Religion in the boardroom and its impact on Islamic banks' performance

The impact of board diversity, in terms of gender, race, ethnicity etc., on performance and stability of firms has been researched extensively. However, the impact of religious diversity and its impact on performance and stability has been completely ignored. This issue is quite relevant, especially for the Islamic banks because of their primary objective i.e. to be in compliant with Islamic principles in all their dealings. Taking a cue from this argument, we believe if the majority board members are Muslim it can have a positive impact on the performance as they would better understand the importance of the substance of the shari'ah compliant dealings and that can translate into good performance and make it more stable. Based on our arguments, we examined the impact of religious diversity on the performance and stability on Malaysian banks Islamic and Conventional both for the period of 9 years, through 2005 to 2013. Our results from GMM estimation reveal that the religious orientation has no impact on the performance and this result is robust to various proxies. Our results imply that a non-Muslim member of the board of directors is able to run the Islamic banking business as good as a Muslim board member.     

银行企业客户交易中的行业关联分析

本文根据数据挖掘技术中的多层关联规则方法,提出了建立银行交易中的行业间关联规则的基本思想。给出基于多层行业分类表、银行企业客户信息和大额历史交易数据的行业间关联规则的建立过程。本文目的是为了通过建立行业间关联规则发现那些原本关联度很小的可疑银行交易,为银行反洗钱技术提供参考。     

Internal and external influences on IT control governance

This study provides empirical evidence on the effects of internal and external governance on IT control quality proxied by IT related material weaknesses. IT control governance is defined as the leadership and organizational structures and control processes which ensure that the company's IT sustains and extends the company's strategies and objectives. Specifically, we examine the influence of senior management, the board of directors, and audit committees regarding IT control governance. We find that companies with more IT-experienced senior managers, with CIO positions or longer tenured CIOs and with higher percentages of independent board directors are less likely to have IT material weaknesses. We also provide partial evidence that more IT-experienced audit committee members are associated with less IT material weakness. The results suggest that both internal and external governance serve important roles in IT control quality.     

Internal and external discipline following securities class actions

Companies are sometimes accused of misleading the market. The SEC can punish this with enforcement actions. Alternatively, shareholders can seek redress through a shareholder class action (SCA). Thus, using a sample of 416 securities class actions, this paper shows that SCAs are a catalyst to promote disciplinary takeovers, CEO turnover and pay-cuts, and harm CEOs’ future job-prospects.     

内部控制缺陷与公司业绩

基于公司业绩角度,分析内部控制对公司业绩的影响机制,并利用2012-2015年A股上市企业的经验数据进行实证检验.研究发现:相较于内部控制健全的公司,存在内部控制缺陷的公司业绩较差;且内部控制缺陷程度对公司业绩有显著影响,内部控制缺陷越严重的公司业绩越差.     

Marketing online banking to the indifferent consumer: A longitudinal analysis of banks' actions

US banks have invested heavily in developing online capabilities, with the expectation of migrating customers to the new, cheaper delivery system. Results in the USA thus far have been mixed at best. This paper reports on the second of two studies conducted to investigate the reasons for the mediocre performance. While the first study focused on the consumer perspective, this one examines banks' online marketing efforts to migrate customers. A quantitative, longitudinal study examined banks' actions in March 2002 and again in September 2003. The findings indicate that most banks have not learned much. Both in 2002 and in 2003, most banks have acted as though customers were already convinced about the appeal of online banking services. The marketing activities reported here were inappropriate and insufficient to appeal to the indifferent consumer. Almost no learning or improvement in tactics has been observed during the 18-month period. Most banks simply continue to pursue ineffective strategies. Specific suggestions for future efforts to accelerate the adoption rate by focusing on an experiential-learning approach are discussed.     

The effects of macroprudential policy on banks' profitability

We estimate the effects of macroprudential policy on bank profitability, using a sample of 7250 global banks over 1990–2018. A number of policy measures have a negative impact on profitability, but these effects vary according to countries' economic development, bank type and time period. Macroprudential policy also adversely affects profitability of small and highly capitalised banks more than larger and less capitalised banks. Comparing our results with existing estimates of the impact of macroprudential policy on credit expansion, some measures are found to reduce lending but not profitability; others affect both negatively; and some affect profitability with no significant effect on lending. Since it is desirable for banks to make profits and thus be able to build up capital from retained earnings, our results suggest that care is needed in choosing measures according to their effects on bank profitability.     

Supervisory shocks to banks' credit standards and their macroeconomic impact

Credit standards reported in the Bank Lending Surveys (BLS) of the European Central Bank (ECB) summarize banks’ sentiment about credit market tightness, and they strongly comove with credit growth. This paper introduces a new external instrument that captures an exogenous source of variation in credit standards, allowing us to identify a structural shock that negatively affects the credit supply. The instrument accounts for mandatory rotations of external auditors within credit institutions of nine euro-area countries. By estimating local projections, this paper finds that an unexpected supervisory measure at the banking-system level features significant dynamic causal effects at the macroeconomic level, which are also state-dependent.     

Some consequences of banks' LDC loans: A note

The realized returns on LDC loans made prior to 1980 and hypothetically sold at (below par) secondary market prices in either 1986, when a secondary market first began, or, say, in 1989 are moderately positive. The realized risk-adjusted returns to investors on a portfolio of large LDC lending bank stocks are unmistakenly lower than the return on a broad market index, though they are not significantly so. Similarly, although the difference is not statistically significant, the average realized return on LDC lending banks' stocks is well below that of a portfolio of non-LDC lending banks. The article concludes that while shareholders suffered economic losses as a result of LDC lending activity, these losses were not quantitatively large.     

The effect of private investments on banks' capital requirements

A simple leverage ratio restriction is not efficient because it does not discriminate between risky and safe banks. We use a structural and comprehensive model of the firm's asset growth to describe the equity buy-out portfolios' stylized facts for two types of banks. We derive a leverage ratio that depends on the level of risky investments, and balances between the spread on such investments, the cost of capital and the overall power of the supervisor to enforce the capital requirements. This method is more transparent and requires fewer parameters than other commonly used methods. We obtain an incentive-compatible constraint on banks to carry the minimal adequate amount of capital. This constraint enhances the supervisors' ability to enforce the rules ex post, and provide banks with a further incentive to reveal their risk type truthfully.     

英国经济面临内忧外患 复苏前景堪忧

2011年以来,随着全球多数地区经济形势出现反复,英国经济亦增长乏力,主要表现为失业人数增加,通胀压力加剧,商业投资持续下滑,消费需求不足,贸易逆差持续扩大等。英国货币和财政政策面临既要促进经济增长,又要控制通货膨胀和紧缩财政的两难选择,而外部经济金融的波动,更增加了英国经济的不确定性。     

Subordinated debt,market discipline,and banks' risk taking

The present paper demonstrates the ambiguous impact of subordinated debt on the risk-taking incentives of banks. It is shown that in comparison with full deposit insurance, subordinated debt reduces risk only if banks can credibly commit to a given level of risk. If, however, banks are not able to commit, subordinated debt leads to an increase in risk. This is because due to limited liability banks always have an incentive to increase their risk after the interest rate is contracted in order to reduce the expected costs of debt. Rational debt holders anticipate this behavior and accordingly require a higher risk premium ex ante. The higher interest rates in turn further aggravate the excessive risk-taking incentives of banks.     

Banking integration and growth: Role of banks' previous industry exposure

Using U.S. interstate banking deregulations, we identify the effect of market-entering banks’ prior industry exposures on the manufacturing sector growth in the new state that they enter. We create banking integration and industry specialization measures that consider both direct (state-pair) as well as indirect (tertiary-state) links created by expanding multi-bank holding company networks. First, consistent with the economic mechanism we have in mind, we observe that banks’ home state's industrial specialization is positively correlated with their lending specialization when participating to in-state as well as out-of-state syndicated loan markets. Then, focusing on industry value added at the state-industry-level, we find evidence consistent with the positive impact of market-entering banks’ prior exposure to a sector on the growth of that industry in the newly-entered state. The observed effect is larger when the state-pair-level discrepancy in sector-specialization is greater. Our findings are robust and hold in capital-related components of industry-level value added. We observe that the above results are more prominent in sectors that are more external finance dependent, have lower amounts of physical capital that can be pledged as collateral, generate more valuable patents, are durables-producers, and have a higher risk. Our findings suggest that a bank integration channel helps shape states’ industrial landscape.     

商业银行利润效率测度及影响因素分析

本文以中国14家商业银行1996～2006年的数据为样本,运用随机前沿分析法测度这些银行的利润效率状况及变迁趋势,并基于测度结果,运用面板数据检验影响中国商业银行利润效率水平的因素。随机前沿分析结果表明,样本期内14家商业银行的利润效率水平呈现下降之势。面板数据实证分析结果发现:外资银行进入会影响中国商业银行的利润效率水平,但统计上不显著;而中国经济的高速增长显著影响中国商业银行利润效率水平;银行自身变量中的银行资产收益率、净利息收入率以及贷款规模显著影响其利润效率水平,而银行产权结构、非利息收入对利润效率水平影响不显著。     

商业银行特许权价值的自律效应研究

特许权价值是商业银行具有的从受保护市场获取未来租金的牌照价值,通常情况下,具有相对较高特许权价值的银行为了避免破产,更有动力倾向于采取谨慎策略,因而其发挥着银行风险自律器的作用。通过银行风险行为的静态选择和动态选择视角,考证特许权价值的自律效应,对于后过渡时期的银行监管政策具有启发意义。     

Internal and external spillover effects for the BRIC countries: Multivariate GARCH-in-mean approach

This paper examines mean-to-mean, volatility-to-mean and volatility-to-volatility spillover effects for the stock markets of BRIC countries. External and internal spillovers of returns and volatilities are estimated using 4-dimensional BEKK-GARCH-in-mean model. The model also includes the returns of stock markets in the USA, Germany, Japan and the MSCI Emerging market index, as well as time-return interaction terms which allow taking into account the dynamics of their influence on BRIC stock markets during pre-crisis, crisis and recovery time periods. Some evidence for the famous ‘decoupling’ phenomenon is found. The research contributes to the literature on spillover effects by using multivariate GARCH models.     

Dynamic internal control performance over financial reporting and external financing

In this paper, we present a theoretical model and empirical evidence on the effects of dynamic internal control performance on external financing choices of a company. Using both within-sample and difference-in-difference analysis, we find that after issuing internal control weakness (i.e. ICW) reports under SOX 404, the ICW companies rely more on debt financing and less on equity financing than in previous periods. This effect is more pronounced for the companies with low ex ante probability of internal control weakness. In addition, we show that after correcting the previously reported ICWs, these ICW companies rely more on equity as opposed to debt financing. This result is more pronounced for smaller companies. Our findings suggest that increased (decreased) information asymmetry induced by ineffective (effective) internal control over financial reporting leads a company to follow specific external financing choices to meet its financial deficits.     

Accruals and the performance of stock returns following external financing activities

This paper investigates the relation of the external financing anomaly with the accrual anomaly, by focusing separately on working capital accruals and long-term accruals. We find that external financing and accrual hedge portfolios not only generate superior returns, but they also constitute statistical arbitrage opportunities. Portfolio-level analysis and firm-level cross-sectional regressions show that the ability of external financing measures in predicting future returns remains strong, after controlling for working capital accruals. However, this ability is substantially reduced after controlling for long-term accruals. Our results appear to be consistent with investors’ failure to recognise agency-related overinvestment and/or opportunistic earnings management.     

美国次贷危机对国内银行经营管理的启示

该文剖析了美国次贷危机的发生及其影响．并深入分析了美国次贷危机对国内银行经营管理的启示,认为国内的银行必须关注绩效激励的逆向选择、不要懈怠贷前尽职调查、不要过分依赖第二还款来源、营销手段应适度以及不应过渡迷信风险转移等。