——基于实体企业金融化视角

本文基于我国金融资本超额回报率的事实,在市场套利分析框架下实证检验了实 体企业金融化是抑制还是加剧了尾部金融风险溢出。数值模拟结果表明：从杠杆率来看,实体 企业金融化对杠杆率具有“双刃剑”效应,然而,实证结果发现,从长期经济后果来看,实体 企业金融化却显著提高了杠杆率,基于Altman-Z值的风险分析进一步发现企业破产风险显著 上升,从而加剧了尾部金融风险溢出。文章的研究结论有利于全面观察实体企业金融化带来的 的实际效果,也揭示了金融行业对实体行业的风险传导过程中的一个风险源,对于实体经济和 金融领域关于企业金融化效应的研究具有参考价值。     

绿色金融推动自贸区可持续发展探讨

在当前世界经济政治大环境变幻莫测的背景下,我国自贸区已形成"1+3+7+1+6"的基本格局。为应对新冠疫情冲击,需稳定外资,优化外商投资环境和产业链布局,这为自贸区发展带来挑战与机遇。同时,我国绿色金融市场也得到不断完善,绿色金融无疑可以为自贸区的绿色可持续发展注入新的动力。本文系统梳理了我国的自贸区与绿色金融的发展现状,同时从自贸区发展绿色金融的必要性与可行性出发,深入探讨绿色金融结合绿色财政助力自贸区发展的路径与政策建议,以期推动"十四五"期间绿色开放发展理念进一步落地实施。     

征信机制、信用信息与信贷约束 ——基于中小企业板上市公司的实证

本文从理论上阐述了征信机制缓解信息不对称,降低企业融资成本,提高信贷可 获得性的作用机理,并以中小企业板上市公司为研究对象,实证检验了企业基本信息、财务信 息、商业信用信息等各类信用信息对中小企业信贷规模和融资成本的影响。实证研究发现：中 小企业基本信息对信贷可获得性的影响存在异质性,对信贷规模影响不显著。企业财务信息、 商业信用信息与贷款可获得性、贷款规模、融资成本支出显著正相关。     

Building a Bridge between Marketing and Finance

Corporate finance executives are often frustrated by spending proposals from their marketing colleagues but cannot seem to be able to quantify the putative benefits. Similarly, the marketing staff is frustrated by the finance team's inability to convert soft marketing metrics, such as “awareness” and “customer satisfaction” into financial forecasts. The challenge is that neither marketers nor finance executives have been able to articulate a single analytical framework which both explains how and why brands come to flourish or flounder and how brand growth contributes to the business's short and long term bottom line. Lacking an effective way to do this now, most managers default to using the hard data they do have, namely how marketing investment is likely to impact sales this quarter and next. This reinforces the widespread focus on quarterly EPS and reduces the perceived value of the marketing department to their ability to hit three month sales targets. This degraded view of marketing's contribution and the inability to link “soft” marketing metrics to longer term financial returns impedes building long‐term brand value. This article focuses on how advances in behavioral science and financial analytics offer an effective way to bridge this gap between marketing and finance. Building that bridge requires better measures of brand health and financial performance to allocate capital and marketing resources. Undoubtedly, brand building is both an art and a science. But, the finance people can develop an evidence‐based framework explaining how some of the “softer” investments such as brand building, contribute to the value of the firm.     

Future cities in a warming world

More than half the global population are already urban, and the UN and other organisations expect this share to rise in future. However, some researchers argue that the future of cities is far from assured. Cities are not only responsible for 70% or more of the world's CO₂ emissions, but because of their dense concentration of physical assets and populations, are also more vulnerable than other areas to climate change. This paper attempts to resolve this controversy by first looking at how cities would fare in a world with average global surface temperatures 4 °C above pre-industrial levels. It then looks at possible responses, either by mitigation or adaptation, to the threat such increases would entail. Regardless of the mix of adaptation and mitigation cities adopt in response to climate change, the paper argues that peak urbanism will occur over the next few decades. This fall in the urban share of global population will be driven by the rise in biophysical hazards in cities if the response is mainly adaptation, and by the declining attraction of cities (and possibly the rising attraction of rural areas) if serious mitigation is implemented.