加强反不正当竞争执法的几个问题

一、正确认识《反不正当竞争法》的功能和我们的执法职责《反不正当竞争法》调整经营者之间的竞争关系,保护经营者的合法权益,这已是共识,并在执法中得到重视。但《反不正当竞争法》的功能绝不限于保护经营者的合法权益。该法第一条开宗明义,制定该法是“为保障社会主义市场经济健康发展,鼓励和保护公平竞争,制止不正当竞争行为,保护经营者和消费者的合法权益”,保护经营者的合法权益只是该法的任务之一。“保护社会主义市场经济健康发展,鼓励和保护公平竞争”是该法最重要的功能,是第一位的任务,维护公平竟争是国家利益和社会公…     

论反不正当竞争法法益结构的转型

互联网时代背景下中国反不正当竞争法仅以经营者利益为中心的法益结构面临变革。域外反不正当竞争法从"经营者一元中心"到"经营者与消费者二元平衡"法益结构的演变值得借鉴。本文鉴于互联网时代消费者主体地位革新、反不正当竞争法社会法品格不断增强以及立法目的条款的表达,证立反不正当竞争法应构筑"经营者保护"与"消费者保护"二元中心法益结构体系。由此也引发如何衡平经营者利益与消费者利益的路径选择问题,鉴于这两者长期利益一致、呈共生共存关系,故长期衡平逻辑上不矛盾;两者短期利益冲突问题的化解,需要回溯反不正当竞争法的权益配置观,以社会整体利益最大化为基准,综合适用利益衡量方法、法律论证方法与经济分析方法。     

论《反不正当竞争法》中的竞争关系(续)

三、我国反不正当竞争法中的竞争关系的界定（一）广义的竞争关系的法律依据和理论依据我国反不正当竞争法是在充分借鉴国外立法经验的基础上制定的,其对竞争关系的要求也不是狭义的,而是广义的。首先,该法的立法目的是多元的,如第１条开宗明义地将其立法目的规定为“保障社会主义市场经济的健康发展,鼓励和保护公平竞争,制止不正当竞争行为,保护经营者和消费者的合法权益”。这就是说不论侵害竞争对手、其他经营者,还是消费者权益的行为,都可以构成不正当竞争行为。其二,该法第２条将不正当竞争行为界定为“损害其他经营者的合法…     

你的市场竞争行为正当吗

市场经济使许多人走进了市场,有市场就有了竞争。法律保护正当竞争,禁止不正当竞争。为了防止、制止不正当竞争行为,我国早在１９９３年９月就颁布了《反不正当竞争法》。作为一个经营者,只有了解《反不正当竞争法》才能与其他经营者公平、合法地进行正当的竞争。那么,什么是不正当竞争行为呢？《反不正当竞争法》从我国市场经济的情况出发,在第二章规定了１１种不正当竞争行为,涉及到个私经营者的具体有：一、市场混淆行为。是指经营者采用假冒或者模仿之类的不正当手段,使自己的商品与他人的商品相混淆,从而导致或足以导致购买者…     

竞争法的目标与消费者权益保护

竞争法从诞生至今,从单纯保护个体经营者利益转变为以保护消费者利益为终极目标。竞争的核心在于赢得消费者,只有通过竞争法正确规范竞争者的行为,保证竞争的公平性和自由性,才能保证消费者的利益不受侵害。在我国,竞争法包括《反不正当竞争法》和《反垄断法》,二法相辅相成,有力地保护了消费者的利益。     

北京市反不正当竞争条例(1994年7月22日北京市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议通过)

第一章 总则 第一条 为保障社会主义市场经济健康发展,维护市场秩序,鼓励和保护公平竞争,制止不正当竞争行为,保护经营者和消费者的合法权益,依据《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》和有关法律、法规的规定,结合本市实际情况,制定本条例。 第二条 凡在本市行政区域内从事商品经营或者营利性服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的经营者,必须遵守本条例。 第三条 经营者在市场交易中,应当遵循自愿、平等、公平、诚实信用的原则,遵守公认的商业道德。     

电子商务交易中消费者权益保护的法律问题研究

互联网技术的进步将现实生活中的商品交易转移到虚拟的空间中进行,消费者与商家间的关系也在虚拟的场域中进行维持。电子商务中进行的各种交易双方都不在现场,商品的质量信息等问题完全依靠经营者的自律,在相关法律缺失的背景下,消费者自身的权益无法得到保障。从经营者与消费者之间的和谐关系到电子商务的健康发展,都要通过对电子商务交易中消费者权益保护法律问题的研究才能够最大化地保护消费者的利益,从而更好地促进电子商务的繁荣发展。     

喜忧参半话反法(之一)

竞争是市场经济的基本运行机制,没有竞争市场就没有活力。但是在利益驱动下,竞争过程总是交织正当与不正当的竞争行为。我国《反不正当竞争法》1993年12月1日颁布以来,对规范市场秩序、制止不正当竞争行为、保护公平竞争及维护经营者和消费者的合法权益发挥了重要作用。在本法出台五周年之际,国家工     

8.15电商价格大战法律问题探析

8.15电商价格大战最终成为闹剧,商家行为即使没有构成价格倾销的不正当竞争,至少属于虚假宣传、欺骗消费者的不正当竞争。8.15电商价格大战反映出我国当前电子商务运营存在立法和规制不足、监管不到位以及经营者商业伦理道德缺失等问题。必须完善相关立法,加强行政、行业协会对电子商务的监管,强化经营者商业伦理道德教育,提高其依法经营的自觉性。     

反不正当竞争法中的消费者权益保护模式及诉讼制度构建

<反不正当竞争法>制定之初,不正当竞争行为被认定为一种特殊的侵权,根据债的相对性而导致诉讼主体的特定性,使得在不正当竞争行为中受侵害的经营者才有主张损害赔偿等权利,同时<消费者权益保护法>并未涵盖不正当竞争行为对消费者权益侵害时的救济依据.笔者认为应当构建起反不正当竞争法框架之下的消费者诉讼制度,赋予消费者直接启动民事救济程序的权利,以更全面的保护消费者的合法权益,推动市场经济秩序有序进行.     

电子商务中消费者权益保护的经济分析

在电子商务环境下 ,经营者和消费者的信息不对称尤其严重 ,这使得电子商务中的消费者权益保护问题更为突出。采用不完全信息的动态博弈模型对电子商务中的消费者权益保护问题进行深入的分析 ,同时 ,为了减少电子商务中经营者和消费者之间的信息不对称 ,以维护电子商务中消费者的权益 ,必须制定相应措施     

Verbraucherpolitik als gewerkschaftliche Aufgabe

Trade unions and consumer policy. In the first part of his essay, the author discusses the position of the DGB (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), the largest and most important of the West German trade unions, in the field of consumer policy. Consumer policy has been part of the statute of the DGB since 1971. Trade unions in West Germany regard themselves as consumer organisations because their members are consumers as well as employees, and consumer policy is understood to be part of the general economic policy of the unions. In 1975, the congress of the DGB accepted a programme of consumer policy. The programme demands that consumers rank equal with producers in the market. This goal should be reached by price competition (as a dominant factor of competition), by transparency (Markttransparenz) of prices and quality, and by the appointment of an ombudsman as a legal caretaker of consumer interests. The DGB rejects new consumer organisations, because in its view the trade unions constitute a well organised consumer institution. There is some cooperation, however, with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbraucher, the chief German organisation for consumer affairs. The author disagrees with legal writers who deny trade unions a right of claim against unfair competition and against unfair standard contract clauses, according to para. 13 of the German Unfair Competition Act. In the second part of his essay, the author analyses the legitimation of trade union consumer policy. The discussion concerns the question of whether or not employees are the only consumers who are in need of protection, and if there is a conflict between their interests as employees and as consumers. The author suggests that legal consumer protection should shield only individual persons as buyers (not small firms, for example). Furthermore, consumer interests should be defined from the perspective of the consumer who is anemployee. A consumer who is at the same time an employer, does not need protection because he can compensate for the disadvantages sustained in his consumer role by exploiting his position as an employer. Conversely, the employee-consumer has the weaker position in both of his roles. Another important question is whether or not there is a conflict between a high standard of consumer protection and a high level of wages. The author cites some economists who suggest that this conflict may be resolved, and that the real conflict is not between consumers and employees, but between those two on the one side and business on the other. The author draws the conclusion that there exists a theoretical legitimation for trade unions to represent the consumer interest. There is a wide gap, however, between the programmes of the trade unions and their policy as evidenced by their everyday activities. The hope is expressed that this gap will become narrower.     

国外商业促销行为的立法规范及启示

促销具有促进商业成长、增加就业机会、刺激经济发展的积极作用,不当的促销行为则会破坏公平竞争的市场环境,损害消费者和其他经营者的合法权益,甚至造成比较严重的社会危害后果。对于商业促销行为,我国应在借鉴两大法系相关国家成功立法模式和经验的基础上,建立起内容全面、结构严密的多层次立法体系。     

Die Verbraucheransprüche und ihre Geltendmachung durch Verbraucherverbände nach der UWG-Novelle

According to West German civil law, consumers who have become victims of false or misleading competition have only limited rights with regard to compensation and withdrawal — this is a predominant opinion in the FRG. For this reason the Federal Government plans to amend the Law on Unfair Competition, with the intention of strengthening consumer protection. The bill was formulated by government experts but experienced several restrictions even before parliament discussions began. The author argues that the government bill will not reach its originally intended purposes. It does not assume that unfair competition in itself leads to the making of a contract. Instead the consumer has to prove that a specific instance of advertising was the (only) reason for the completion of a transaction. This condition will make the new law ineffective. According to the bill the consumer himself has the burden of proving the falsehood of advertising; only in this case is he allowed to demand the difference between the real value of an article and that value advertising has promised. This is a very dubious condition of the bill. The second part of the article deals with the rules specifying the right of consumer associations to sue. They must be seen as an impediment to the activities of the associations. The introduction of registration procedures will cause them additional costs. In the third part, the author maintains that support of consumer associations is unavoidable for an effective strengthening of consumer interests. As everyone knows, it is not easy to approach courts, especially for lower class people. It should be the task of public consumer policies to make consumer associations attractive to these groups, and to supply them with juridical and material possibilities. The bill is not able to contribute to these purposes; in some parts it blocks effective work in the interests of consumers.     

跨境电子商务存在问题与发展对策

跨境电子商务具有全球性、无形性、匿名性、即时性、无纸化和快速演进等特征,已成为我国国际贸易的新方式和新手段。目前,跨境电子商务随着政府扶持利好频出,市场增长前景可期,行业助力发展迅速,拉内需促就业效果明显,市场竞争日趋激烈。面对发展跨境电子商务面临的消费者不信任、服务体系不完善以及语言、地理环境因素等问题,发展跨境电子商务的措施是:认清消费者信任的网上购物者和付款者的最佳组合商业模式;熟悉语言文化环境,整合资源链;熟知通转关、商检、保险、物流配送、金融结算流程,推动跨境电商跨领域跨经营环节合作。     

Suchmaschinen unter der Lupe: Informationsherrschaft und ihre Schranken

Informational power by search engines should be analysed from different perspectives. On the one hand, unlimited access to personal data can be in conflict with the interests of individuals whose data can be accessed. These interests are part of a right to privacy, including a “right to be forgotten,” which, however, must be balanced against the public interest in disclosure of information. Balancing these conflicting interests is a difficult task — a task that lies with the search engines themselves. On the other hand, firms and individuals may have an interest in their information to be found, in particular (but not only) for commercial purposes. Suppressing or “downgrading” this information as displayed to users may significantly reduce visibility. In light of these interests, it has been proposed to oblige search engines to implement “search neutrality“; i.e., that they have to present search results in an unbiased way. In this article, we take a clear position against ex ante regulation. Instead, competition law provides a sufficient framework, to protect against the abuse of “informational” market power. We sketch a new approach that may allow competition law to be applied more quickly in dynamic markets such as internet search markets.     

Material Distortion of Economic Behaviour and Everyday Decision Quality

Misleading information and unfair commercial practices have to be viewed against the background of what consumers otherwise do, i.e., what their purchase decisions look like when no misleading information or no unfair commercial practices are in place. This article provides some of this background by studying how consumers sample information when making an in-store purchase decision. This was done by an eye-tracking study which reveals to what extent consumers succeed in purchasing the products that best meet their purchase intentions when only a representative amount of misleading information is present. The study shows that decisions were suboptimal in relation to what the consumers claimed they wanted to purchase. Only in one product category did consumers in this study actually look at products that were slightly better than average, and as a result, they mainly selected products that were just as often poor as good. If the proportion of bad purchase decisions based on misleading information is small enough, perhaps it might be better to direct the authors’ attention to other ways of improving the decision environments that consumers encounter. In addition, the eye-tracking study provides some insight into how consumers sample information when making an in-store purchase decision. The present data show that consumers invested on average of less than 1 s to look at products.     

Manufacturer rebate and channel coordination in O2O retailing

Many manufacturers are opening their own online channels due to the growth of e-commerce leading to intensive channel competition with their offline retailer partners. This research proposes an innovative coordination mechanism to lessen channel competition and help enhance the profits of all parties. First, two strategic mechanisms (i.e. a manufacturer rebate to offline consumers and the quantity discount) are proposed and studied. Our results show that although a manufacturer rebate offered to offline consumers helps mitigate the online-to-offline (hereafter O2O) competition conditionally, a quantity discount, unexpectedly, cannot be used to mitigate channel competition effectively. A new mechanism - the combination of the manufacturer rebate to offline consumers combined with a quantity discount to retailers – is developed to lessen channel competition. We find that compared to the first two mechanisms, the combination mechanism, surprisingly, provides a significant advantage in creating greater profits for the entire supply chain. Furthermore, compared to the benchmark O2O model, the combination mechanism also helps create a Pareto situation and thus is an optimal mechanism to be used to mitigate channel competition effectively.